235 lines
25 KiB
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235 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10346" ID-PMC="PMC5240348" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-641-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="BB707A65FFDFFFFBFFFE8B61FFD5FF91" ID-PubMed="28138291" ID-Zenodo-Dep="579464" ID-ZooBank="903D6413C8024864A662D71C50740E2D" ModsDocID="1313-2970-641-1" checkinTime="1481788285262" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Low, Martyn E. Y., Sinniger, Frederic & Reimer, James Davis" docDate="2016" docId="57ACBC57D69BAC39A4E7CC95DBBCA28C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 641: 1-80" docOrigin="ZooKeys 641" docPubDate="2016-12-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10346" docTitle="Palythoa Lamouroux 1816" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="BB707A65FFDFFFFBFFFE8B61FFD5FF91" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="BB707A65FFDFFFFBFFFE8B61FFD5FF91" masterDocTitle="The order Zoantharia Rafinesque, 1815 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa: Hexacorallia): supraspecific classification and nomenclature" masterLastPageNumber="80" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1668163821031" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The order Zoantharia Rafinesque, 1815 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa: Hexacorallia): supraspecific classification and nomenclature</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Lee Kong Chian Museum of Natural History, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore 117377, Republic of Singapore & former address: Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903 - 0213, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sinniger, Frederic</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905 - 0227, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Reimer, James Davis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology (MISE) Laboratory, Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903 - 0213, Japan; and Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903 - 0213, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jreimer@sci.u-ryukyu.ac.jp</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2016-12-14</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>641</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>80</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10346</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.641.10346</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-641-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">903D6413C8024864A662D71C50740E2D</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">BB707A65FFDFFFFBFFFE8B61FFD5FF91</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">579464</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127892760" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:57ACBC57D69BAC39A4E7CC95DBBCA28C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/57ACBC57D69BAC39A4E7CC95DBBCA28C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName LSID="57ACBC57-D69B-AC39-A4E7-CC95DBBCA28C" authority="Lamouroux, 1816" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Palythoa Lamouroux, 1816</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Palythoa</taxonomicName>
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Lamouroux, 1816: 359.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lesueur" authorityYear="1817" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Corticifera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticifera" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Corticifera</taxonomicName>
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Le Sueur, 1817: 178.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Polythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Polythoa</taxonomicName>
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Schweigger, 1819: 100 [incorrect spelling].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gistel" authorityYear="1848" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Polythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polythea" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Polythea</taxonomicName>
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Gistel, 1848: 181 [incorrect spelling].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gemmaria" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Gemmaria</taxonomicName>
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Duchassaing de Fonbressin and Michelotti, 1860: 55.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authority="" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Polythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polythoa (Corticithoa)" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Corticithoa">Polythoa (Corticithoa)</taxonomicName>
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Andres, 1883a: 521, 535-538.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authority="" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Polythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polythoa (Gemmithoa)" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Gemmithoa">Polythoa (Gemmithoa)</taxonomicName>
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Andres, 1883a: 521, 532, 533.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName family="Sphenopidae" genus="Parapalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parapalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">Parapalythoa</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1900: 560.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1900" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Protopalythoa</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1900: 562.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1919" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Haplotella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Haplotella" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Haplotella</taxonomicName>
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Stechow, 1919: 853.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Palythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sic</emphasis>
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]
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1821" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="stellata" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="stellata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">stellata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Lamouroux, 1816 [=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ellis & Solander" authorityYear="1786" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alcyonium mammillosum" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mammillosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Alcyonium mammillosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Ellis, in Ellis & Solander, 1786], by subsequent designation by
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<bibRefCitation author="Haddon, AC" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B128" refString="Haddon, AC, Shackleton, AM, 1891b. Actiniae: I. Zoantheae. In: Reports on the zoological collections made in the Torres Straits by Professor A.C. Haddon, 1888-1889. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society (2) 4(13): 673-701, pls. 61-64. [Dec 1891 (wrapper)]" title="Actiniae: I. Zoantheae. In: Reports on the zoological collections made in the Torres Straits by Professor A. C. Haddon, 1888 - 1889. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society (2) 4 (13): 673 - 701, pls. 61 - 64. [Dec 1891 (wrapper)]" year="1891 b">Haddon and Shackleton (1891b</bibRefCitation>
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: 691) (see also discussion in Appendix 3).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="gender">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Gender</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Feminine.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Colonial brachycnemic zoantharians with sand/detritus incrustation in the ectoderm and mesoglea. Currently, all species except for two described are zooxanthellate (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8512" author="Irei, Y" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="B157" refString="Irei, Y, Sinniger, F, Reimer, JD, 2015. Descriptions of two azooxanthellate Palythoa (Order Zoantharia: Subclass Hexacorallia) species from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan. ZooKeys 478: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8512" title="Descriptions of two azooxanthellate Palythoa (Order Zoantharia: Subclass Hexacorallia) species from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan. ZooKeys 478: 1 - 26." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.478.8512" year="2015">Irei et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Specimens examined with a sphincter muscle of linear mesogleal type (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0406-1" author="Swain, TD" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="B284" refString="Swain, TD, Schellinger, JL, Strimaitis, AM, Reuter, KE, 2015. Evolution of anthozoan polyp retraction mechanisms: convergent functional morphology and evolutionary allometry of the marginal musculature in order Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). BMC Evolutionary Biology 15(123): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0406-1" title="Evolution of anthozoan polyp retraction mechanisms: convergent functional morphology and evolutionary allometry of the marginal musculature in order Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). BMC Evolutionary Biology 15 (123): 1 - 19." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0406-1" year="2015">Swain et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1900" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protopalythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was originally separated from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Palythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on primarily polyp shape. Pax (1910) recommended merging
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Palythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1900" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protopalythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and he defined three groups;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“immersae”">"immersae"</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“intermediae”">"intermediae"</normalizedToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“liberae”">"liberae"</normalizedToken>
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, which have no taxonomic rank (see
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02008" author="Ryland, JS" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B247" refString="Ryland, JS, Lancaster, JE, 2003. Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics 17(3): 407-428. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02008" title="Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics 17 (3): 407 - 428." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02008" year="2003">Ryland and Lancaster 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). In 1923, Carlgren adopted this inclusive nomenclature. Similarly,
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380050060" author="Burnett, WJ" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="B39" refString="Burnett, WJ, Benzie, JAH, Beardmore, JA, Ryland, JS, 1997. Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia: systematics, evolution and a key to species. Coral Reefs 16(1): 55-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380050060" title="Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia: systematics, evolution and a key to species. Coral Reefs 16 (1): 55 - 68." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s003380050060" year="1997">Burnett et al. (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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discussed the need to merge these genera but retained
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1900" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protopalythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02008" author="Ryland, JS" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B247" refString="Ryland, JS, Lancaster, JE, 2003. Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics 17(3): 407-428. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02008" title="Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics 17 (3): 407 - 428." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02008" year="2003">Ryland and Lancaster (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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also discussed this issue and argued to keep
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1900" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protopalythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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citing additional characters (zooxanthellate eggs in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1900" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protopalythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; afterwards potentially observed in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Palythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. (Shiroma et al. 2010)). Herein, based on the several recent molecular studies (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0016-3" author="Sinniger, F" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="B269" refString="Sinniger, F, Montoya-Burgos, JI, Chevaldonne, P, Pawlowski, J, 2005. Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. Marine Biology 147(5): 1121-1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0016-3" title="Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. Marine Biology 147 (5): 1121 - 1128." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0016-3" year="2005">Sinniger et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.261" author="Reimer, JD" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="B224" refString="Reimer, JD, Ono, S, Iwama, A, Takishita, K, Tsukahara, J, Maruyama, T, 2006. Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science 23(3): 261-275. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.261" title="Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science 23 (3): 261 - 275." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.261" year="2006">Reimer et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-007-0210-5" author="Reimer, JD" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="B226" refString="Reimer, JD, Takishita, K, Ono, S, Maruyama, T, 2007b. Diversity and evolution in the zoanthid genus Palythoa (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) utilizing nuclear ITS-rDNA. Coral Reefs 26(2): 399-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-007-0210-5" title="Diversity and evolution in the zoanthid genus Palythoa (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) utilizing nuclear ITS-rDNA. Coral Reefs 26 (2): 399 - 410." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-007-0210-5" year="2007 b">2007b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/856079" author="Reimer, JD" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="B234" refString="Reimer, JD, Foord, C, Irei, Y, 2012a. Species diversity of shallow water zoanthids (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) in Florida. Journal of Marine Biology 2012: article 856079 [14 pp.]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/856079" title="Species diversity of shallow water zoanthids (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) in Florida. Journal of Marine Biology 2012: article 856079 [14 pp.]." url="https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/856079" year="2012 a">2012a</bibRefCitation>
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), we formally synonymise
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Palythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1900" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protopalythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Palythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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having priority.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Although at least 272 species-group names have been established in the genera
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Palythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Palythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1900" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Protopalythoa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protopalythoa" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protopalythoa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the literature (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Fautin, DG" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" publicationUrl="http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hexacoral/" refId="B95" refString="Fautin, DG, Buddemeier, RW, 2008. Biogeoinformatics of the Hexacorals. http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hexacoral/" title="Biogeoinformatics of the Hexacorals." url="http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hexacoral/" year="2008">Fautin and Buddemeier 2008</bibRefCitation>
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), with more research, these species-group names will likely be found to be synonyms-the result of high level of intraspecific morphological variation (see
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349484" author="Burnett, WJ" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="B37" refString="Burnett, WJ, Benzie, JAH, Beardmore, JA, Ryland, JS, 1994. High genetic variability and patchiness in a common Great Barrier Reef zoanthid (Palythoa caesia). Marine Biology 121(1): 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349484" title="High genetic variability and patchiness in a common Great Barrier Reef zoanthid (Palythoa caesia). Marine Biology 121 (1): 153 - 160." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349484" year="1994">Burnett et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.261" author="Reimer, JD" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="B224" refString="Reimer, JD, Ono, S, Iwama, A, Takishita, K, Tsukahara, J, Maruyama, T, 2006. Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science 23(3): 261-275. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.261" title="Morphological and molecular revision of Zoanthus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) from southwestern Japan, with descriptions of two new species. Zoological Science 23 (3): 261 - 275." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.261" year="2006">Reimer et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1587-5" author="Hibino, Y" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="B140" refString="Hibino, Y, Todd, PA, Yang, S-Y, Benayahu, Y, Reimer, JD, 2014. Molecular and morphological evidence for conspecificity of two common Indo-Pacific species of Palythoa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Hydrobiologia 733 (1): 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1587-5" title="Molecular and morphological evidence for conspecificity of two common Indo-Pacific species of Palythoa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Hydrobiologia 733 (1): 31 - 43." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1587-5" year="2014">Hibino et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |