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<mods:title id="901E915CB4C7963FDB14B78C549DECC3">Illustrated review of the leaf-mining Nepticulidae of the central Andes (Peru and Bolivia)</mods:title>
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5.
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(
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,
<figureCitation id="CAA92A1E722AFFD6FF7665ADFED0FB41" box="[243,259,1182,1206]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 11" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,209,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[153,1433,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9 11. Distribution of the central Andean Nepticulidae. 9, species recorded at altitudes below 3700 m; 10, 11, some collecting areas in Peru. * — Stigmella epicosma Meyrick is also known from Arica Province, northern Chile (Vargas 2011); ** S. inca sp. nov. is also discovered in southern Ecuador." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/557158/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="CAA92A1E722AFFD6FE8A65ADFE84FB41" box="[271,343,1182,1206]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 29 31" captionStart-1="FIGURE 32" captionStartId-0="9.[151,264,1948,1971]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox-0="[218,1451,222,1899]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1404,218,1850]" captionTargetId-0="figure@9.[179,1465,193,1915]" captionTargetId-1="figure@12.[157,1429,195,1859]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="FIGURES 29 31. Updated distribution of Stigmella hamata Puplesis &amp; Robinson. 29, 31, habitats; 30, distribution map." captionText-1="FIGURE 32. Adults of the central Andean Nepticulidae." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/557161/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/557162/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">2932</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FF1265D6FE9BFB0C" box="[151,328,1253,1275]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stigmella hamata</emphasis>
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: 30
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.
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examined
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),
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: Dept.
<collectingRegion id="9056F879722AFFD6FD62641BFCE2FAB7" box="[743,817,1320,1344]" country="Peru" name="Cusco" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cuzco</collectingRegion>
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NW Sicuani
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,
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E of Laguna Pomacanchi
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,
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, genitalia slide no.
<collectorName id="FF67534D722AFFD6FB84647FFB82FA93" box="[1025,1105,1356,1380]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diškus</collectorName>
199 (
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)
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;
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, Dept.
<collectingRegion id="9056F879722AFFD6FEB46443FEBEFA70" box="[305,365,1392,1415]" country="Peru" name="Puno" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Puno</collectingRegion>
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E of Ayaviri
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,
<location id="574D6040722AFFD6FDE56443FCEAFA7F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DA3B878D722AFFD6FF126548FC77F853:574D6040722AFFD6FDE56443FCEAFA7F" box="[608,825,1391,1416]" country="Peru" latitude="-14.828889" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-70.376114" name="Laguna Asnacocha" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" stateProvince="Puno">Laguna Asnacocha</location>
,
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, ca.
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, genitalia slide no.
<collectorName id="FF67534D722AFFD6FE7F64A7FD99FA5B" box="[506,586,1428,1452]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diškus</collectorName>
198 (
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;
<materialsCitation id="E2FA3CC6722AFFD6FD7564A7FABBFA27" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457833072" collectingDate="1987-03-28" collectionCode="ZMUC" collectorName="O. Karsholt" country="Peru" elevation="3000" latitude="-14.123055" location="Limbani" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-69.67305" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCount="559" specimenCount-male="559" stateProvince="Puno" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="4494FD12722AFFD6FD7564A7FCCFFA5C" box="[752,796,1428,1452]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
(not type-series),
<collectingCountry id="2A85760B722AFFD6FC6A64A7FBE9FA5C" box="[1007,1082,1428,1451]" name="Peru" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">PERU</collectingCountry>
, Dept.
<collectingRegion id="9056F879722AFFD6FB0B64A7FB19FA5C" box="[1166,1226,1428,1451]" country="Peru" name="Puno" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Puno</collectingRegion>
,
<quantity id="956A9B7E722AFFD6FB5D64A7FAC0FA5B" box="[1240,1299,1428,1452]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
E
<location id="574D6040722AFFD6FAB264A7FA4AFA5B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DA3B878D722AFFD6FF126548FC77F853:574D6040722AFFD6FAB264A7FA4AFA5B" box="[1335,1433,1428,1452]" country="Peru" latitude="-14.123055" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-69.67305" name="Limbani" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" stateProvince="Puno">Limbani</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="37A6505C722AFFD6FF12648BFECBFA27" box="[151,280,1464,1488]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="15" value="-14.123055">14°07'23&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="37A6505C722AFFD6FEA1648BFE7DFA27" box="[292,430,1464,1488]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="15" value="-69.67305">69°40'23&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elevation ca.
<quantity id="956A9B7E722AFFD6FDC8648BFD77FA38" box="[589,676,1464,1488]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="3000.0">
<elevation id="D9BFD1A8722AFFD6FDC8648BFD77FA38" box="[589,676,1464,1488]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="262C105B722AFFD6FD35648BFCF8FA27" box="[688,811,1464,1488]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1987-03-28">
<collectingDate id="3668E9B3722AFFD6FD35648BFCF8FA27" box="[688,811,1464,1488]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1987-03-28">28.iii.1987</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="FF67534D722AFFD6FCB2648BFC6FFA27" box="[823,956,1464,1488]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">O. Karsholt</collectorName>
, genitalia slide no. RA
<specimenCount id="4494FD12722AFFD6FB38648BFB29FA27" box="[1213,1274,1464,1488]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="male">558♂</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="3483AE5E722AFFD6FA8D648BFA8CFA27" box="[1288,1375,1464,1488]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ZMUC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="E2FA3CC6722AFFD6FAF6648BFA57F9EF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457833049" collectingDate="1987-04-15" collectingDateMax="1987-04-16" collectingDateMin="1987-04-15" collectionCode="ZMUC" collectorName="P. Arctander" country="Bolivia" elevation="3500" latitude="-17.602777" location="Rodeo" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-65.62389" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" specimenCount="1232" specimenCount-male="1232" stateProvince="Cochabamba" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="4494FD12722AFFD6FAF6648BFA4FFA38" box="[1395,1436,1464,1488]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="male">2 ♂</specimenCount>
(not type-series),
<collectingCountry id="2A85760B722AFFD6FEEE64EFFE32FA03" box="[363,481,1500,1524]" name="Bolivia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">BOLIVIA</collectingCountry>
, Dept.
<collectingRegion id="9056F879722AFFD6FDC564EFFD06FA02" box="[576,725,1500,1525]" country="Bolivia" name="Cochabamba" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cochabamba</collectingRegion>
,
<locationDeviation id="439F2FB9722AFFD6FD6C64EFFC16FA03" box="[745,965,1500,1525]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<quantity id="956A9B7E722AFFD6FD6C64EFFCE4FA02" box="[745,823,1500,1525]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="km" value="35.0">35 km</quantity>
SE Punata
</locationDeviation>
,
<locationDeviation id="439F2FB9722AFFD6FC5D64EFFB77FA03" box="[984,1188,1500,1525]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<quantity id="956A9B7E722AFFD6FC5D64EFFBCAFA02" box="[984,1049,1500,1525]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
SW Vacas
</locationDeviation>
,
<location id="574D6040722AFFD6FB3264EFFAD0FA02" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DA3B878D722AFFD6FF126548FC77F853:574D6040722AFFD6FB3264EFFAD0FA02" box="[1207,1283,1500,1525]" country="Bolivia" latitude="-17.602777" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-65.62389" name="Rodeo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" stateProvince="Cochabamba">Rodeo</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="37A6505C722AFFD6FA9364EFFA4BFA02" box="[1302,1432,1500,1525]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="15" value="-17.602777">17°36'10&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="37A6505C722AFFD6FF1264CCFEF2F9EF" box="[151,289,1535,1560]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" precision="15" value="-65.62389">65°37'26&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elevation ca.
<quantity id="956A9B7E722AFFD6FE4464CCFDCBF9E0" box="[449,536,1535,1560]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="3500.0">
<elevation id="D9BFD1A8722AFFD6FE4464CCFDCBF9E0" box="[449,536,1535,1560]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="3500.0">3500 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="262C105B722AFFD6FDA164CCFD15F9EF" box="[548,710,1535,1560]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1987-04-15" valueMax="1987-04-16" valueMin="1987-04-15">
<collectingDate id="3668E9B3722AFFD6FDA164CCFD15F9EF" box="[548,710,1535,1560]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1987-04-15" valueMax="1987-04-16" valueMin="1987-04-15">1516.iv.1987</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="FF67534D722AFFD6FD576733FC8DF9EF" box="[722,862,1535,1560]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P. Arctander</collectorName>
, genitalia slide nos RA
<specimenCount id="4494FD12722AFFD6FBE164CCFB70F9EF" box="[1124,1187,1535,1560]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="male">557♂</specimenCount>
, AD
<specimenCount id="4494FD12722AFFD6FB5C64CCFAC5F9EF" box="[1241,1302,1535,1560]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="male">673♂</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="3483AE5E722AFFD6FAA06733FAAFF9EF" box="[1317,1404,1536,1560]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ZMUC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1A886510722AFFD6FF426717FAF8F93A" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="522D369B722AFFD6FF426717FAF8F93A" blockId="19.[151,1437,1319,1957]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FF426717FEE9F9CA" bold="true" box="[199,314,1572,1597]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. The combination of very glossy forewing and two cornuti in the male genitalia make
<taxonomicName id="95924D18722AFFD6FAAC6716FA4FF9CA" box="[1321,1436,1572,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Stigmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamata">
<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FAAC6716FA4FF9CA" box="[1321,1436,1572,1597]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. hamata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
similar to the
<taxonomicName id="95924D18722AFFD6FEB86774FDDEF997" box="[317,525,1607,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Stigmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schoorli">
<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FEB86774FDDEF997" box="[317,525,1607,1632]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stigmella schoorli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. However, the combination of two distinctive wide hook-shaped apical processes of valva, very short transtilla without sublateral processes, uncus with four caudal papillae, and rather asymmetrical horn-like cornuti (rate: 1:8; the longer cornutus twice exceeds the width of phallus) distinguishes
<taxonomicName id="95924D18722AFFD6FA0267A3FF38F93A" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Stigmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hamata">
<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FA0267A3FF38F93A" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. hamata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all other known
<taxonomicName id="95924D18722AFFD6FE636787FD9CF93A" box="[486,591,1716,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Stigmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FE636787FD9CF93A" box="[486,591,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Stigmella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, including the species belonging to the
<taxonomicName id="95924D18722AFFD6FBE66786FB08F93A" box="[1123,1243,1716,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Stigmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schoorli">
<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FBE66786FB08F93A" box="[1123,1243,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. schoorli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1A886510722AFFD6FF4267E4FC1EF8AA" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="522D369B722AFFD6FF4267E4FB51F918" blockId="19.[151,1437,1319,1957]" box="[199,1154,1751,1776]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FF4267E4FED7F907" bold="true" box="[199,260,1751,1776]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Male</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="CAA92A1E722AFFD6FE9667E4FEB4F907" box="[275,359,1751,1776]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[161,1404,218,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[157,1429,195,1859]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 32. Adults of the central Andean Nepticulidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/557162/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
). Described in
<bibRefCitation id="36034B6A722AFFD6FD9567E4FCECF907" author="Puplesis" box="[528,831,1751,1776]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Puplesis, R. &amp; Robinson, G. S. (2000) A review of the Central and South American Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) with special reference to Belize. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Entomology), 69 (1), 1 - 114." type="journal article" year="2000">Puplesis &amp; Robinson 2000</bibRefCitation>
: 30. Wingspan: 6.87.0 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="522D369B722AFFD6FF4267CFFE71F8E2" blockId="19.[151,1437,1319,1957]" box="[199,418,1788,1813]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FF4267CFFECDF8E2" bold="true" box="[199,286,1788,1813]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Female</emphasis>
. Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="522D369B722AFFD6FF42662CFC3BF8CF" blockId="19.[151,1437,1319,1957]" box="[199,1000,1823,1848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FF42662CFEA2F8CF" bold="true" box="[199,369,1823,1848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Male genitalia</emphasis>
. Illustrated in
<bibRefCitation id="36034B6A722AFFD6FD90662CFC97F8CF" author="Puplesis" box="[533,836,1823,1848]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Puplesis, R. &amp; Robinson, G. S. (2000) A review of the Central and South American Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) with special reference to Belize. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Entomology), 69 (1), 1 - 114." type="journal article" year="2000">Puplesis &amp; Robinson 2000</bibRefCitation>
: figs 108112.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="522D369B722AFFD6FF426677FC1EF8AA" blockId="19.[151,1437,1319,1957]" box="[199,973,1860,1885]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FF426677FE99F8AA" bold="true" box="[199,330,1860,1885]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Bionomics.</emphasis>
Adults fly in MarchApril. Otherwise biology unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1A886510722AFFD6FF426654FC77F853" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="522D369B722AFFD6FF426654FC77F853" blockId="19.[151,1437,1319,1957]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="60E6EA89722AFFD6FF426654FE8AF877" bold="true" box="[199,345,1895,1920]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="CAA92A1E722AFFD6FEEF6654FE65F877" box="[362,438,1895,1920]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 11" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[172,1411,209,1896]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[153,1433,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9 11. Distribution of the central Andean Nepticulidae. 9, species recorded at altitudes below 3700 m; 10, 11, some collecting areas in Peru. * — Stigmella epicosma Meyrick is also known from Arica Province, northern Chile (Vargas 2011); ** S. inca sp. nov. is also discovered in southern Ecuador." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/557158/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figs 9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="CAA92A1E722AFFD6FE41665BFDDCF877" box="[452,527,1896,1920]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 31" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1948,1971]" captionTargetBox="[218,1451,222,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[179,1465,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 29 31. Updated distribution of Stigmella hamata Puplesis &amp; Robinson. 29, 31, habitats; 30, distribution map." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/557161/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">2931</figureCitation>
). This species occurs in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes (
<figureCitation id="CAA92A1E722AFFD6FB3F6654FADDF877" box="[1210,1294,1895,1920]" captionStart="FIGURES 29 31" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1948,1971]" captionTargetBox="[218,1451,222,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[179,1465,193,1915]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 29 31. Updated distribution of Stigmella hamata Puplesis &amp; Robinson. 29, 31, habitats; 30, distribution map." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/557161/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
) at altitudes between
<quantity id="956A9B7E722AFFD6FF7E66BFFE45F853" box="[251,406,1932,1956]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="3500.0" valueMax="4000.0" valueMin="3000.0">30004000 m</quantity>
(new distribution data are provided in fig. 30).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>