436 lines
51 KiB
XML
436 lines
51 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6B3EB8A06E4E57011D077B0010FC5DD3">Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1E5C438D633FFB07613E7B7A21FABD26">Arteaga, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CE650C0150EEBF3D4CE1AE703759030F">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA & Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="0283E379EECA394E4872911516D0396D">Universidad Autonoma de Chiriqui (UNACHI), Instituto Interdisciplinario de Investigacion e Innovacion, David, Panama & Fundacion Los Naturalistas, Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama & Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI), SENACYT, Clayton Panama, Panama</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="E11CCDE2E6AD7AA3540D1AE830E8CA39">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="1839E47850F5FE4C02151AA867C6EED3">Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="AD3E9312494920EC172A88665BE83586">Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3A259305204EE0B6429E938608001E5D">Koch, Claudia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2D61597D8EA642BEA9FDC46EB5D530CE">CRWild, Bahia Ballena, Uvita, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3DC5D9F57C606DECCCD309BB6B63294E">Agne, Stefanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="380AC8BFAA593415255F50237538C2D6">Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F06795DE017B9C2768ABC20F65D40821">Valencia, Jorge H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="13288FE81DDCDF2AD00DFB3A5A773DBD">Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany & Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4D8C0C36BB1B98577440303ED7B7E184">Bustamante, Lucas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="47A322BCDF6A43C2E3A483D1E70BB325">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & Red de Biogeografia y Ecologia Espacial (BioGeo 2), Universidad Regional Amazonica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F66B5B1882594C444E25CCC6D1E140E1">Harris, Kyle J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CB92F18ADADE3C0AFD4B80D521E082FC">Savia Fund, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="6CCF4B282792511CA2C507D99BBB2991" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6CCF4B282792511CA2C507D99BBB2991" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6CCF4B282792511CA2C507D99BBB2991" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<paragraph id="00F57A1517F67539C189BD67D1DE295C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="937EA415B2DAC7620FC3F0AB37D4D76E" ID-CoL="MN2N" LSID="6CCF4B28-2792-511C-A2C5-07D99BBB2991" authority="(Berthold, 1846)" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">Bothriechis schlegelii (Berthold, 1846)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="B7626DABE225CA5F904AD3994E7FDA9B" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Juvenile holotype of Bothriechis schlegelii ZFMK 32554 in lateral view. Photo by Alice Schumacher." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981692" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figs 6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="6A0AE633B218F6319973D1945741239D" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis schlegelii from Antioquia department, Colombia, in life. a, c, f. From the live collection at INSV-SR, Serpentario Nacional de Colombia; b, d, e, g. from the live collection at SUA, Serpentario de la Universidad de Antioquia. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981698" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 12</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="47CF87D27249295D3A27697C5B5D2625" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis schlegelii in life. a. Adult from Planes de San Rafael, Risaralda department, Colombia; b-f. Adults from Popayan, Cauca department, Colombia, photographed at the Serpentario de la Universidad del Cauca. Photos by Jose Vieira and Amanda Quezada." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981699" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 13</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="7F12A7D09A48FB00E7E923DBFB2C137D" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis schlegelii in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. IAVH-R 6055 from Reserva Tesorito, Valle del Cauca department, Colombia; b. IAVH-R 6598 from Popayan, Cauca department, Colombia; c. IAVH-R 5465 from Fresno, Tolima department, Colombia. Photos by Duvan Zambrano." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981700" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 14</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="82A30D8F824E04A3831CA20CBBDBCE78" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="1BC11213CB4CB8AA3FF9962E411B30A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="A56ADED11D1A592A2DAF90A543F2314D" authorityName="Berthold" authorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trigonocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trigonocephalus schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">Trigonocephalus schlegelii</taxonomicName>
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Berthold, 1846: 13. Holotype ZFMK 32554 (Fig.
|
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<figureCitation id="A28C72EA7397C7DEBD5627AD1C8CDB4D" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Juvenile holotype of Bothriechis schlegelii ZFMK 32554 in lateral view. Photo by Alice Schumacher." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981692" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">6</figureCitation>
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), a juvenile from
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<normalizedToken id="78DB8C7A29E450192AF8760C2DC12C5C" originalValue="Popayán">Popayan</normalizedToken>
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, Colombia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1D1F4735B3AC677C0EEA7848BA513D1A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="14D8A28CFCA2161059BA15DDCE819753" authorityName="Garcia" authorityYear="1896" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Thanatophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thanatophis colgadora" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="colgadora">Thanatophis colgadora</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="81DDFBD7F3358BC73BEA620C7E053A16" originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
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||
, 1896: 27. Syntypes: lost, from "Cordillera Occidental de los Andes, en Calima, en Dapa, en San Antonio y en otros sitios de las
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<normalizedToken id="94D85913CDB4723ECC4BE3B8A7C0529A" originalValue="montañas">montanas</normalizedToken>
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del Cauca".
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B30B95FFDA988866D36071FBBB8FDAF7" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="referred specimens">
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<paragraph id="198816E6A0AC090CF205EBAC568B661C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Referred specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6F2D1CA2EDD614EC302E41AB636C128F" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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All labeled
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<taxonomicName id="231BF41D2F3833D39BF18A9F07BAE9E0" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
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<emphasis id="74C0CB11CEC7B852F56AE325A82F7C09" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in Suppl. material 1.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2F18F4E3CB28C19090AF773CD8A17137" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="proposed standard english name">
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||
<paragraph id="064B078923BC0530AC38EB1C6D0C86B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Proposed standard English name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AD2A87B437D15EFCA0617A6A98C9BE0B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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||
Highland Eyelash-Pitviper,
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||
<normalizedToken id="6494BE0C0E06919230BC677E9F03EB6B" originalValue="Schlegel’s">Schlegel's</normalizedToken>
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||
Eyelash-Pitviper.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C6049BB3112CC565860409E4BF3FEE53" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="spanish names">
|
||
<paragraph id="536A3D5F2240DD57673048689A0E815D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Spanish names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C0EBB15C4C3CB814BAED1E1A9417E981" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8E76C3AB2401966D00BAA48D63F3C083" originalValue="Víbora">Vibora</normalizedToken>
|
||
de tierra
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8C356A7CF621B87918A8BAA9A89D29BC" originalValue="fría">fria</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="928FBDB2F5E7B09D950E9E88C532EF67" originalValue="víbora">vibora</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5877EEDFED1BE1EDCE60C2D09BCC0404" originalValue="pestañas">pestanas</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Schlegel, guaruma.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E10B2C34022E05F9DFB007EADE2FE2E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="720165A64B8D270D7C308B7A930F4DCF" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A8FACBCEA0D0F5904075B496BC1BD6A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4FE9100C45F0BAAF9A65827638465892" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9DFE0F09CCAC1EC1B48BABCCCFCAFC0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diagnosed based on the following combination of characters: (1) two or three triangular and moderately raised supraciliary scales; (2) anterior dorsal head scales smooth; (3) gular scales much smaller than or similar in size to chinshields; (4) 3-11 interoculolabials; (5) 1-3 canthals which may be flat or slightly raised forming a ridge along the canthus; (6) loreal in contact with preocular in ~1/3 of specimens; (7) yellow morph absent; (8) dorsal bands black or dark brown; (9) no opposing kidney shaped dorsal marks; (10) black speckles on dorsal scales usually absent; (11) black speckling on ventral surfaces usually absent; (12) ventral surfaces never entirely white; (13) iris pale orange, light green, or golden yellow usually without speckles; (14) 21-25 dorsal scale rows at mid-body; (15) 139-156 ventrals in males, 135-153 in females; (16) maximum total length in males 834 mm, in females 969 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5AE3FBF4188208A43F61F4595D9E13B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="2AFF11AC253F4809D34FEE2BBF66ACD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="417590EDF187FE7E24E9FF9F82076F7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59CB5B88719E365013968F36D0D09094" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="9486243D57A6FCF9A543DC268F181A97" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="F2B8D1F13225C832D0185D4F57A03340" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
is compared to other species of the genus previously subsumed under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F4EE85A8B6D2B543BAF7D047A0ED75E" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAC75E571A8929D9B2E5BA40C6877405" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="7BA18FB447EE04A4F4584DC8C511DC37" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
(differences summarized in Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="021BA1ACD7D7BACF365C45C5708B970D" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in coloration, scale counts, hemipenial architecture, size, and median lethal dose (LD 50), between members of the Bothriechis schlegelii species complex. The range of each continuous variable is from our own sample (Suppl. material 1), Kuch and Freire (1995), and Solorzano et al. (1998)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). It differs from the other species except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DB259A0E50377D52F1350EDD556435E3" lsidName="B. klebbai" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="klebbai">
|
||
<emphasis id="565042C1B5D2F9F82DCAF8ADCE9E114D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. klebbai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9F56F621615763A19537F9DCD7B406DC" lsidName="B. khwargi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D8719AC3F07BC2392AADD5B375F5ED52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. in having two triangular and moderately raised supraciliary scales (supraciliaries either low and granular or enlarged and spinelike in the other species).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="401D9E837E5B4019487A2C873A066BCB" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="18153486BCE5C7F7EF500D9048F4AA18" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs near the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3867791AD476491FC1C64C92CF50C18C" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="044519B9925FF2994628F89324ED2F2F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4FB0DC862229685FB74ABC946F4979EE" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
), from which it differs by having anterior dorsal head scales smooth, 1-3 canthals (rather than 3-8), bands black or dark brown (rather than pink or red), ventral surfaces never entirely white, a lower number of ventrals in both males and females, and larger basal hooks on the hemipenial body (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="3822B9F4BD1CD987D3DFAF4DED3216FE" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis schlegelii in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. IAVH-R 6055 from Reserva Tesorito, Valle del Cauca department, Colombia; b. IAVH-R 6598 from Popayan, Cauca department, Colombia; c. IAVH-R 5465 from Fresno, Tolima department, Colombia. Photos by Duvan Zambrano." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981700" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C4E81ED9E50B6FDA79CB387828FEC877" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="5E47FAB1F63D1A4923F5EC1D62A46ABD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="499212CFA85E30890FFF47DE6517B819" lsidName="B. klebbai" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="klebbai">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0E95FDE4FBCEF0629B30A2FEFC58056" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. klebbai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1795ED01914F45E7FA9CBF023928C7E" lsidName="B. rasikusumorum" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rasikusumorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="44D1B3623D772044A9BD70B7D99B997F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. rasikusumorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., but these other species occur parapatrically and are characterized by having small supraciliary scales, dorsal and ventral surfaces heavily speckled with black, gular scales similar in size or larger than chinshields, and no enlarged basal hooks on the hemipenial body.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7FC3959C08A3293A2B8EC358F529858F" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="61F93D5E48AE673CF51C6D3EBC2733B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ECFE7AD399CF6FAB706A156332622A4C" lsidName="B. khwargi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="khwargi">
|
||
<emphasis id="144B0383AC82539CB6526C3C218536B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. khwargi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. by having smooth anterior dorsal head scales (instead of keeled), a lower number of canthals, no reddish bands, and an entirely pale white belly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E2A2C54ADCFFD5D2F698DFFACB01084B" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981698" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
|
||
<paragraph id="40E34229420EFB3378BEA9CDDD18B4AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E7E9965AC8A1E76806BC754F0B3251" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="444D7A6FDD71C69C88FAC770E7C197A3" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="3BB5421AD311B53C0C8807A4B8AE4FF3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Antioquia department, Colombia, in life.
|
||
<emphasis id="C4847A6D20F16F1E540FFFEA8707FB35" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a, c, f.</emphasis>
|
||
From the live collection at INSV-SR, Serpentario Nacional de Colombia;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9CE954C9BE4DAE7AE3FC6BC3D0EBBA9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b, d, e, g.</emphasis>
|
||
from the live collection at SUA, Serpentario de la Universidad de Antioquia. Photos by Jose Vieira.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7952259924878139B432BD949182C72B" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981699" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
|
||
<paragraph id="059DA67F801C6A1E9B255E6285679FB5" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="D2DE7F56623AA1FB049DB2CA9E842C64" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1005262A11E240A100F462E193F10730" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B9E9BB3A2CDA0433CC9E91D396BF635" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life.
|
||
<emphasis id="4C3183A4CFCEE5A80136F48DF9588A63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult from Planes de San Rafael, Risaralda department, Colombia;
|
||
<emphasis id="F2F9549E6903A867A937403B5D4ADE23" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b-f.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1718E23589E21AAE57E5510CA2C02752" originalValue="Popayán">Popayan</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Cauca department, Colombia, photographed at the Serpentario de la Universidad del Cauca. Photos by Jose Vieira and Amanda Quezada.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="D92AD7CB04CB1952F43E4CF72ECA5D01" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981700" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E455C29A23D1368AF2E328BA3481210" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="D873924CD9D9218284E85D5039998A41" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Hemipenial architecture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A34B9BAC70B2B6ABB800F2A1A7E8F84" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="741FCB0FB5DE9E2A89D16612701CD344" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views.
|
||
<emphasis id="8C0F7D02255FEEB23B0AB77D83FB2A1D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
IAVH-R 6055 from Reserva Tesorito, Valle del Cauca department, Colombia;
|
||
<emphasis id="56F3D3FC19B11CCD143AA19DE60D0655" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
IAVH-R 6598 from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D3F1B21906118ABA8D56051726FB62EE" originalValue="Popayán">Popayan</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Cauca department, Colombia;
|
||
<emphasis id="08424E131CAFF3C8995F4F18F726F811" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">c.</emphasis>
|
||
IAVH-R 5465 from Fresno, Tolima department, Colombia. Photos by
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8ECAED938E4E2D6BE303CE2AE1FE1749" originalValue="Duván">Duvan</normalizedToken>
|
||
Zambrano.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="08AF23E97CD0EA7EA8D0BC9D179FE2BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="hemipenial morphology">
|
||
<paragraph id="A0DD6DA8F4541CC21836FC082FD7D59C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hemipenial morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BB950C0BA1A6D8D240EAEE3861CE19E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
(n = 7; three depicted in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="5430DD2EAEF8CC433D4A816B93CADB1F" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis schlegelii in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. IAVH-R 6055 from Reserva Tesorito, Valle del Cauca department, Colombia; b. IAVH-R 6598 from Popayan, Cauca department, Colombia; c. IAVH-R 5465 from Fresno, Tolima department, Colombia. Photos by Duvan Zambrano." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981700" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">14</figureCitation>
|
||
) Everted and inflated, the organ is deeply bilobed, calyculate and noncapitate; hemipenial lobes uniformly cylindrical or tapering towards the tip; in sulcate and asulcate views, lobe crotch ornamented with densely packed spines that become larger distally; sulcus spermaticus centrolineal, bifurcate and with walls strongly defined (weakly in IAVH-R 5465 and ICN PR 13225), bifurcation occurs below bilobation point and proximal to the base of the hemipenial body; sulcus spermaticus branch runs to lobe tips; distal one third to one half of each hemipenal lobe densely ornamented with small calyces with strongly defined spinulate edges. In sulcate view, hemipenial body surface with small spinules medially, but with enlarged and strongly calcified lateral spines (basal hooks) followed by 2-4 rows of much smaller obliquely-arranged mesial spines that become gradually smaller towards each
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A3746E754DD3C07C06ABC60803889EFD" originalValue="lobe’s">lobe's</normalizedToken>
|
||
capitulum; each hemipenial lobe ornamented with mesial and lateral spines about 1/3-1/10 the size of the large basal hooks; the spines in each lobe are replaced distally by calyces with strongly spinulate edges. In lateral view, hemipenial body and lobes with rows of spines, but otherwise non-spiculate; distal 1/3-1/2 of lobes strongly calyculate. In asulcate view, the center of hemipenial body is nude to barely spiculate; hemipenial lobes ornamented with 3 rows of smaller spines that decrease in size towards the lobe crotch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8D3C55F919D085B2511900A13FFFCBD3" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="29911A3D93BB83FF595455ACC16F9F99" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="686B96E7C552B6E48A18DD036A6B5363" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
A juvenile, SVL 183 mm, tail length 35.3 mm (19.3% SVL; tail-tip missing); head length 12.8 mm (7.0% SVL) from tip of snout to angle of jaw; head width 10.3 mm (80.5% head length) taken at broadest point; rostral broader than high (2.6
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EDADA55E0BE66489C160E40A1B1185CF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.9 mm); nasal divided and not fused with first supralabial; loreal about 1/3 size of pit, in contact with preocular, postnasal, second canthal, 1 suprafoveal, 1 prefoveal, prelacunal, and supralacunal; prefoveals 3/4; subfoveals 2/2; postfoveals 0; prelacunal fused with second supralabial; sublacunals 2/2; supralacunal L-shaped and in contact with orbit; preoculars 1/1 (2/2 if supralacunal is considered a preocular); suboculars 1/1; postoculars 2/2; loreal pit large, directed anteriorly, located slightly below line drawn from center of eye to naris; supralabials 8/8 (including lacunolabial); infralabials 10/10, first pair meet posteriorly; mental broader than long (2.7
|
||
<normalizedToken id="039722EC18512F12752A0EFDE188EFE5" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.5 mm); 1 pair of chinshields; 3 pairs of gulars between chinshields and preventrals; preventrals 3; anterior internasals 3; canthals 2/2; 3/3 moderately triangular but low supraciliary scales; supraoculars oblong, 2.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="298FF6B0DC7749360330D607C00E14F9" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide; intersupraoculars 5; anterior dorsal head scales smooth; posterior head scales keeled; interrictals 25; dorsal scale rows 21/21/17; ventrals 150; cloacal plate entire; 50 undivided subcaudals; tail prehensile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1337F2D25544282B337F8F780D700397" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="E223E42AF5267FD1C08FD35D454D7F12" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3AB3195D5E1738DDA5B03BC8B5C1DD5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A91A159E1B2966622ABD89FF33323B44" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B1CFEE0F9799A7BD7E2CD9F6B2111DAC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an arboreal snake that inhabits evergreen montane forests, planted forests, coffee plantations, and urban/rural gardens. Based on our own field notes, iNaturalist records, and the literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B3DC9520567645908F4D1A2C56286DFC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v11i2p135-154" author="Rojas-Morales, JA" journalOrPublisher="Phyllomedusa" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="135 - 154" refId="B90" refString="Rojas-Morales, JA, 2012. Snakes of an urban-rural landscape in the central Andes of Colombia: species composition, distribution, and natural history. Phyllomedusa 11: 135 - 154, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v11i2p135-154" title="Snakes of an urban-rural landscape in the central Andes of Colombia: species composition, distribution, and natural history." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v11i2p135-154" volume="11" year="2012">Rojas-Morales 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16BE2FF72D9728D7B7E600FFFDF56695" DOI="https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v3n1.58625" author="Galofre-Ruiz, M" journalOrPublisher="Case Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 8" refId="B36" refString="Galofre-Ruiz, M, 2016. Emponzonamiento causado por mordedura de la serpiente Bothriechis schlegelii. Reporte de dos casos ocurridos en Colombia. Case Reports 3: 1 - 8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v3n1.58625" title="Emponzonamiento causado por mordedura de la serpiente Bothriechis schlegelii. Reporte de dos casos ocurridos en Colombia." url="https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v3n1.58625" volume="3" year="2016">Galofre-Ruiz 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), vipers of this species are found at night perched on low (less than 3 m above the ground) shrubby vegetation or at ground level during the day, either in ambush posture or moving. Most observations are of snakes active on rocks, leaf-litter, grass, and even crossing roads during daylight hours. Santiago Ayerbe (pers. comm. to AA) reports that in Cauca, individuals of this species prey upon lizards (anolines and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="05CC17AFA43AE3CBE8A2BAC3E080D900" class="Squamata" family="Gymnophthalmidae" genus="Pholidobolus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pholidobolus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAD0A7E0ADC60FC4310308EDED2EA844" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Pholidobolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), rodents, and hummingbirds.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7D2523E9AAB47CF0C71DBB2D4B5B89A7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v11i2p135-154" author="Rojas-Morales, JA" journalOrPublisher="Phyllomedusa" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="135 - 154" refId="B90" refString="Rojas-Morales, JA, 2012. Snakes of an urban-rural landscape in the central Andes of Colombia: species composition, distribution, and natural history. Phyllomedusa 11: 135 - 154, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v11i2p135-154" title="Snakes of an urban-rural landscape in the central Andes of Colombia: species composition, distribution, and natural history." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v11i2p135-154" volume="11" year="2012">Rojas-Morales (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports that "though generally docile, individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AAC9432CB27CD4012008062C072D0997" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB4FAFE9226F4FD39D8B668DA24CFFCD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
defend themselves with frontal displays and striking."
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C122384EE5537797681C06F2A8CD8A44" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="venom">
|
||
<paragraph id="2646CB7A7250F0F8588EDC17C8FBD784" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Venom.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="06A3A6F1CE5BA088EE4F04A03ED1F84C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="89F9A103A9660672865AD560E4F81F22" DOI="https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v3n1.58625" author="Galofre-Ruiz, M" journalOrPublisher="Case Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 8" refId="B36" refString="Galofre-Ruiz, M, 2016. Emponzonamiento causado por mordedura de la serpiente Bothriechis schlegelii. Reporte de dos casos ocurridos en Colombia. Case Reports 3: 1 - 8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v3n1.58625" title="Emponzonamiento causado por mordedura de la serpiente Bothriechis schlegelii. Reporte de dos casos ocurridos en Colombia." url="https://doi.org/10.15446/cr.v3n1.58625" volume="3" year="2016">Galofre-Ruiz (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports two cases of human envenomation by this snake species in departments Caldas and Tolima. The victims developed pain at the site of the wound, paresthesia, and edema, but recovered with the use of polyvalent antivenom.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A22165276586F699F41ED9A6DA0FB3F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.5853" author="Sevilla-Sanchez, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Biomedica" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="314 - 337" refId="B98" refString="Sevilla-Sanchez, MJ, Ayerbe-Gonzalez, S, Bolanos-Bolanos, E, 2021. Aspectos biomedicos y epidemiologicos del accidente ofidico en el departamento del Cauca, Colombia, 2009-2018. Biomedica 41: 314 - 337, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.5853" title="Aspectos biomedicos y epidemiologicos del accidente ofidico en el departamento del Cauca, Colombia, 2009 - 2018." url="https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.5853" volume="41" year="2021">Sevilla-Sánchez et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report that most accidents caused by this snake involve coffee plantation workers bitten on the hands or face during the harvesting work. In a series of 1,653 cases of envenomation in Cauca province between 2009 and 2018, 8.4% were caused by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B7617C10EB3C395C213AB0D8A3BB108" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B6D05B654098E0DE88824289A0D82C72" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A07ACC3388ACC32B724C5FCF409E49BE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.5853" author="Sevilla-Sanchez, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Biomedica" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="314 - 337" refId="B98" refString="Sevilla-Sanchez, MJ, Ayerbe-Gonzalez, S, Bolanos-Bolanos, E, 2021. Aspectos biomedicos y epidemiologicos del accidente ofidico en el departamento del Cauca, Colombia, 2009-2018. Biomedica 41: 314 - 337, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.5853" title="Aspectos biomedicos y epidemiologicos del accidente ofidico en el departamento del Cauca, Colombia, 2009 - 2018." url="https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.5853" volume="41" year="2021">Sevilla-Sánchez et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas 5.5% of 218 cases in departments Antioquia and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="001CC5BCBFD62B6778BE46094AA02AFF" originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
between 1989 and 1990 were caused by a combination of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E382B34A285E1617ECCD0BC0EAD2C8AC" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="83A24411AB8A2887B1D0FC8E4A9D37D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79E5049A2A164F9047C156FFE3F79BB5" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0D2B9BCFF430DE0F1B9AAECA03D70F3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92C5C3EA6150F8C5A6ED21B24A7954A4" author="Otero, R" journalOrPublisher="Acta Me ́ dica Colombiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="229 - 249" refId="B72" refString="Otero, R, Tobón, GS, Gómez, LF, Osorio, R, Valderrama, R, Hoyos, D, Urreta, JE, Molina, S, Arboleda, JJ, 1992a. Accidente ofídico en Antioquia y Chocó. Acta Médica Colombiana 17: 229 - 249" title="Accidente ofi ́ dico en Antioquia y Choco ́." volume="17" year="1992 a">Otero et al. 1992a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of these, one envenomation was moderate, 11 were mild, and none involved systemic complications. The venom in this Antioquian-Chocoan mixed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4252FD5EABCAB870407D384EB788087D" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4837B9C2684898FBA37D2375F80418A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sample was found to be the least edematous, hemorrhagic, and lethal (LD50 estimated as 10.3 mg/kg) among a sample of eight Colombian venomous snakes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="630FD8AF2CC7AD224D5CF35D4574FFD7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(92)90855-Y" author="Otero, R" journalOrPublisher="Toxicon" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="611 - 620" refId="B73" refString="Otero, R, Osorio, RG, Valderrama, R, Giraldo, CA, 1992b. Efectos farmacologicos y enzimaticos de los venenos de serpientes de Antioquia y Choco (Colombia). Toxicon 30: 611 - 620, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(92)90855-Y" title="Efectos farmacologicos y enzimaticos de los venenos de serpientes de Antioquia y Choco (Colombia)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(92)90855-Y" volume="30" year="1992 b">Otero et al. 1992b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18950A15E8655F9662AF6C378C3FF263" author="Ayerbe, S" journalOrPublisher="Cuadernos de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Cauca" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="33 - 45" refId="B6" refString="Ayerbe, S, Paredes, A, Gavez, DA, 1979. Estudio retrospectivo sobre ofidiotoxicosis en el departamento del Cauca. 2da parte. Aspectos clinicos, epidemiologicos y complicaciones. Cuadernos de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Cauca 4: 33 - 45" title="Estudio retrospectivo sobre ofidiotoxicosis en el departamento del Cauca. 2 da parte. Aspectos clinicos, epidemiologicos y complicaciones." volume="4" year="1979">Ayerbe et al. (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a report of a coffee plantation worker that died after being bitten on the tongue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B1FF99619EFB1141FA08EE64C56C9A50" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="D5F47CBC54C7DE070AEE7ABE73287D2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B9DBDBA177F282DAB6A96BA128CCF202" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5C311EFD907C366374629DACFBA6F8E5" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B150375B83A35363CC57D2E2663EF7F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to Colombia. It is known from at least 161 localities (listed in Suppl. material 3) on
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4EBCE9E2B10F595173A240AB3A54952B" originalValue="Colombia’s">Colombia's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Cordillera Central and Occidental, from Cauca department in the south to Antioquia department in the north. The species occurs over an area of approximately 40,432 km2 and has been recorded at elevations 1,034-2,597 m above sea level (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="48E7BEA58FC7F4987DEBC414CFD3CE4D" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Approximately 8.8% of the predicted area of distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FD37D7B35F2F50468488EBEE5BBCD452" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2893D3DF8DC8DFC70950B9C065C444C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlaps with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2613AD908D1C10A4F1E45215B3D6E389" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0AD5D9CB8D98D160ADF86D92BEB0849" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but we did not find evidence of sympatry. In Valle del Cauca department, we found the two species separated by an airline distance of about 10 km.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="84281DC5DB405066C9C5DD8F0509C302" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="16ACCC654FADF536E5E451F6EB560D93" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A6CE6BBE3382647706092AE8EE6D35C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<emphasis id="BCFC9ABBB5346332125D84229AF0E136" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
honors Hermann Schlegel (1804-1884), a renowned German ornithologist and herpetologist.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B60BA305EA3135DA74C2538DAA04E1E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="E2B4C1B6D68FE42DB14F51276170FC47" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F28E709A339C510B3D59D72161EA85E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3302AF3BFB99C85251044953C9EEA4AD" baseAuthorityName="Berthold" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis schlegelii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="0942549E66E8AD56DDF3CE749C2D6C8D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be included in the Near Threatened category following IUCN Red List criteria (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A23FF2EBDB8DC3D4639822FCDEF0970" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B48" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition.IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland and Cambridge, 32 pp." year="2009">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) primarily because the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DA4465E591FCAF9D12F8A1CFD5BA667D" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
extent of occurrence is estimated to be much larger than the 20,000 km2 needed to meet B1 criteria for the Vulnerable category. However, although the species occurs in numerous protected areas (no less than 13; see Suppl. material 2), the majority of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1BC3985D39F39AC6B3B688CA691937A8" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
montane forest habitat has been destroyed. Based on the distribution model presented in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="609D52922C2E3312CB8A5CE6FF377009" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
in combination with maps of vegetation cover of Colombia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C55F1D38278C041D945694E967920CF8" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B47" refString="IDEAM (2014) Mapa de cobertura de la tierra adaptada para Colombia." year="2009">IDEAM 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we estimate that only ~23% of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="33A4C2B47A5139A6505502DA51FAA40A" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
forest habitat is still standing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |