1388 lines
189 KiB
XML
1388 lines
189 KiB
XML
<document id="5FB912F3DF301BC5840B6B421239E9E6" ID-CLB-Dataset="21597" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a16" ID-GBIF-Dataset="072a54a0-5184-4c2c-866d-68f53cae5580" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3922087" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0DF5ED60-2119-4F79-9F7A-15D86A00F0B4" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1593438751893" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Verger, Kévin Le, Solé, Floréal & Ladevèze, Sandrine" docDate="2020" docId="864883225D7732588190FAFFAE8E537C" docLanguage="en" docName="GEODIVERSITAS.42.16.239-255.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 42 (16)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Cynodictis peignei Verger & Solé & Ladevèze 2020, n. sp." docType="treatment" docUuid="6246667C-B270-404F-A371-93349B7C7A18" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="252" masterDocId="7A71FB5A5D723248827BFF8BAC33514E" masterDocTitle="Description of a new species of Cynodictis Bravard & Pomel, 1850 (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Quercy Phosphorites with comments on the use of skull morphology for phylogenetics" masterLastPageNumber="255" masterPageNumber="239" pageNumber="242" updateTime="1698842932428" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="B38FC254F6A60920BC560AE33D660623">Description of a new species of Cynodictis Bravard & Pomel, 1850 (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Quercy Phosphorites with comments on the use of skull morphology for phylogenetics</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="30980E8B5E844344F837FAC3C48DE05C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="66457696125360B5B56BB29F9CED38CB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="611AD4BFE5DA54F053F8C486A926DCD9">Verger, Kévin Le</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4C65A7708420FDBAE1763D8AECE01301">CR 2 P (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Université), Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F- 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="9626C2E3EED383C7CB700DD5AE71A59E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A555F4E6A88F7FD37582357B9EAC4F48">Solé, Floréal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="442E11526F92CECBA989F31AF1EF3DBB">Directorate Earth and History of Life, Palaeobiosphere Evolution Research Unit, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B – 1000 Brussels (Belgium)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1A1820731778C7D4F3CCDDDF971B75AB">Ladevèze, Sandrine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="424172F0FFB80C91A2085E121C8A3165">CR 2 P (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Université), Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F- 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="8878A0AFF12453C9B2BF3FE5A0AB110B">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2E3E006BFB13A29F65073DA14443EDD0">
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<mods:date id="242A92B92607E6383C27CA00B0251FAB">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1554A36AEF2AE6CA9E70A36BA1170DFA">2020-06-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FCB673A47E38F80EF32B81808A9B3E43">42</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B14592D822526CB47007C774604BD1CE">16</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="E3AC6FFBF000F100593CB0A334938335" type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a16</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="864883225D7732588190FAFFAE8E537C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164828372" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6246667C-B270-404F-A371-93349B7C7A18" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/864883225D7732588190FAFFAE8E537C" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
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<subSubSection id="46FB61BF5D77324D8190FAFFA8C254DE" box="[1003,1265,1396,1424]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0E5E32345D77324D8190FAFFA8C254DE" blockId="5.[1003,1265,1396,1455]" box="[1003,1265,1396,1424]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
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<heading id="551685585D77324D8190FAFFA8C254DE" box="[1003,1265,1396,1424]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D77324D8190FAFFA89C54C1" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[1003,1199,1396,1423]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="3C95EE265D77324D8190FAFFA89C54C1" bold="true" box="[1003,1199,1396,1423]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Cynodictis peignei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D77324D86CCFAFDA8C254DE" box="[1207,1265,1398,1424]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="46FB61BF5D77324D8641FA1EA98354A8" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0E5E32345D77324D8641FA1EA89154E1" blockId="5.[1003,1265,1396,1455]" box="[1082,1186,1429,1455]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
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(
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<figureCitation id="96DA2EB15D77324D8638FA1EA8A954E1" box="[1091,1178,1429,1455]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="8.[132,143,1849,1866]" captionStartId-1="10.[132,143,997,1014]" captionStartId-2="11.[132,143,1201,1218]" captionTargetBox-0="[325,1219,215,1761]" captionTargetBox-1="[132,1455,215,955]" captionTargetBox-2="[167,1334,215,1108]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[318,890,700,1261]" captionTargetId-2="figure@11.[148,780,214,752]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionText-0="FIG. 2. — Cranium of Cynodictis peignei n. sp. (snout – MNHN.F.Qu9007; neurocranium – MNHN.F.Qu9008) in dorsal view (A), lateral view (B) and ventral view (C). Abbreviations:bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C, upper canine; ce, carnassial embrasure pit; csm, crista supramastoideus; eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal;gf, glenoid fossa;I3, upper third incisor;inf, incisive foramen; iof, infraorbital foramen;ju, jugal;lac, lacrimal;lacf, lacrimal foramen;mp, mastoid process; mpfr, maxillary process of frontal; mx, maxillary; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; na, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; np, nasal process of nasal; oc, occipital condyle; P1, upper first premolar; P2, upper second premolar; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper ultimate premolar; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pdp, posterodorsal process of premaxillary; pgp, postglenoid process; pmx, premaxillary; pop, postorbital process of frontal; pp, paroccipital process; pr, promontorium of petrosal; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; rt, foramen for ramus temporalis; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; zpmx, zygomatic process of maxillary; zpsq, zygomatic process of squamosal. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-1="FIG. 3. — Right basicranium of Cynodictis peignei n. sp., MNHN.F.Qu9008,in ventral view.Abbreviations:acf, aperture of cochlear fossula; acrf, facet for anterior crus of ectotympanic; ats, sulcus for auditory tube; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; cef, facet for caudal entotympanic; ci, crista interfenestralis; dpn, foramen for deep petrosal nerve; eam, roof of external acoustic meatus; eo, exoccipital; er, epitympanic recess; fv, fenestra vestibuli; hf, hypoglossal foramen; jf, jugular foramen; mhf, facet for mallear hook of rostral process; mp, mastoid process; ms, mastoid shelf; oc, occipital condyle; pcrf, facet for posterior crus of ectotympanic; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pp, paroccipital process; pr, promontorium; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; sf, stapedius fossa; sq, squamosal; tpbs, tympanic process of basisphenoid; ttf, tensor tympani fossa. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-2="FIG. 4. — Upper left dentition of Cynodictis peignei n. sp. (MNHN.F.Qu9007): A, I3-M1 in labial view; B, I1-M1 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: C, canine; I1, first incisor; I2, second incisor; I3, third incisor; M1, first molar; P1, upper first premolar; P2, upper second premolar; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper ultimate premolar. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922091" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922093" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922095" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3922091/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3922093/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3922095/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Figs 2-4</figureCitation>
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||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D77324D8156FA5EA98354A8" blockId="5.[813,1456,1493,1510]" box="[813,1456,1493,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
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<uri id="7A703E365D77324D8156FA5EA98354A8" box="[813,1456,1493,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid id="7A4708E15D77324D867DFA5EA98354A8" box="[1030,1456,1493,1510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">6246667C-B270-404F-A371-93349B7C7A18</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="46FB61BF5D77324D8156F991A9795726" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="0E5E32345D77324D8156F991A9795726" blockId="5.[813,1456,1562,1640]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
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||
ETYMOLOGY. — Dedicated to the memory of our colleague Dr. S. Peigné (
|
||
<date id="7A5F14F45D77324D8126F9BDAFFD5700" box="[861,974,1590,1614]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" value="1972" valueMax="2017">1972-2017</date>
|
||
), who described numerous carnivorous mammals from the Paleogene and Neogene of Eurasia and Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="46FB61BF5D77324D8156F90AA88256CB" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D77324D8156F90AA87B5781" blockId="5.[813,1456,1665,1743]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="BE8938695D77324D8156F90AAFAC57FB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2651271302" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="D15A8C965D77324D8156F90AAFA757D9" box="[813,916,1665,1688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
. — Incomplete cranium in two parts:
|
||
<collectionCode id="68F0AAF15D77324D868CF909A97B57D4" box="[1271,1352,1666,1690]" collectionName="France, Paris, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">MNHN</collectionCode>
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||
.F.Qu9007 (snout) and
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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||
<materialsCitation id="BE8938695D77324D81DCF916A87B5781" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2651271301" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectionCode id="68F0AAF15D77324D81DCF916AFC957FB" box="[935,1018,1693,1717]" collectionName="France, Paris, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
.F.Qu9008 (neurocranium), with
|
||
<date id="7A5F14F45D77324D873CF916A96957FB" box="[1351,1370,1693,1717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">I1</date>
|
||
-M1 left and
|
||
<date id="7A5F14F45D77324D8123F93CAF595781" box="[856,874,1719,1743]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">I1</date>
|
||
-P4 right (P4 broken).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D77324D8156F962A88256CB" blockId="5.[813,1456,1769,1926]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
|
||
TYPE LOCALITY AND HORIZON. — Quercy Phosphorites (old collection), estimated as late Eocene to early Oligocene (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D77324D8765F88FA99C5655" author="THENIUS E." box="[1310,1455,1796,1820]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" refId="ref15244" refString="THENIUS E. 1959. - Handbuch der stratigraphischen Geologie. III. Tertiar. Wirbeltierfaunen. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 328 p." type="book" year="1959">Thenius [1959]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and discussion of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D77324D81A3F895A8AD5678" author="KOTSAKIS T." box="[984,1182,1822,1846]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" pagination="259 - 273" refId="ref14115" refString="KOTSAKIS T. 1980. - Revisione sistematica e distribuzione stratigrafica e geografica del genere Cynodictis Bravard & Pomel (Carnivora, Mammalia). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 19: 259 - 273." type="journal article" year="1980">Kotsakis [1980: 268</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 269]). It is noteworthy that the Mouillac deposit is no longer recognized since it is a mixture of phosphate bags, and the associated fauna gives no clue about the relative age of the specific Mouillac site.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="46FB61BF5D77324E8156F814AE8054FA" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="243" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D77324E8156F814AE8054FA" blockId="5.[813,1456,1951,2029]" lastBlockId="6.[132,775,1355,2029]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="243" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">
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||
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. — The new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D77324D8778F82BA96C56F9" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[1283,1375,1952,1975]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D77324D8778F82BA96C56F9" box="[1283,1375,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D77324D871DF82BA9A856F9" box="[1382,1435,1952,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="242" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is exclusively known by its cranium and its comparison to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D77324D872EF831A99C569C" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[1365,1455,1978,2002]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D77324D872EF831A99C569C" box="[1365,1455,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="242">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (diagnosed on the basis of lower teeth characters) is consequently limited to those known by cranial remains. Only two crania have been assigned to mandibular remains, belonging to two species:
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E80DFFAECAF355430" box="[676,774,1382,1406]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
(MNHN.F.Qu17502) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D74324E8317FA0AAE5854D7" author="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P." box="[364,619,1409,1433]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" pagination="101 - 192" refId="ref15220" refString="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P. 1915. - Les Carnassiers des Phosphorites du Quercy. Annales de Paleontologie 9: 101 - 192." type="journal article" year="1915">Teilhard de Chardin 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. II – former
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E82FFFA16AD3954FA" box="[132,266,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
), and
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E833CFA16ADBC54FA" box="[327,399,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
(MNHN.F.Qu unnumbered).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="5A9E62BC5D74324E82FFFBF4AFA45456" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922089" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3922089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922089/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" startId="6.[132,143,1151,1168]" targetBox="[367,1220,218,1111]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="0E5E32345D74324E82FFFBF4AFA45456" blockId="6.[132,1457,1151,1304]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">
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||
FIG. 1. — Schematic representation of cranial measurements on the dog cranium (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D74324E814EFBF4AFA455DE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[821,919,1151,1168]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E814EFBF4AFA455DE" box="[821,919,1151,1168]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D74324E8667FBF4A84D55DE" author="EVANS H." box="[1052,1150,1151,1168]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" refId="ref13414" refString="EVANS H. 1993. - Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1113 p." type="book" year="1993">Evans 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E86A1FBF4A8C455DE" bold="true" box="[1242,1271,1151,1168]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">top</emphasis>
|
||
) and ventral (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8711FBF4A99955DE" bold="true" box="[1386,1450,1151,1168]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">bottom</emphasis>
|
||
) views. These measurements were taken on the cranium of each specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D74324E8087FB1DA82555E9" authority="Bravard & Pomel, 1850" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[764,1046,1174,1191]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8087FB1DAF6755E9" box="[764,852,1174,1191]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D74324E8123FB1DA82555E9" author="BRAVARD A. & POMEL A." box="[856,1046,1174,1191]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" refId="ref13171" refString="BRAVARD A. & POMEL A. 1850. - Notice sur les ossements fossiles de la Debruge. J. - S. Jean, Paris, 8 p." type="book" year="1850">Bravard & Pomel, 1850</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
studied here. The length of the snout is measured from the anterior edge of the orbit to the anterior of the canine. The width is measured from the anterior edge of one P4 to the other. The height is measured from the frontal-nasal junction on the midline to the palatine. The length of the neurocranium is measured from the inner-most edge of the temporal fossa to the maximum posterior point in strict lateral view. The width is measured between the supramastoid crista processes. The height is measured from the dorsal-most point to the ventral-most point. The total length of the cranium, as well as the length from the occiput to the orbit are also measured. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8725FB7BA95F544F" bold="true" box="[1374,1388,1264,1281]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">H</emphasis>
|
||
, height;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E82FFFA8CACBC5456" bold="true" box="[132,143,1287,1304]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">L</emphasis>
|
||
, length;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E82A3FA8CACD55456" bold="true" box="[216,230,1287,1304]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">N</emphasis>
|
||
, neurocranium;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8316FA8CADA15456" bold="true" box="[365,402,1287,1304]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">OoL</emphasis>
|
||
, occiput to orbit length;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8024FA8CAE585456" bold="true" box="[607,619,1287,1304]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">S</emphasis>
|
||
, snout;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E80D5FA8CAEE05456" bold="true" box="[686,723,1287,1304]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">SKL</emphasis>
|
||
, skull length;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E813DFA8CAF6B5456" bold="true" box="[838,856,1287,1304]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">W</emphasis>
|
||
, width.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="46FB61BF5D74325882FFFA33AE8E537C" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="253" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D74324E82FFFA33AD24562B" blockId="6.[132,775,1355,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D74324E82FFFA33ACD75481" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[132,228,1464,1487]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E82FFFA33ACD75481" box="[132,228,1464,1487]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D74324E8292FA33AD2C5481" box="[233,287,1464,1487]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
cannot be compared to most of the existing other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D74324E8296FA59AD6254A4" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[237,337,1490,1514]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8296FA59AD6254A4" box="[237,337,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because they are not known by cranial remains:
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E82B5FA65AD67574B" box="[206,340,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. cayluxensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8319FA65AD9C5748" box="[354,431,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E83C6FA65AE29574B" box="[445,538,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. crassus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8053FA65AE9C574B" box="[552,687,1517,1541]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
. For the latter,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D74324E82BFF982ADEC576F" author="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P." box="[196,479,1544,1569]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" pagination="101 - 192" refId="ref15220" refString="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P. 1915. - Les Carnassiers des Phosphorites du Quercy. Annales de Paleontologie 9: 101 - 192." type="journal article" year="1915">Teilhard de Chardin (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated in occlusal view a piece of a right maxilla bearing P2-M1, stored at the Montauban Museum, which he recognized as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D74324E83ACF9B4AE095719" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[471,570,1599,1623]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E83ACF9B4AE095719" box="[471,570,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ṙ)
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E801AF9B4AEFA5719" box="[609,713,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
. Even though this determination is not certain,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D74324E805FF9D1AEB6573F" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[548,645,1626,1649]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E805FF9D1AEB6573F" box="[548,645,1626,1649]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D74324E80F7F9D1AEF0573F" box="[652,707,1626,1649]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
differs from this specimen by: a larger diastema between P2 and P3; P2 and P3 longer; P3 with a very strongly defined cingulum behind the accessory cusp; P4 very similar but with a smaller width at the base of the protocone; M1 with a straight stylar shelf on the labial edge of the tooth in occlusal view (central curvature on this same edge because of the development of the paracone and metacone in the Montauban Museum specimen); cingulum of M1 on the lingual edge forming a well-marked fossa between the latter and the protocone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D74324E82FFF8E2A8D15779" blockId="6.[132,775,1355,2029]" lastBlockId="6.[813,1456,1355,1971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D74324E82FFF8E2ACD356CE" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[132,224,1897,1920]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E82FFF8E2ACD356CE" box="[132,224,1897,1920]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D74324E829FF8E2AD2B56CE" box="[228,280,1897,1920]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E83F4F8E2ADEB56CE" box="[399,472,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
by: its much larger and stronger cranium; contact between the posterodorsal process of premaxillary and the lateral edges of the nasal more posterior (at the level of the canine in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E829BF831AD1A569F" box="[224,297,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
); infra-orbital foramen at the level of P3 (posterior margin of P
|
||
<quantity id="C9199FD15D74324E828CF85EAD2856A3" box="[247,283,2005,2029]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8359F85EAD5856A3" box="[290,363,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
); weaker transverse elongation of the zygo- matic arches; lacrimal foramen twice the size; post-tympanic process of squamosal less anteroventrally oriented; paroccipital processes proportionally taller and exoccipital wider; tensor tympani fossa larger; roof of the external acoustic meatus much deeper; nuchal crests almost vertical; braincase proportionally larger (despite the size difference); foramina for the ramus temporalis much smaller and closer to the sagittal crest; P3 much higher than P2 (P2 and P3 almost the same height in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E81F3F98EAFE35752" box="[904,976,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
); accessory cusp of P3 much larger; P4 with a narrower protocone area; metastyle of P4 shorter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D74324E8156F9CFA98356FD" blockId="6.[813,1456,1355,1971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D74324E8156F9CFAFBA5715" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[813,905,1604,1627]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8156F9CFAFBA5715" box="[813,905,1604,1627]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D74324E81F4F9CFAFF75715" box="[911,964,1604,1627]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8644F9CFA8955715" box="[1087,1190,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
by: a less transverse elongation of zygomatics arches; post-tympanic process of squamosal less vertically oriented; larger exoccipital despite a similar paroccipital process; larger tensor tympani fossa (although
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E86A4F918A97057E4" box="[1247,1347,1682,1706]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
has a larger tensor tympani fossa than
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E864EF926A8B1578B" box="[1077,1154,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
); roof of the external acoustic meatus larger and deeper (it is the narrowest and shallowest in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8156F969AFA157B4" box="[813,914,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D74324E866EF969A84257B4" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[1045,1137,1762,1786]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E866EF969A84257B4" box="[1045,1137,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D74324E860DF969A89957B7" box="[1142,1194,1762,1785]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E86A3F969A91157B4" box="[1240,1314,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
); nuchal crests more vertically oriented (the nuchal crest of
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E86A7F976A977565A" box="[1244,1348,1788,1812]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
even hides the occipital condyles); much larger braincase; foramen for ramus temporalis closer to the sagittal crest (even closer in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E8763F8B9A94D5607" box="[1304,1406,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
than in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D74324E813FF8C7AFBF562A" box="[836,908,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
); protocone area of P4 narrower; P4 metastyle shorter; M1 with a more rectangular shape; stylar shelf of M1 narrower, shorter and less posteriorly oriented; M1 metaconule more prominent; M1 protocone less prominent and M1 metacone higher than the paracone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D74324E8156F85FA8D156A2" blockId="6.[813,1250,2004,2029]" box="[813,1250,2004,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="243">
|
||
MEASUREMENTS. — See
|
||
<tableCitation id="4363078F5D74324E8667F85EA85656A3" box="[1052,1125,2005,2029]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[132,143,220,237]" captionText="TABLE 2. — Measurements (in mm) of skull of Cynodictis Bravard & Pomel, 1850 from the sample. Abbreviations: H, height; L, length; N, neurocranium; OoL, occiput to orbit length; S, snout; SKL, skull length; W, width. Symbols: *, estimated measurement;?, missing data." pageId="6" pageNumber="243">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="4363078F5D74324E86EFF85EA8D156A2" box="[1172,1250,2005,2029]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="5.[132,143,522,539]" captionText="TABLE 3. — Measurements (in mm) of teeth of Cynodictis Bravard & Pomel, 1850 from the sample. Abbreviations: L, length (anteroposterior); W, width (linguolabial). Symbol:?, missing data." pageId="6" pageNumber="243">Table 3.</tableCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D75324F82FFFF53AD2651BE" blockId="7.[132,776,216,977]" box="[132,277,216,242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D75324F82FFFF72ADD2529F" blockId="7.[132,776,216,977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D75324F82FFFF72AD0C505D" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[132,319,249,275]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F82FFFF72AD0C505D" box="[132,319,249,275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Cynodictis peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D75324F833CFF71ADB1505A" box="[327,386,250,276]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is about twice as large as other species of the genus. Although broken at the level of postorbital constriction, the cranium is taller, wider and longer than other crania referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D75324F8332FED2AD87503D" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[329,436,345,371]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F8332FED2AD87503D" box="[329,436,345,371]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For instance, the braincase of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D15A8C965D75324F82D7FEF2AD3850DD" box="[172,267,377,403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is twice as large as that of
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F805AFEF2AEA050DC" box="[545,659,376,403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
. This large size recalls
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F8287FE12ADBF50FC" box="[252,396,408,435]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">C. longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D75324F83E6FE13AE2F50FC" author="FILHOL H." box="[413,540,408,434]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" pagination="1 - 338" refId="ref13488" refString="FILHOL H. 1876. - Recherches sur les phosphorites du Quercy. Etudes des fossiles qu'on y rencontre et specialement des mammiferes. Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Section des Sciences naturelles. Premiere partie, 15 (4): 1 - 220. Deuxieme partie 16 (1): 1 - 338." type="journal article" year="1876">Filhol 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D75324F8051FE13AC8E509D" author="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P." pageId="7" pageNumber="244" pagination="101 - 192" refId="ref15220" refString="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P. 1915. - Les Carnassiers des Phosphorites du Quercy. Annales de Paleontologie 9: 101 - 192." type="journal article" year="1915">Teilhard de Chardin 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D75324F82B6FE33AD7D509D" author="BONIS L. DE" box="[205,334,440,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" pagination="301 - 311" refId="ref13046" refString="BONIS L. DE 1978. - La poche a phosphate de Ste-Neboule (Lot) et sa faune de vertebres du Ludien superieur. 12. - Fissipedes (Carnivores). Palaeovertebrata 8: 301 - 311." type="journal article" year="1978">Bonis 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which is considered a large species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D75324F82FFFE53ACDE50BC" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[132,237,472,498]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F82FFFE53ACDE50BC" box="[132,237,472,498]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and notably characterized by the lengthening of the dentary.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D75324F829AFE73ADA8535C" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[225,411,504,530]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F829AFE73ADA8535C" box="[225,411,504,530]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Cynodictis peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D75324F83DAFE72ADEF535D" box="[417,476,505,531]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is, however, larger than this species. The specimen has lost most of the zygomatic arches, and parts of the neurocranium and of the inner wall of the orbit are missing. The right I1-P4 (incomplete P4) and the left I1-M1 (incomplete M1) are present. The skull has many fused bones. Very few sutures are clearly visible. The clearest sutures correspond to the following junctions: premaxillarymaxillary; premaxillary-nasal; maxillary-nasal; maxillarypalatine; maxillary-frontal; nasal-frontal; exoccipital-petrosal; squamosal-petrosal; basioccipital-basisphenoid. The lacrimalmaxillary and exoccipital-supraoccipital contacts can also be faintly distinguished. In addition, the teeth are all permanent and show significant wear. From all these observations, we consider this specimen to be an adult individual (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D75324F80E7FC1CAD38529F" author="THOME H. & GEIGER G." pageId="7" pageNumber="244" pagination="81 - 84" refId="ref15270" refString="THOME H. & GEIGER G. 1997. - Comparison of two methods of age determination in teeth of known age from wild carnivores. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 26: 81 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0264.1997. tb 00104. x" type="journal article" year="1997">Thomé & Geiger 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D75324F8362FC3CADE3529F" author="RAGER L. & HAUTIER L. & FORASIEPI A. & GOSWAMI A. & LAGRA M. R." box="[281,464,951,977]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" pagination="125 - 140" refId="ref14744" refString="RAGER L., HAUTIER L., FORASIEPI A., GOSWAMI A. & SANCHEZ- VIL- LAGRA M. R. 2013. - Timing of Cranial Suture Closure in Placental Mammals: Phylogenetic Patterns, Intraspecific Variation, and Comparison With Marsupials. Journal of morphology 275: 125 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 20203" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Rager
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F8325FC3CADA1529F" box="[350,402,951,977]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D75324F82FFFC7DAD55555F" blockId="7.[132,775,1014,2030]" box="[132,358,1014,1041]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F82FFFC7DAD55555F" box="[132,358,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
|
||
Dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96DA2EB15D75324F8374FC7CAD6D555F" box="[271,350,1014,1041]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1849,1866]" captionTargetBox="[325,1219,215,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[318,890,700,1261]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium of Cynodictis peignei n. sp. (snout – MNHN.F.Qu9007; neurocranium – MNHN.F.Qu9008) in dorsal view (A), lateral view (B) and ventral view (C). Abbreviations:bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C, upper canine; ce, carnassial embrasure pit; csm, crista supramastoideus; eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal;gf, glenoid fossa;I3, upper third incisor;inf, incisive foramen; iof, infraorbital foramen;ju, jugal;lac, lacrimal;lacf, lacrimal foramen;mp, mastoid process; mpfr, maxillary process of frontal; mx, maxillary; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; na, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; np, nasal process of nasal; oc, occipital condyle; P1, upper first premolar; P2, upper second premolar; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper ultimate premolar; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pdp, posterodorsal process of premaxillary; pgp, postglenoid process; pmx, premaxillary; pop, postorbital process of frontal; pp, paroccipital process; pr, promontorium of petrosal; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; rt, foramen for ramus temporalis; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; zpmx, zygomatic process of maxillary; zpsq, zygomatic process of squamosal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922091/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D75324F82FFFB9DA88950FD" blockId="7.[132,775,1014,2030]" lastBlockId="7.[813,1456,217,435]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
|
||
The cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D75324F8355FB9DADDB557E" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[302,488,1046,1072]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F8355FB9DADDB557E" box="[302,488,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Cynodictis peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D75324F8396FB9CAE14557F" box="[493,551,1047,1073]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is composed of three parts: the snout, the orbito-temporal region and the braincase. The snout has parallel edges, which gives it a rectangular shape. The premaxillary is high and extends well beyond the anterior part of the nasal. Its posterodorsal process reaches as far caudal as the level of the P2. The maxillary extends onto the orbit. It shows slight lateral bulges in its anterior part, corresponding to the root of the canine. The infraorbital foramen, located at the level of the P3, is very wide and transversely extended. The nasal bones extend from the distal end of the snout (at the anterior border of the canine) to the frontal bones, where they are U-shaped. The frontal is not complete but seems large in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D75324F83B8FA1EAE1D54E1" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[451,558,1429,1455]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F83B8FA1EAE1D54E1" box="[451,558,1429,1455]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D75324F804CFA1DAE4654FE" box="[567,629,1430,1456]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A very small depression is visible on its midline. The maxillary process of the frontal is strongly developed anteriorly, reaching the anterior level of the P3. The post-orbital constriction is not preserved and cannot be described. The orbito-temporal region is very poorly preserved. The zygomatic arches, including the jugal and the zygomatic process of the squamosal, are not preserved. The base of the squamosal zygomatic process in the posterior portion of the temporal fossa is perpendicular to the anteroposterior axis of the skull. The zygomatic arch ends at the contact of the squamosal with the alisphenoid and parietal bones; its posterolateral end shows a marked supramastoid crista and is curved posteriorly. The supramastoid crista joins the post-tympanic process of the squamosal, the latter extending posteriorly to the nuchal crest. These crests have an oblique orientation with respect to the dorsoventral and anteroposterior axes. The sagittal crest is incomplete. It originates at the level of the connection between the two temporal ridges and joins the contact between the two nuchal crests corresponding to the occipital protuberance. The nuchal and sagittal crests are well developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D75324F8732FF72A99C505D" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[1353,1455,249,275]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F8732FF72A99C505D" box="[1353,1455,249,275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D75324F8156FE91AF5A507A" box="[813,873,282,308]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
The bulge of the parietal reflects the size of the lyreshaped endocranium. On the parietal, close to the occipital protuberance, there is a well-marked foramen, on both sides of the sagittal crest, which corresponds to the passage of the ramus temporalis of the facial nerve.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D75324F8156FE53A97450BD" blockId="7.[813,1457,472,1774]" box="[813,1351,472,499]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F8156FE53A97450BD" box="[813,1351,472,499]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
|
||
Lateral view and internal wall of the orbit (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96DA2EB15D75324F868AFE52A90C50BD" box="[1265,1343,472,499]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1849,1866]" captionTargetBox="[325,1219,215,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[318,890,700,1261]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium of Cynodictis peignei n. sp. (snout – MNHN.F.Qu9007; neurocranium – MNHN.F.Qu9008) in dorsal view (A), lateral view (B) and ventral view (C). Abbreviations:bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C, upper canine; ce, carnassial embrasure pit; csm, crista supramastoideus; eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal;gf, glenoid fossa;I3, upper third incisor;inf, incisive foramen; iof, infraorbital foramen;ju, jugal;lac, lacrimal;lacf, lacrimal foramen;mp, mastoid process; mpfr, maxillary process of frontal; mx, maxillary; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; na, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; np, nasal process of nasal; oc, occipital condyle; P1, upper first premolar; P2, upper second premolar; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper ultimate premolar; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pdp, posterodorsal process of premaxillary; pgp, postglenoid process; pmx, premaxillary; pop, postorbital process of frontal; pp, paroccipital process; pr, promontorium of petrosal; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; rt, foramen for ramus temporalis; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; zpmx, zygomatic process of maxillary; zpsq, zygomatic process of squamosal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922091/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D75324F8156FE72A85C57A0" blockId="7.[813,1457,472,1774]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
|
||
In this view, the skull appears more elongated than high. The height of the skull increases only slightly from front to back. The maxillary is broad and slightly domed under the orbit. The lacrimal, preserved on the left side of the cranium, is in contact with the frontal, maxillary, palatine, and jugal. The lacrimal is a small bone with slightly visible wavy sutures, and which has a relatively large lacrimal foramen, filled on the left by sediment, but visible on the right side. More or less circular, it is located on the medial edge of the jugal above the maxillary foramen (the internal orifice of the infraorbital foramen). The maxillary foramen is about three times larger than the lacrimal foramen. The post-orbital process, which is located posterodorsally to the lacrimal and frontal and represents the posterodorsal limit of the orbit, forms a prominent point on the left side. The maxillary tuberosity is rather weak. The palatine, in its most anterior part (i.e., at the junction with the lacrimal and the maxillary), has only one foramen. The quality of preservation does not make it possible to know exactly whether it is the caudal palatine foramen or the sphenopalatine foramen (not illustrated here). The rest of the inner wall of the temporal fenestra is not preserved. On the posteroventral part of what is preserved of the zygomatic arch, the post-glenoid process is well marked. It is very slightly curved forward and thus forms the floor of the glenoid fossa. Posterior to the post-glenoid process and just posterior to the external acoustic meatus, the squamosal presents a very slightly developed post-tympanic process, which is very strongly anteroventrally oriented. It is joined by the mastoid process of the petrosal, which is half as small and points ventrally. Posterior to the mastoid process is the paroccipital process (jugular process of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D75324F818DFA3EA8405481" author="EVANS H." box="[1014,1139,1461,1487]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" refId="ref13414" refString="EVANS H. 1993. - Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1113 p." type="book" year="1993">Evans 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
= paracondylar process of the exoccipital of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D75324F81BAFA5EA8E354A1" author="WIBLE J. R. & SPAULDING M." box="[961,1232,1493,1519]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" pagination="1 - 114" refId="ref15716" refString="WIBLE J. R. & SPAULDING M. 2013. - On the cranial osteology of the african palm civet, Nandinia binotata (Gray, 1830) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Feliformia). Annals of Carnegie Museum 82: 1 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.2992 / 007.082.0101" type="journal article" year="2013">Wible & Spaulding 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This process is well developed and posteroventrally oriented. The exoccipital forms a ventral condyloid pit between the paroccipital process and the occipital condyle. The latter is rather broad and oriented in the same way as the paroccipital process. The two occipital condyles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D75324F81EFF9FFAFC757C0" box="[916,1012,1652,1678]" form="the" pageId="7" pageNumber="244" rank="form">form the</taxonomicName>
|
||
foramen magnum, which is wider than high. In lateral view, the connection between the nuchal and sagittal crests provides a very wide area for insertion of the temporal and nuchal muscles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D75324F8156F89FA8255660" blockId="7.[813,1456,1812,2030]" box="[813,1046,1812,1838]" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D75324F8156F89FA8255660" box="[813,1046,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">
|
||
Ventral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96DA2EB15D75324F81C5F89FA83D5660" box="[958,1038,1812,1838]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1849,1866]" captionTargetBox="[325,1219,215,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[318,890,700,1261]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 2. — Cranium of Cynodictis peignei n. sp. (snout – MNHN.F.Qu9007; neurocranium – MNHN.F.Qu9008) in dorsal view (A), lateral view (B) and ventral view (C). Abbreviations:bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; C, upper canine; ce, carnassial embrasure pit; csm, crista supramastoideus; eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal;gf, glenoid fossa;I3, upper third incisor;inf, incisive foramen; iof, infraorbital foramen;ju, jugal;lac, lacrimal;lacf, lacrimal foramen;mp, mastoid process; mpfr, maxillary process of frontal; mx, maxillary; mxt, maxillary tuberosity; na, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; np, nasal process of nasal; oc, occipital condyle; P1, upper first premolar; P2, upper second premolar; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper ultimate premolar; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pdp, posterodorsal process of premaxillary; pgp, postglenoid process; pmx, premaxillary; pop, postorbital process of frontal; pp, paroccipital process; pr, promontorium of petrosal; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; rt, foramen for ramus temporalis; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; zpmx, zygomatic process of maxillary; zpsq, zygomatic process of squamosal. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922091/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7532418156F8B8AE8155DE" blockId="7.[813,1456,1812,2030]" lastBlockId="9.[132,775,664,1169]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="7" pageNumber="244">Laterally, the premaxillary ends in front of the canines, while its posterior extension forms a point ending posterior to the canines. The premaxillary has two incisive foramina and one interincisive foramen. The former have a teardrop shape, while the latter is much smaller. The palatine is partially damaged, but the maxillary-palatine contact is distinguishable, it starts at the anterior edge of the P4. The palatine, anteriorly rounded, forms a shelf delimited laterally by the P4 and M1. The major palatine foramina are no longer distinguishable. The posterior portion of the palatine, the presphenoid, the pterygoid and the anterior part of the basicranium are not preserved. Two foramina of great size, and in the same depression at the base of the alisphenoid, are visible laterally on the right side of the skull. The anterior-most foramen corresponds to the caudal opening of the alisphenoid canal. The posterior-most one corresponds to the foramen ovale. It is oriented obliquely and is opposite to the glenoid fossa. Laterally to these foramina, the squamosal bears the glenoid fossa, which is very elongated transversely. The condylar process of the mandible articulates in this pit. The basisphenoid and basioccipital are altered and barely distinguishable. The tubercle bordering them, where the longus capitis muscle attached, is not preserved.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5A9E62BC5D7A324082FFF8B2AE4256A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922091" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3922091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922091/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" startId="8.[132,143,1849,1866]" targetBox="[325,1219,215,1761]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7A324082FFF8B2AE4256A7" blockId="8.[132,1457,1849,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">
|
||
FIG. 2. — Cranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7A3240834CF8B2ADE35604" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[311,464,1849,1866]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A3240834CF8B2ADE35604" box="[311,464,1849,1866]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">Cynodictis peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7A324083ADF8B2AE355604" box="[470,518,1849,1866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(snout – MNHN.F.Qu9007; neurocranium – MNHN.F.Qu9008) in dorsal view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324086F0F8B2A8AB5604" bold="true" box="[1163,1176,1849,1866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">A</emphasis>
|
||
), lateral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408774F8B2A92F5604" bold="true" box="[1295,1308,1849,1866]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">B</emphasis>
|
||
) and ventral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324082F2F8DBACA4562F" bold="true" box="[137,151,1872,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">C</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A3240835AF8DBAD0B562F" bold="true" box="[289,312,1872,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">bo</emphasis>
|
||
, basioccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324083CFF8DBADFA562F" bold="true" box="[436,457,1872,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">bs</emphasis>
|
||
, basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408037F8DBAE69562F" bold="true" box="[588,602,1872,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">C</emphasis>
|
||
, upper canine;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324080A2F8DBAEDD562F" bold="true" box="[729,750,1872,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">ce</emphasis>
|
||
, carnassial embrasure pit;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324081B7F8DBAFC1562F" bold="true" box="[972,1010,1872,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">csm</emphasis>
|
||
, crista supramastoideus;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324086BCF8DBA8EE562F" bold="true" box="[1223,1245,1872,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">eo</emphasis>
|
||
, exoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408731F8DBA952562F" bold="true" box="[1354,1377,1872,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">fm</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen magnum;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324082ACF8EDACD75639" bold="true" box="[215,228,1894,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">fr</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408350F8EDAD0E5639" bold="true" box="[299,317,1894,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">gf</emphasis>
|
||
, glenoid fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324083C6F8EDADFE5639" bold="true" box="[445,461,1894,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">I3</emphasis>
|
||
, upper third incisor;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A3240800FF8EDAEB95639" bold="true" box="[628,650,1894,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">inf</emphasis>
|
||
, incisive foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408158F8EDAF0A5639" bold="true" box="[803,825,1894,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">iof</emphasis>
|
||
, infraorbital foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408197F8EDAFCF5639" bold="true" box="[1004,1020,1894,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">ju</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A3240864DF8EDA8635639" bold="true" box="[1078,1104,1894,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">lac</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324086D8F8EDA8F05639" bold="true" box="[1187,1219,1894,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">lacf</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408724F8EDA9485639" bold="true" box="[1375,1403,1894,1911]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">mp</emphasis>
|
||
, mastoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408283F8F6AD1156C0" bold="true" box="[248,290,1917,1934]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">mpfr</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary process of frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408067F8F6AE0456C0" bold="true" box="[540,567,1917,1934]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324080ECF8F6AE8A56C0" bold="true" box="[663,697,1917,1934]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">mxt</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary tuberosity;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408109F8F6AFBB56C0" bold="true" box="[882,904,1917,1934]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">na</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324081B1F8F6AFD356C0" bold="true" box="[970,992,1917,1934]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">nc</emphasis>
|
||
, nuchal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408625F8F6A84756C0" bold="true" box="[1118,1140,1917,1934]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">np</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal process of nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408733F8F6A96D56C0" bold="true" box="[1352,1374,1917,1934]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">oc</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324082AAF81FACD456EB" bold="true" box="[209,231,1940,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">P1</emphasis>
|
||
, upper first premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324083D9F81FAD8956EB" bold="true" box="[418,442,1940,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">P2</emphasis>
|
||
, upper second premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324080E9F81FAE9956EB" bold="true" box="[658,682,1940,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">P3</emphasis>
|
||
, upper third premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408110F81FAFB156EB" bold="true" box="[875,898,1940,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">P4</emphasis>
|
||
, upper ultimate premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A3240861BF81FA84556EB" bold="true" box="[1120,1142,1940,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">pa</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324086B2F81FA8D756EB" bold="true" box="[1225,1252,1940,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408740F81FA96E56EB" bold="true" box="[1339,1373,1940,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">pdp</emphasis>
|
||
, posterodorsal process of premaxillary;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324083F2F821AD9856F5" bold="true" box="[393,427,1962,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">pgp</emphasis>
|
||
, postglenoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408011F821AEA356F5" bold="true" box="[618,656,1962,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">pmx</emphasis>
|
||
, premaxillary;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408171F821AF1F56F5" bold="true" box="[778,812,1962,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">pop</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital process of frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408649F821A87A56F5" bold="true" box="[1074,1097,1962,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">pp</emphasis>
|
||
, paroccipital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A3240877DF821A92A56F5" bold="true" box="[1286,1305,1962,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">pr</emphasis>
|
||
, promontorium of petrosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324082A9F84AACDC569C" bold="true" box="[210,239,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">ptp</emphasis>
|
||
, posttympanic process of squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A3240804DF84AAE77569C" bold="true" box="[566,580,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">rt</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for ramus temporalis;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A3240812AF84AAF55569C" bold="true" box="[849,870,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">sc</emphasis>
|
||
, sagittal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A3240819DF84AAFC8569C" bold="true" box="[998,1019,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A32408617F84AA8AF569C" bold="true" box="[1132,1180,1985,2002]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">zpmx</emphasis>
|
||
, zygomatic process of maxillary;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7A324082FFF853AC9C56A7" bold="true" box="[132,175,2008,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="245">zpsq</emphasis>
|
||
, zygomatic process of squamosal. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="5A9E62BC5D7B324182FFFF50A9A6507E" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7B324182FFFF50A9A6507E" blockId="9.[132,1457,219,304]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
TABLE 4. — Measurements (in mm) and estimation of body mass (in kg) and diet for each species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7B324181AEFF50A8CB51A2" authority="Bravard & Pomel, 1850" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[981,1272,219,236]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324181AEFF50A81E51A2" box="[981,1069,219,236]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7B32418648FF50A8CB51A2" author="BRAVARD A. & POMEL A." box="[1075,1272,219,236]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" refId="ref13171" refString="BRAVARD A. & POMEL A. 1850. - Notice sur les ossements fossiles de la Debruge. J. - S. Jean, Paris, 8 p." type="book" year="1850">Bravard & Pomel, 1850</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see the Material and methods part for measured specimens and equations used). Age range is given only as an indication because most species are only known in the old Quercy collections (upper Eocene to lower Oligocene). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324180F0FE82AE905054" bold="true" box="[651,675,265,282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">BL</emphasis>
|
||
, blade length;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B3241815BFE82AF0D5054" bold="true" box="[800,830,265,282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">BM</emphasis>
|
||
, body mass;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324181D4FE82AFEB5054" bold="true" box="[943,984,265,282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Hyp.</emphasis>
|
||
, Hypercarnivory;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B32418610FE82A8A25054" bold="true" box="[1131,1169,265,282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">m1L</emphasis>
|
||
, m1 length;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B32418681FE82A9165054" bold="true" box="[1274,1317,265,282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Mes.</emphasis>
|
||
, Mesocarnivory;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324182FFFE94AC9A507E" bold="true" box="[132,169,287,304]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">OoL</emphasis>
|
||
, occiput to orbit length;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B3241830DFE94AD96507E" bold="true" box="[374,421,287,304]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">PMW</emphasis>
|
||
, premolar max width;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B3241801BFE94AEB5507E" bold="true" box="[608,646,287,304]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">RBL</emphasis>
|
||
, relative blade length;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B32418139FE94AF5B507E" bold="true" box="[834,872,287,304]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">RPS</emphasis>
|
||
, relative premolar size;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B32418655FE94A860507E" bold="true" box="[1070,1107,287,304]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">SKL</emphasis>
|
||
, skull length. Symbol:
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B32418774FE94A92C507E" bold="true" box="[1295,1311,287,304]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?,</emphasis>
|
||
missing data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7B3241817DFEE0A9B75319" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<table id="7CE1C0945D7BCDB782FDFEE0A99E5319" box="[134,1453,363,599]" gridcols="13" gridrows="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<tr id="B0D130765D7BCDB782FDFEE0A99E5031" box="[134,1453,363,383]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="F300590A5D7BCDB78087FEE0AF4E5031" box="[764,893,363,383]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B3241817DFEE0AF425031" bold="true" box="[774,881,363,383]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Bodymass</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="F300590A5D7BCDB786BDFEE0A8CF5031" box="[1222,1276,363,383]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324186A8FEE0A8CF5031" bold="true" box="[1235,1276,363,383]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Diet</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B0D130765D7BCDB782FDFE04A99E50ED" box="[134,1453,399,419]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<th id="F300590A5D7BCDB782FDFE04ADE450ED" box="[134,471,399,419]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324182FDFE04ACE450ED" bold="true" box="[134,215,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Species</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78399FE04AE6250ED" box="[482,593,399,419]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B32418399FE04AE7A50ED" bold="true" box="[482,585,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Age range</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7801DFE04AEA750ED" box="[614,660,399,419]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B32418011FE04AEA750ED" bold="true" box="[618,660,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">SKL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB780C2FE04AED550ED" box="[697,742,399,419]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324180C2FE04AEE850ED" bold="true" box="[697,731,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">BM</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78087FE04AF1850ED" box="[764,811,399,419]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B3241817AFE04AF1850ED" bold="true" box="[769,811,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">OoL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7812BFE04AF4E50ED" box="[848,893,399,419]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B3241812BFE04AF4150ED" bold="true" box="[848,882,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">BM</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781E8FE04AFF050ED" box="[915,963,399,419]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324181ECFE04AFF050ED" bold="true" box="[919,963,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">m1L</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781A5FE04A83A50ED" box="[990,1033,399,419]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B3241819CFE04A83A50ED" bold="true" box="[999,1033,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">BM</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78651FE04A85350ED" box="[1066,1120,399,419]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B3241864DFE04A86150ED" bold="true" box="[1078,1106,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">BL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7860EFE04A89850ED" box="[1141,1195,399,419]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B3241860EFE04A89850ED" bold="true" box="[1141,1195,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">PMW</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB786BDFE04A8CF50ED" box="[1222,1276,399,419]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324186BDFE04A8C250ED" bold="true" box="[1222,1265,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">RPS</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7876AFE04A97050ED" box="[1297,1347,399,419]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B3241876AFE04A90F50ED" bold="true" box="[1297,1340,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">RBL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7872BFE04A99E50ED" box="[1360,1453,399,419]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B3241872BFE04A99E50ED" bold="true" box="[1360,1453,399,419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Category</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B0D130765D7BCDB782FDFE39A99E5088" box="[134,1453,434,454]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<th id="F300590A5D7BCDB782FDFE39ADE45088" box="[134,471,434,454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324182FDFE39AD3A5088" box="[134,265,434,454]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">C. cayluxensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7B32418375FE39AD4B5088" author="FILHOL H." box="[270,376,434,454]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 338" refId="ref13488" refString="FILHOL H. 1876. - Recherches sur les phosphorites du Quercy. Etudes des fossiles qu'on y rencontre et specialement des mammiferes. Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Section des Sciences naturelles. Premiere partie, 15 (4): 1 - 220. Deuxieme partie 16 (1): 1 - 338." type="journal article" year="1876">Filhol, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78399FE39AE625088" box="[482,593,434,454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">MP19?-21?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7801DFE39AEA75088" box="[614,660,434,454]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB780C2FE39AED55088" box="[697,742,434,454]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78087FE39AF185088" box="[764,811,434,454]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7812BFE39AF4E5088" box="[848,893,434,454]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781E8FE39AFF05088" box="[915,963,434,454]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">13.6</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781A5FE39A83A5088" box="[990,1033,434,454]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">12.5</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78651FE39A8535088" box="[1066,1120,434,454]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">11</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7860EFE39A8985088" box="[1141,1195,434,454]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB786BDFE39A8CF5088" box="[1222,1276,434,454]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7876AFE39A9705088" box="[1297,1347,434,454]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">0.81</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7872BFE39A99E5088" box="[1360,1453,434,454]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Hyp.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B0D130765D7BCDB782FDFE41A99E5090" box="[134,1453,458,478]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<th id="F300590A5D7BCDB782FDFE41ADE45090" box="[134,471,458,478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324182FDFE41ACD65090" box="[134,229,458,478]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">C. crassus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7B32418290FE41ADE45090" author="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P." box="[235,471,458,478]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" pagination="101 - 192" refId="ref15220" refString="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P. 1915. - Les Carnassiers des Phosphorites du Quercy. Annales de Paleontologie 9: 101 - 192." type="journal article" year="1915">Teilhard de Chardin, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78399FE41AE625090" box="[482,593,458,478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">MP19?-21?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7801DFE41AEA75090" box="[614,660,458,478]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB780C2FE41AED55090" box="[697,742,458,478]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78087FE41AF185090" box="[764,811,458,478]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7812BFE41AF4E5090" box="[848,893,458,478]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781E8FE41AFF05090" box="[915,963,458,478]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">13</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781A5FE41A83A5090" box="[990,1033,458,478]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">10.9</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78651FE41A8535090" box="[1066,1120,458,478]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">10</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7860EFE41A8985090" box="[1141,1195,458,478]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">4.2</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB786BDFE41A8CF5090" box="[1222,1276,458,478]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">1.89</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7876AFE41A9705090" box="[1297,1347,458,478]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">0.77</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7872BFE41A99E5090" box="[1360,1453,458,478]" gridcol="12" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Hyp.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B0D130765D7BCDB782FDFE68A99E50B9" box="[134,1453,483,503]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<th id="F300590A5D7BCDB782FDFE68ADE450B9" box="[134,471,483,503]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324182FDFE68ACFC50B9" box="[134,207,483,503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7B324182AEFE68ADF750B9" author="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P." box="[213,452,483,503]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" pagination="101 - 192" refId="ref15220" refString="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P. 1915. - Les Carnassiers des Phosphorites du Quercy. Annales de Paleontologie 9: 101 - 192." type="journal article" year="1915">Teilhard de Chardin, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78399FE68AE6250B9" box="[482,593,483,503]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">MP19-21?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7801DFE68AEA750B9" box="[614,660,483,503]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">99</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB780C2FE68AED550B9" box="[697,742,483,503]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">4.53</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78087FE68AF1850B9" box="[764,811,483,503]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">65</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7812BFE68AF4E50B9" box="[848,893,483,503]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">3.14</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781E8FE68AFF050B9" box="[915,963,483,503]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">8.9</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781A5FE68A83A50B9" box="[990,1033,483,503]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">3.5</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78651FE68A85350B9" box="[1066,1120,483,503]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">6.25</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7860EFE68A89850B9" box="[1141,1195,483,503]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">2.9</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB786BDFE68A8CF50B9" box="[1222,1276,483,503]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">1.90</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7876AFE68A97050B9" box="[1297,1347,483,503]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">0.70</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7872BFE68A99E50B9" box="[1360,1453,483,503]" gridcol="12" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Mes.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B0D130765D7BCDB782FDFE70A99E5341" box="[134,1453,507,527]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<th id="F300590A5D7BCDB782FDFE70ADE45341" box="[134,471,507,527]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324182FDFE70ACE35341" box="[134,208,507,527]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">C. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7B324182ADFE70AD775341" author="FILHOL H." box="[214,324,507,527]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 338" refId="ref13488" refString="FILHOL H. 1876. - Recherches sur les phosphorites du Quercy. Etudes des fossiles qu'on y rencontre et specialement des mammiferes. Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Section des Sciences naturelles. Premiere partie, 15 (4): 1 - 220. Deuxieme partie 16 (1): 1 - 338." type="journal article" year="1876">Filhol, 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78399FE70AE625341" box="[482,593,507,527]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">MP19?-21?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7801DFE70AEA75341" box="[614,660,507,527]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB780C2FE70AED55341" box="[697,742,507,527]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78087FE70AF185341" box="[764,811,507,527]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7812BFE70AF4E5341" box="[848,893,507,527]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781E8FE70AFF05341" box="[915,963,507,527]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">12.5</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781A5FE70A83A5341" box="[990,1033,507,527]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">9.7</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78651FE70A8535341" box="[1066,1120,507,527]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7860EFE70A8985341" box="[1141,1195,507,527]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">4</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB786BDFE70A8CF5341" box="[1222,1276,507,527]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">1.87</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7876AFE70A9705341" box="[1297,1347,507,527]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7872BFE70A99E5341" box="[1360,1453,507,527]" gridcol="12" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Mes.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B0D130765D7BCDB782FDFD98A99E5369" box="[134,1453,531,551]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<th id="F300590A5D7BCDB782FDFD98ADE45369" box="[134,471,531,551]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324182FDFD98ACDC5369" box="[134,239,531,551]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7B3241828EFD98AD4B5369" author="GERVAIS P." box="[245,376,531,551]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" refId="ref13641" refString="GERVAIS P. 1852. - Zoologie et paleontologie francaises: Nouvelles recherches sur les animaux vertebres dont on trouve les ossements enfouis dans le sol de la France. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 544 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 39473" type="book" year="1852">Gervais, 1852</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78399FD98AE625369" box="[482,593,531,551]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">MP18-21?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7801DFD98AEA75369" box="[614,660,531,551]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">105</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB780C2FD98AED55369" box="[697,742,531,551]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">5.45</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78087FD98AF185369" box="[764,811,531,551]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">74</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7812BFD98AF4E5369" box="[848,893,531,551]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">4.9</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781E8FD98AFF05369" box="[915,963,531,551]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">11</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781A5FD98A83A5369" box="[990,1033,531,551]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">6.7</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78651FD98A8535369" box="[1066,1120,531,551]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">7.6</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7860EFD98A8985369" box="[1141,1195,531,551]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">3.6</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB786BDFD98A8CF5369" box="[1222,1276,531,551]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">1.91</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7876AFD98A9705369" box="[1297,1347,531,551]" gridcol="11" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">0.69</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7872BFD98A99E5369" box="[1360,1453,531,551]" gridcol="12" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Mes.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B0D130765D7BCDB782FDFDA0A99E5371" box="[134,1453,555,575]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<th id="F300590A5D7BCDB782FDFDA0ADE45371" box="[134,471,555,575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324182FDFDA0AD3A5371" box="[134,265,555,575]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">C. longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7B32418374FDA0AD4E5371" author="FILHOL H." box="[271,381,555,575]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref13438" refString="FILHOL H. 1872. - Recherches sur les mammiferes fossiles des depots de phosphate de chaux dans les departements du Lot, du Tarn, et de Tarn-et-Garonne. Premiere partie: carnassiers et chiropteres. Annales des Sciences geologiques 3 (7): 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1872">Filhol, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78399FDA0AE625371" box="[482,593,555,575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">MP19?-21?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7801DFDA0AEA75371" box="[614,660,555,575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB780C2FDA0AED55371" box="[697,742,555,575]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78087FDA0AF185371" box="[764,811,555,575]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7812BFDA0AF4E5371" box="[848,893,555,575]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781E8FDA0AFF05371" box="[915,963,555,575]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">12.4</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781A5FDA0A83A5371" box="[990,1033,555,575]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">9.5</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78651FDA0A8535371" box="[1066,1120,555,575]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">9</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7860EFDA0A8985371" box="[1141,1195,555,575]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">4.3</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB786BDFDA0A8CF5371" box="[1222,1276,555,575]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">2.03</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7876AFDA0A9705371" box="[1297,1347,555,575]" gridcol="11" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">0.73</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7872BFDA0A99E5371" box="[1360,1453,555,575]" gridcol="12" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Hyp.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B0D130765D7BCDB782FDFDC8A99E5319" box="[134,1453,579,599]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<th id="F300590A5D7BCDB782FDFDC8ADE45319" box="[134,471,579,599]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7B324182FDFDC8ACD55319" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[134,230,579,599]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324182FDFDC8ACD55319" box="[134,230,579,599]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7B32418297FDC8AD115319" box="[236,290,579,599]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78399FDC8AE625319" box="[482,593,579,599]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">MP19?-21?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7801DFDC8AEA75319" box="[614,660,579,599]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">113</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB780C2FDC8AED55319" box="[697,742,579,599]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">6.86</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78087FDC8AF185319" box="[764,811,579,599]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">81</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7812BFDC8AF4E5319" box="[848,893,579,599]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">6.69</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781E8FDC8AFF05319" box="[915,963,579,599]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB781A5FDC8A83A5319" box="[990,1033,579,599]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB78651FDC8A8535319" box="[1066,1120,579,599]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7860EFDC8A8985319" box="[1141,1195,579,599]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB786BDFDC8A8CF5319" box="[1222,1276,579,599]" gridcol="10" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7876AFDC8A9705319" box="[1297,1347,579,599]" gridcol="11" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
<td id="F300590A5D7BCDB7872BFDC8A99E5319" box="[1360,1453,579,599]" gridcol="12" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7B324182FFFB3DAD48559E" blockId="9.[132,776,1206,2030]" box="[132,379,1206,1232]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324182FFFB3DAD48559E" box="[132,379,1206,1232]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
Auditory region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96DA2EB15D7B3241834EFB3DAD41559E" box="[309,370,1206,1232]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,997,1014]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,955]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 3. — Right basicranium of Cynodictis peignei n. sp., MNHN.F.Qu9008,in ventral view.Abbreviations:acf, aperture of cochlear fossula; acrf, facet for anterior crus of ectotympanic; ats, sulcus for auditory tube; bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; cef, facet for caudal entotympanic; ci, crista interfenestralis; dpn, foramen for deep petrosal nerve; eam, roof of external acoustic meatus; eo, exoccipital; er, epitympanic recess; fv, fenestra vestibuli; hf, hypoglossal foramen; jf, jugular foramen; mhf, facet for mallear hook of rostral process; mp, mastoid process; ms, mastoid shelf; oc, occipital condyle; pcrf, facet for posterior crus of ectotympanic; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pp, paroccipital process; pr, promontorium; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; sf, stapedius fossa; sq, squamosal; tpbs, tympanic process of basisphenoid; ttf, tensor tympani fossa. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922093" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922093/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7B324182FFFB5DAF3B56A0" blockId="9.[132,776,1206,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
At the posterior part of the post-glenoid process and close to the lateral edge of the skull is the post-glenoid foramen of the squamosal. Posterior to it and posteromedially located in the tympanic cavity, a deep and narrow depression corresponds to the petrotympanic fissure (from which emerges the chorda tympani). Medially to the latter and bordering the (incomplete) tegmen tympani of the petrosal, a wide anteroposteriorly stretched depression is probably a facet for the insertion of the spine of the rostral process of the malleus (as described and illustrated in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324182FFFA7EACD45741" box="[132,231,1525,1551]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">Nandinia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7B32418295FA7EAD575741" author="GRAY J. E." box="[238,356,1525,1551]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" refId="ref13803" refString="GRAY J. E. 1830. - Spicilegia Zoologica; or Original Figures and Short Systematic Descriptions of New and Unfigured Animals. Treutel, Wurtz and Co., and W. Wood, London, 12 p., 11 pls." type="book" year="1830">Gray, 1830</bibRefCitation>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7B324183F1FA7EAEA55741" author="WIBLE J. R. & SPAULDING M." box="[394,662,1525,1551]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 114" refId="ref15716" refString="WIBLE J. R. & SPAULDING M. 2013. - On the cranial osteology of the african palm civet, Nandinia binotata (Gray, 1830) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Feliformia). Annals of Carnegie Museum 82: 1 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.2992 / 007.082.0101" type="journal article" year="2013">Wible & Spaulding 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Laterally to the petrotympanic fissure, a smaller but deeper depression, just posterior to the post-glenoid foramen, likely received the anterior crus of the ectotympanic, the external element of the auditory bulla. Near its external edge, a large and broad bony shelf formed by the squamosal corresponds to the roof of the external acoustic meatus. It is bordered anterolaterally by the post-tympanic process of the squamosal, on which there is a facet for the insertion of the posterior crus of the ectotympanic, which is attached posteriorly to the mastoid process of the petrosal. The petrosal is characterized in ventral view by an anterior bean-shaped part that is stretched anteriorly, the promontorium, and a posterior tongue-like part, the mastoid. The promontorium is slightly rough on its lateral and central surfaces. Its anterior extension is elongated and rounded. It has a transverse groove for the passage of the internal carotid artery.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7B32418138FD13A9515741" blockId="9.[813,1456,664,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
The promontorium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7B32418654FD13A8A153FF" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[1071,1170,664,690]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B32418654FD13A8A153FF" box="[1071,1170,664,690]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7B324186E3FD13A8FC53FC" box="[1176,1231,664,690]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is pierced at its posterior base by two foramina: the opening of the cochlear fossula, which contains the fenestra cochleae, and, anterodorsally to the lateral rim at the cochlear fossula, the vestibular fossula (fenestra vestibuli), more dorsal and rounded, which housed the footplate of the stapes. The opening of the cochlear fossula is directed towards the mastoid plate of the petrosal. The cochlear fossula is anteriorly overlapped by a bulge of the promontorium resulting from the first turn of the underlying cochlea (= tympanic ramp). The latter is connected to the tympanic cavity by the secondary tympanic membrane, housed in the cochlear fossula. The posterior extension of the cochlear fossula forms a broad depression stretched transversely and laterally bordered by a short process, interpreted here as the medial section of the caudal tympanic process (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324186B2FBDCA8CF553E" box="[1225,1276,1111,1136]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7B3241877AFBDDA9AC553E" author="MACPHEE R. D. E." box="[1281,1439,1110,1136]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 282" refId="ref14501" refString="MACPHEE R. D. E. 1981. - Auditory regions of primates and eutherian insectivores. Contributions to Primatology 18: 1 - 282." type="journal article" year="1981">MacPhee 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The vestibular fossula, which connects the ossicular chain to the vestibular ramp of the cochlea, is located anterior to the probable level of the tympanohyal (not preserved here) and opens towards the roof of the external acoustic meatus. These two openings are separated by the crista interfenestralis. The mastoid part of the petrosal is delimited anterolaterally by the mastoid process, which forms a narrow transversely and ventrodorsally elongated shelf. Posterior to the mastoid process, a bean-shaped osseus plate is delimited medially by a broad shelf of the mastoid that is very slightly concave, almost flat, and smooth. This plate corresponds to the mastoid exposure. The shelf continues medially to the exoccipital and participates in the prominent paroccipital process of the exoccipital.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7B32428138F99FAF345640" blockId="9.[813,1456,664,2030]" lastBlockId="10.[132,776,1206,2029]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="247" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">
|
||
Posteroventrally, the paroccipital process of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7B32418777F99EA9425760" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[1292,1393,1557,1583]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B32418777F99EA9425760" box="[1292,1393,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7B3241870CF99EA9835761" box="[1399,1456,1557,1583]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is hollowed out on its anterolaterally oriented inner face. It bears two ridges: the most mesial extends from the apex of the process to the cochlear fossula; the most lateral (more altered) extends from the same apex to the mastoid process, with a slight curve. The medial margin of the mastoid shelf forms a thin bony process surmounted by a bulge in front of the cochlear fossula. It corresponds to the lateral section of the caudal tympanic process (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7B324186FFF89FA88B5663" box="[1156,1208,1812,1837]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="246">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7B324186C5F89FA9535660" author="MACPHEE R. D. E." box="[1214,1376,1812,1838]" pageId="9" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 282" refId="ref14501" refString="MACPHEE R. D. E. 1981. - Auditory regions of primates and eutherian insectivores. Contributions to Primatology 18: 1 - 282." type="journal article" year="1981">MacPhee 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If the tympanohyal was present it would form, with the caudal tympanic process, a very rounded notch, the stylomastoid foramen (not preserved here). More dorsally, the stapedius fossa is deep, more or less oval and its anterior wall is formed by the gyrus (a cerebral convolution) of the underlying semicircular lateral canal. It indicates the location of the stapes and stapedial muscle. Anterolaterally and medially delimited by the promontorium, is a wide and deep depression, slightly deteriorated. The bony roof of this depression consists partly of an epitympanic wing of the petrosal (particularly altered here) anteriorly, and an epitympanic wing of the squamosal and tegmen tympani posteriorly. The anterior-most cavity, which is oriented transversely, is the pit for the tensor tympani muscle, attached to the tympanic membrane and whose function is to dampen the sounds and houses the “nape” of the malleus. The tensor tympani fossa is separated from a more posterior and rounded depression by a small bony wall. This depression is hollowed out by two fossae. The most anterior one, which is also the widest, is the epitympanic recess. Essential in the proper functioning of the ossicular chain, the epitympanic recess housed the malleus-incus articulation. The most posterior pit, the fossa incudis, is half the size but deeper than the epitympanic recess. It housed the short process of the incus. It is located anteriorly to the stapedius fossa and is separated from it by the crista parotica, which forms a thick bone barrier.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5A9E62BC5D78324282FFFC6EAD665530" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922093" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3922093" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922093/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" startId="10.[132,143,997,1014]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,955]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D78324282FFFC6EAD665530" blockId="10.[132,1457,997,1150]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">
|
||
FIG. 3. — Right basicranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D78324283FAFC6EAE2A52B8" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[385,537,997,1014]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324283FAFC6EAE2A52B8" box="[385,537,997,1014]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Cynodictis peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7832428066FC6EAE7D52B8" box="[541,590,997,1014]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, MNHN.F.Qu9008,in ventral view.Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D783242819CFC6EA83052B8" bold="true" box="[999,1027,997,1014]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">acf</emphasis>
|
||
, aperture of cochlear fossula;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7832428680FC6EA92D52B8" bold="true" box="[1275,1310,997,1014]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">acrf</emphasis>
|
||
, facet for anterior crus of ectotympanic;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D783242833AFC77AD6F5543" bold="true" box="[321,348,1020,1037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">ats</emphasis>
|
||
, sulcus for auditory tube;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7832428042FC77AE635543" bold="true" box="[569,592,1020,1037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">bo</emphasis>
|
||
, basioccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324280B4FC77AED75543" bold="true" box="[719,740,1020,1037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">bs</emphasis>
|
||
, basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7832428110FC77AFB45543" bold="true" box="[875,903,1020,1037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">cef</emphasis>
|
||
, facet for caudal entotympanic;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324286E3FC77A89B5543" bold="true" box="[1176,1192,1020,1037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">ci</emphasis>
|
||
, crista interfenestralis;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7832428710FC77A9BE5543" bold="true" box="[1387,1421,1020,1037]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">dpn</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for deep petrosal nerve;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324283F5FB98AD87556A" bold="true" box="[398,436,1043,1060]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">eam</emphasis>
|
||
, roof of external acoustic meatus;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324280A1FB98AEC3556A" bold="true" box="[730,752,1043,1060]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">eo</emphasis>
|
||
, exoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D783242811BFB98AF41556A" bold="true" box="[864,882,1043,1060]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">er</emphasis>
|
||
, epitympanic recess;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7832428650FB98A808556A" bold="true" box="[1067,1083,1043,1060]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">fv</emphasis>
|
||
, fenestra vestibuli;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324286A4FB98A8C3556A" bold="true" box="[1247,1264,1043,1060]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">hf</emphasis>
|
||
, hypoglossal foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324282FFFBA2ACBC5574" bold="true" box="[132,143,1065,1082]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">jf</emphasis>
|
||
, jugular foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D783242835CFBA2AD7A5574" bold="true" box="[295,329,1065,1082]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">mhf</emphasis>
|
||
, facet for mallear hook of rostral process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324280D6FBA2AEFA5574" bold="true" box="[685,713,1065,1082]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">mp</emphasis>
|
||
, mastoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7832428111FBA2AFB65574" bold="true" box="[874,901,1065,1082]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">ms</emphasis>
|
||
, mastoid shelf;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7832428671FBA2A8135574" bold="true" box="[1034,1056,1065,1082]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">oc</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324286B9FBA2A8D55574" bold="true" box="[1218,1254,1065,1082]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">pcrf</emphasis>
|
||
, facet for posterior crus of ectotympanic;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D783242836EFBCBAD14551F" bold="true" box="[277,295,1088,1105]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">pf</emphasis>
|
||
, piriform fenestra;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324283B9FBCBADEC551F" bold="true" box="[450,479,1088,1105]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">pgf</emphasis>
|
||
, postglenoid foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324280E5FBCBAEF3551F" bold="true" box="[670,704,1088,1105]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">pgp</emphasis>
|
||
, postglenoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7832428105FBCBAFA6551F" bold="true" box="[894,917,1088,1105]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">pp</emphasis>
|
||
, paroccipital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D783242862AFBCBA857551F" bold="true" box="[1105,1124,1088,1105]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">pr</emphasis>
|
||
, promontorium;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7832428695FBCBA938551F" bold="true" box="[1262,1291,1088,1105]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">ptp</emphasis>
|
||
, posttympanic process of squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7832428351FBDCAD7C5526" bold="true" box="[298,335,1111,1128]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">rtpp</emphasis>
|
||
, rostral tympanic process of petrosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324280F4FBDCAEAC5526" bold="true" box="[655,671,1111,1128]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">sf</emphasis>
|
||
, stapedius fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D783242814CFBDCAF7F5526" bold="true" box="[823,844,1111,1128]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324281C0FBDCAFD15526" bold="true" box="[955,994,1111,1128]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">tpbs</emphasis>
|
||
, tympanic process of basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D783242876EFBDCA91B5526" bold="true" box="[1301,1320,1111,1128]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">ttf</emphasis>
|
||
, tensor tympani fossa. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D78324282E0F89FA8DB5421" blockId="10.[132,776,1206,2029]" lastBlockId="10.[813,1456,1206,2030]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Medial to the epitympanic recess and the fossa incudis is the damaged facial canal. This canal runs along the medial edge of the promontorium. It opens between the epitympanic recess and the vestibular fossula. On the medial edge of the promontorium and on the most medial part of the posterior bulge of the cochlear fossula are two very distinct facets that receive the caudal entotympanic (an element of the auditory bulla). The most anterior and longest facet is on the rostral tympanic process of the petrosal. The bony margin marking the posterior border of the cochlear fossula is attached to two marked tubercles of the exoccipital. These two tubercles delimit two grooves, of which the most posterior probably marks the passage of the vagus nerve (X).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7832428138FAFEA92356A0" blockId="10.[813,1456,1206,2030]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">
|
||
Anteromedially to these two tubercles there is a large foramen corresponding to the jugular foramen. The jugular foramen is included in a long fissure – enlarged in the specimen because of a taphonomic deformation –, which extends between the promontory and the basioccipital. The hypoglossal foramen pierces the exoccipital, and is located posteromedially in the jugular foramen. The promontorium apex is medially separated from the basioccipital by a very large hole, which may correspond either to the piriform fenestra (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D78324286B9F9FEA8C557C0" box="[1218,1270,1653,1678]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7832428686F9FFA9AC57C0" author="MACPHEE R. D. E." box="[1277,1439,1652,1678]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" pagination="1 - 282" refId="ref14501" refString="MACPHEE R. D. E. 1981. - Auditory regions of primates and eutherian insectivores. Contributions to Primatology 18: 1 - 282." type="journal article" year="1981">MacPhee 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or to the foramen lacerum of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7832428625F91EA8D957E1" author="EVANS H." box="[1118,1258,1684,1711]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" refId="ref13414" refString="EVANS H. 1993. - Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1113 p." type="book" year="1993">Evans (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(see the discussion concerning this structure in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7832428620F93FA9585780" author="WIBLE J. R. & SPAULDING M." box="[1115,1387,1716,1742]" pageId="10" pageNumber="247" pagination="1 - 114" refId="ref15716" refString="WIBLE J. R. & SPAULDING M. 2013. - On the cranial osteology of the african palm civet, Nandinia binotata (Gray, 1830) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Feliformia). Annals of Carnegie Museum 82: 1 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.2992 / 007.082.0101" type="journal article" year="2013">Wible & Spaulding 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This orifice contains the foramen for the internal carotid artery. At the front of this large hole, the tympanic process of the basisphenoid forms a large bone pocket. The basioccipital is too altered to observe an excavation as in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7832428779F8B8A95E5603" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[1282,1389,1843,1869]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7832428779F8B8A95E5603" box="[1282,1389,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="247">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
skulls (KLV pers. obs.). Located between the tympanic process of the basisphenoid and the sulcus for the auditory bulla, a wellmarked groove begins at the level of a foramen just anterior to the apex of the promontorium. This foramen probably marks the passage of the deep petrosal nerve.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D793243831EFBF2AD8355C3" blockId="11.[357,432,1145,1165]" box="[357,432,1145,1165]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Anterior</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5A9E62BC5D79324382FFFB3AAD4055A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922095" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3922095" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922095/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" startId="11.[132,143,1201,1218]" targetBox="[167,1334,215,1108]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D79324382FFFB3AAD4055A1" blockId="11.[132,1455,1201,1263]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
|
||
FIG. 4. — Upper left dentition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D79324383F5FB3AAE14558C" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[398,551,1201,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D79324383F5FB3AAE14558C" box="[398,551,1201,1218]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Cynodictis peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7932438056FB3AAE6E558C" box="[557,605,1201,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(MNHN.F.Qu9007):
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D793243817FFB3AAF22558C" bold="true" box="[772,785,1201,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">A</emphasis>
|
||
, I3-M1 in labial view;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D79324381BEFB3AAFE1558C" bold="true" box="[965,978,1201,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">B</emphasis>
|
||
, I1-M1 in occlusal view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7932438766FB3AA918558C" bold="true" box="[1309,1323,1201,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">C</emphasis>
|
||
, canine;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D793243870DFB3AA9B5558C" bold="true" box="[1398,1414,1201,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">I1</emphasis>
|
||
, first incisor;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D79324382BDFB43ACE55597" bold="true" box="[198,214,1224,1241]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">I2</emphasis>
|
||
, second incisor;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D793243831CFB43AD445597" bold="true" box="[359,375,1224,1241]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">I3</emphasis>
|
||
, third incisor;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D793243838BFB43AE385597" bold="true" box="[496,523,1224,1241]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">M1</emphasis>
|
||
, first molar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D793243800EFB43AEBF5597" bold="true" box="[629,652,1224,1241]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">P1</emphasis>
|
||
, upper first premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7932438132FB43AF535597" bold="true" box="[841,864,1224,1241]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">P2</emphasis>
|
||
, upper second premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7932438641FB43A8625597" bold="true" box="[1082,1105,1224,1241]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">P3</emphasis>
|
||
, upper third premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D793243876FFB43A9185597" bold="true" box="[1300,1323,1224,1241]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">P4</emphasis>
|
||
, upper ultimate premolar. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D79324382FFFABDAD61541E" blockId="11.[132,776,1333,2030]" box="[132,338,1333,1360]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D79324382FFFABDAD61541E" box="[132,338,1333,1360]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
|
||
Upper teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96DA2EB15D7932438377FABDAD7A5401" box="[268,329,1333,1359]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1201,1218]" captionTargetBox="[167,1334,215,1108]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[148,780,214,752]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 4. — Upper left dentition of Cynodictis peignei n. sp. (MNHN.F.Qu9007): A, I3-M1 in labial view; B, I1-M1 in occlusal view. Abbreviations: C, canine; I1, first incisor; I2, second incisor; I3, third incisor; M1, first molar; P1, upper first premolar; P2, upper second premolar; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper ultimate premolar. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922095" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922095/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D79324382FFFADEA99C56A3" blockId="11.[132,776,1333,2030]" lastBlockId="11.[813,1456,1333,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
|
||
The specimen described here was found with two hemimandibles (MNHN.F.Qu9009 and MNHN.F.Qu9010). However, the lower and upper teeth do not occlude properly. This implies that they do not belong to the same specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D79324382F6FA5EADF754A1" author="CROMPTON A. W. & HIIEMAE K." box="[141,452,1493,1519]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" pagination="678 - 679" refId="ref13292" refString="CROMPTON A. W. & HIIEMAE K. 1969. - Functional occlusion in tribosphenic molars. Nature 222: 678 - 679. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 222678 b 0" type="journal article" year="1969">Crompton & Hiiemäe 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The right I3, M1, and M2, and the left M2 are not preserved. Moreover, the left M1 and the right P4 are badly damaged. The I1 and I2, separated by a very slight diastema, are smaller than the I3, which is twice as large. The three incisors are conical, rectangular and single-rooted. A very small diastema separates them from the canines. The canines are conical and very slightly curved towards the back. A diastema of about the same length as the one that separates the incisors from the canines is present between the canine and the P1. The latter is single-rooted and has a posterior accessory cusp. The largest diastema separates the P1 from the P2. In lateral view, the teeth are two-rooted, taller, and longer from P2 to P4. The P2 is conical and has a single prominent cusp, the paracone. Its cingulum is very thin, but almost complete. It has a very weak cusp mesially and a stronger one distally. The P3, higher than the P2, has the same morphology as the P2 but differs by having acces- sory cusps that are more developed and individualized. The first one, which is rounded, is located posterior to the main cusp (= paracone). This accessory cusp and the paracone are connected by a short but well-developed ridge. The second accessory cusp is much smaller and is located anterior to the main cusp. The P4, whose anterior root forms a bulge on the maxillary, has a large oblique cingulum at its anterior base. The paracone is, by far, the tallest cusp of all the premolars. It points backwards and exhibit a posterior ridge as well as an anterior crest. The posterior crest reaches the (incomplete) metastyle, which is long, protruding, and shows a very slight concave curvature at its center. Its contact with the paracone is lingual relative to the middle of the tooth, orienting the metastyle towards the posterior part of the skull. The carnassial notch is present between the paracone and metastyle. The P4 has a fairly large lingual shelf, which carries a welldeveloped protocone. The M1 is rectangular in shape and partially worn. The cingulum is well developed on the lingual part of the talon, where it forms a very strong bulge that is narrow mesiodistally. The stylar shelf, much smaller than the protocone, is oblique orientated outward with respect to the anteroposterior axis. The stylar shelf includes three cusps. The
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7E32448344FF53AD6351BF" blockId="12.[319,336,216,241]" box="[319,336,216,241]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">A</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5A9E62BC5D7E324482FFF989A8E857CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922097" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3922097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922097/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" startId="12.[132,143,1538,1555]" targetBox="[319,1207,231,1497]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7E324482FFF989A8E857CA" blockId="12.[132,1457,1538,1668]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
|
||
FIG. 5. — Cranium of
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448348F989AD84575D" box="[307,439,1538,1555]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7E32448348F989ADB8575D" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[307,395,1538,1555]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cynodictis</taxonomicName>
|
||
exilis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7E324483C7F989AEA1575D" author="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P." box="[444,658,1538,1555]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="101 - 192" refId="ref15220" refString="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P. 1915. - Les Carnassiers des Phosphorites du Quercy. Annales de Paleontologie 9: 101 - 192." type="journal article" year="1915">Teilhard de Chardin,1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MNHN.F.Qu unnumbered) in dorsal view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E3244818FF989A832575D" bold="true" box="[1012,1025,1538,1555]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">A</emphasis>
|
||
), lateral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E3244860EF989A8B1575D" bold="true" box="[1141,1154,1538,1555]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">B</emphasis>
|
||
) and ventral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448760F989A91A575D" bold="true" box="[1307,1321,1538,1555]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">C</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324482FFF992ACA85764" bold="true" box="[132,155,1561,1578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">bo</emphasis>
|
||
, basioccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448363F992AD1E5764" bold="true" box="[280,301,1561,1578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">bs</emphasis>
|
||
, basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324483CAF992ADF55764" bold="true" box="[433,454,1561,1578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">ce</emphasis>
|
||
, carnassial embrasure pit;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324480DCF992AEFE5764" bold="true" box="[679,717,1561,1578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">csm</emphasis>
|
||
, crista supramastoideus;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324481D8F992AFF75764" bold="true" box="[931,964,1561,1578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">enp</emphasis>
|
||
, entopterygoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324486EFF992A8995764" bold="true" box="[1172,1194,1561,1578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">eo</emphasis>
|
||
, exoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448763F992A91C5764" bold="true" box="[1304,1327,1561,1578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">fm</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen magnum;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324482C8F9A4ACF3570E" bold="true" box="[179,192,1583,1600]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">fr</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448371F9A4AD2F570E" bold="true" box="[266,284,1583,1600]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">gf</emphasis>
|
||
, glenoid fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324483E4F9A4AD8A570E" bold="true" box="[415,441,1583,1600]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">lac</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448075F9A4AE1D570E" bold="true" box="[526,558,1583,1600]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">lacf</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324480B6F9A4AEDB570E" bold="true" box="[717,744,1583,1600]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">M1</emphasis>
|
||
, upper first molar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324481FEF9A4AF92570E" bold="true" box="[901,929,1583,1600]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">mp</emphasis>
|
||
, mastoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E3244863BF9A4A868570E" bold="true" box="[1088,1115,1583,1600]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324486C2F9A4A8FC570E" bold="true" box="[1209,1231,1583,1600]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">nc</emphasis>
|
||
, nuchal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448732F9A4A96C570E" bold="true" box="[1353,1375,1583,1600]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">oc</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324482ABF9CDACD45719" bold="true" box="[208,231,1606,1623]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">P3</emphasis>
|
||
, upper third premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324483DEF9CDAD8F5719" bold="true" box="[421,444,1606,1623]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">P4</emphasis>
|
||
, upper ultimate premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324480EDF9CDAE9F5719" bold="true" box="[662,684,1606,1623]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">pa</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448086F9CDAF2B5719" bold="true" box="[765,792,1606,1623]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448115F9CDAFA35719" bold="true" box="[878,912,1606,1623]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">pgp</emphasis>
|
||
, postglenoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448636F9CDA85C5719" bold="true" box="[1101,1135,1606,1623]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">pop</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital process of frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448709F9CDA9BA5719" bold="true" box="[1394,1417,1606,1623]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">pp</emphasis>
|
||
, paroccipital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E3244835EF9D6AD0B5720" bold="true" box="[293,312,1629,1646]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">pr</emphasis>
|
||
, promontorium of petrosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E3244805FF9D6AE055720" bold="true" box="[548,566,1629,1646]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">pt</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324480E0F9D6AE8B5720" bold="true" box="[667,696,1629,1646]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">ptp</emphasis>
|
||
, posttympanic process of squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E3244867AF9D6A83C5720" bold="true" box="[1025,1039,1629,1646]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">rt</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for ramus temporalis;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448765F9D6A9005720" bold="true" box="[1310,1331,1629,1646]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">sc</emphasis>
|
||
, sagittal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324482FFF9F8ACAA57CA" bold="true" box="[132,153,1651,1668]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448372F9F8AD2957CA" bold="true" box="[265,282,1651,1668]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">tc</emphasis>
|
||
, temporal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E324483D3F9F8ADEB57CA" bold="true" box="[424,472,1651,1668]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">zpmx</emphasis>
|
||
, zygomatic process of maxillary;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448094F9F8AF2957CA" bold="true" box="[751,794,1651,1668]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">zpsq</emphasis>
|
||
, zygomatic process of squamosal. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7E324482FFF95FA9835660" blockId="12.[132,775,1748,2030]" lastBlockId="12.[813,1456,1748,1838]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">metastyle is poorly developed, unlike the parastyle that forms a prominent and strongly rounded cusp. Both the metacone and paracone are prominent and sharp, the metacone being the tallest. The centrocrista and the paracrista are more salient than the metacrista. The talon is very broad and points towards the buccal part of the oral cavity (but also with a slight posterior inclination). The protocone is very strong, eroded and is mesially shifted. Close to the protocone, there is a metaconule, but no protoconule is visible (absent or worn down). The preprotocrista is more marked than the postprotocrista and reaches the parastyle. Two very thin cingulae are visible on the lingual base of the metacone and the paracone.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7E32448156F8DFA8245620" blockId="12.[813,1456,1876,2030]" box="[813,1047,1876,1902]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448156F8DFA8245620" box="[813,1047,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
|
||
Comparison (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96DA2EB15D7E324481C2F8DFA83D5620" box="[953,1038,1876,1902]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="12.[132,143,1538,1555]" captionStartId-1="13.[132,143,1639,1656]" captionStartId-2="14.[132,143,1611,1628]" captionTargetBox-0="[319,1207,231,1497]" captionTargetBox-1="[300,1220,214,1598]" captionTargetBox-2="[281,1182,214,1573]" captionTargetId-0="figure@12.[279,840,624,1200]" captionTargetId-1="figure@13.[271,842,667,1236]" captionTargetId-2="figure@14.[280,842,744,1311]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionText-0="FIG. 5. — Cranium of Cynodictis exilis Teilhard de Chardin,1915 (MNHN.F.Qu unnumbered) in dorsal view (A), lateral view (B) and ventral view (C). Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; ce, carnassial embrasure pit; csm, crista supramastoideus; enp, entopterygoid process; eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal; gf, glenoid fossa; lac, lacrimal; lacf, lacrimal foramen; M1, upper first molar; mp, mastoid process; mx, maxillary; nc, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper ultimate premolar; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process of frontal; pp, paroccipital process; pr, promontorium of petrosal; pt, pterygoid; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; rt, foramen for ramus temporalis; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; tc, temporal crest; zpmx, zygomatic process of maxillary; zpsq, zygomatic process of squamosal. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-1="FIG. 6. — Cranium of Cynodictis lacustris Gervais, 1852 (MNHN.F.Qu17502) in dorsal view (A), lateral view (B) and ventral view (C). Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; ce, carnassial embrasure pit; csm, crista supramastoideus;enp, entopterygoid process;eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal; iof, infraorbital foramen; ju, jugal; lac, lacrimal; lacf, lacrimal foramen; mpfr, maxillary process of frontal; mp, mastoid process; mx, maxillary; na, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; P1, upper first premolar; P2, upper second premolar; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper ultimate premolar; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process of frontal; pp, paroccipital process; pr, promontorium of petrosal; ps, presphenoid; pt, pterygoid; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; rt, foramen for ramus temporalis; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; tc, temporal crest; zpmx, zygomatic process of maxillary; zpsq, zygomatic process of squamosal. Scale bar: 10 mm." captionText-2="FIG. 7. — Cranium of Cynodictis lacustris Gervais, 1852 (MNHN.F.Qu1903-20) in dorsal view (A), lateral view (B) and ventral view (C). Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital;bs, basisphenoid;ce, carnassial embrasure pit; csm, crista supramastoideus; eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal;M1, upper first molar; mp, mastoid process; mx, maxillary; nc, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pop, postorbital process of frontal; pp, paroccipital process; pr, promontorium of petrosal; ps, presphenoid; pt, pterygoid; ptp, posttympanic process of squamosal; rt, foramen for ramus temporalis; sc, sagittal crest; tc, temporal crest. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922097" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922099" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922101" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3922097/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3922099/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3922101/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Figs 5-7</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7E32458156F8F8A99C56A3" blockId="12.[813,1456,1876,2030]" lastBlockId="13.[813,1456,1843,2030]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="250" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
|
||
The posterodorsal process of the premaxillary of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7E3244873EF8FFA99C56C3" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[1349,1455,1908,1934]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E3244873EF8FFA99C56C3" box="[1349,1455,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7E32448156F81FAF5756E0" box="[813,868,1940,1966]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
contacts the lateral edges of the nasal further back than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7E32448111F838AFE75683" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[874,980,1971,1997]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7E32448111F838AFE75683" box="[874,980,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The premaxillary ends laterally at the posterior level of the canine, whereas it ends at the anterior third of the canine in the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7F324583E9F8B8ADCF5603" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[402,508,1843,1869]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324583E9F8B8ADCF5603" box="[402,508,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The infra-orbital foramen of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7F32458339F8D8AD9E5623" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[322,429,1875,1901]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458339F8D8AD9E5623" box="[322,429,1875,1901]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is located at the anterior edge of the P4. In
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458330F8FFAD8E56C3" box="[331,445,1907,1934]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
, the posterior part of the nasal bones is V-shaped rather than U-shape as seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7F324580E5F81FAF3456E3" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[670,775,1940,1966]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324580E5F81FAF3456E3" box="[670,775,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7F324582FFF83FAC8C5680" box="[132,191,1972,1998]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
The maxillary process of the frontal also differentiates these two species: its tip stops at the infra-orbital foramen in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458156F8BFAFAC5603" box="[813,927,1843,1870]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
. The snout of
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458647F8BFA89C5603" box="[1084,1199,1843,1870]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
is more tapered than in the other species. In
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245867FF8DFA8475623" box="[1028,1140,1875,1902]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
, the face abruptly increases in transverse width. This transverse elongation occurs at the level of the infra-orbital foramen and is due to the separation of the zygomatic processes. This transverse elongation is weaker in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7F32458156F858AFA756A3" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[813,916,2003,2029]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458156F858AFA756A3" box="[813,916,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7F324581E0F85FAFE556A0" box="[923,982,2004,2030]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
The snout of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7F32458617F858A8E056A3" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[1132,1235,2003,2029]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458617F858A8E056A3" box="[1132,1235,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7F324586A1F85FA92656A0" box="[1242,1301,2004,2030]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is higher than
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5A9E62BC5D7F324582FFF9ECAEF6564E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922099" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3922099" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922099/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" startId="13.[132,143,1639,1656]" targetBox="[300,1220,214,1598]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7F324582FFF9ECAEF6564E" blockId="13.[132,1457,1639,1792]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">
|
||
FIG. 6. — Cranium of
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245834FF9ECADE75736" box="[308,468,1639,1656]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7F3245834FF9ECADBF5736" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[308,396,1639,1656]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cynodictis</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacustris
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7F324583A2F9ECAE7E5736" author="GERVAIS P." box="[473,589,1639,1656]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" refId="ref13641" refString="GERVAIS P. 1852. - Zoologie et paleontologie francaises: Nouvelles recherches sur les animaux vertebres dont on trouve les ossements enfouis dans le sol de la France. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 544 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 39473" type="book" year="1852">Gervais, 1852</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MNHN.F.Qu17502) in dorsal view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245810FF9ECAFB25736" bold="true" box="[884,897,1639,1656]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">A</emphasis>
|
||
), lateral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245818CF9ECA8375736" bold="true" box="[1015,1028,1639,1656]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">B</emphasis>
|
||
) and ventral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324586E5F9ECA89F5736" bold="true" box="[1182,1196,1639,1656]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">C</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245874CF9ECA97D5736" bold="true" box="[1335,1358,1639,1656]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">bo</emphasis>
|
||
, basioccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324582DDF9F6AC8857C0" bold="true" box="[166,187,1661,1678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">bs</emphasis>
|
||
, basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458344F9F6AD6757C0" bold="true" box="[319,340,1661,1678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">ce</emphasis>
|
||
, carnassial embrasure pit;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458049F9F6AE6B57C0" bold="true" box="[562,600,1661,1678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">csm</emphasis>
|
||
, crista supramastoideus;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458156F9F6AF7D57C0" bold="true" box="[813,846,1661,1678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">enp</emphasis>
|
||
, entopterygoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458666F9F6A80057C0" bold="true" box="[1053,1075,1661,1678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">eo</emphasis>
|
||
, exoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324586DAF9F6A88B57C0" bold="true" box="[1185,1208,1661,1678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">fm</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen magnum;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458725F9F6A95857C0" bold="true" box="[1374,1387,1661,1678]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">fr</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324582FFF91FACA957EB" bold="true" box="[132,154,1684,1701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">iof</emphasis>
|
||
, infraorbital foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245832DF91FAD5557EB" bold="true" box="[342,358,1684,1701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">ju</emphasis>
|
||
, jugal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324583DFF91FAD8D57EB" bold="true" box="[420,446,1684,1701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">lac</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245806CF91FAE0457EB" bold="true" box="[535,567,1684,1701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">lacf</emphasis>
|
||
, lacrimal foramen;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324580A1F91FAF3757EB" bold="true" box="[730,772,1684,1701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">mpfr</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary process of frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245867BF91FA82F57EB" bold="true" box="[1024,1052,1684,1701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">mp</emphasis>
|
||
, mastoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324586BBF91FA8E857EB" bold="true" box="[1216,1243,1684,1701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458740F91FA96257EB" bold="true" box="[1339,1361,1684,1701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">na</emphasis>
|
||
, nasal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324587EFF91FA99957EB" bold="true" box="[1428,1450,1684,1701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">nc</emphasis>
|
||
, nuchal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458288F920AD3A57F2" bold="true" box="[243,265,1707,1724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">oc</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324583D2F920ADF357F2" bold="true" box="[425,448,1707,1724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">P1</emphasis>
|
||
, upper first premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245800CF920AEBD57F2" bold="true" box="[631,654,1707,1724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">P2</emphasis>
|
||
, upper second premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458118F920AF4957F2" bold="true" box="[867,890,1707,1724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">P3</emphasis>
|
||
, upper third premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245864CF920A87D57F2" bold="true" box="[1079,1102,1707,1724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">P4</emphasis>
|
||
, upper ultimate premolar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458753F920A90D57F2" bold="true" box="[1320,1342,1707,1724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">pa</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324587F4F920A99957F2" bold="true" box="[1423,1450,1707,1724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324582ABF94AACC1579C" bold="true" box="[208,242,1729,1746]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">pgp</emphasis>
|
||
, postglenoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324583C9F94AADE7579C" bold="true" box="[434,468,1729,1746]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">pop</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital process of frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324580A1F94AAEC2579C" bold="true" box="[730,753,1729,1746]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">pp</emphasis>
|
||
, paroccipital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324581D4F94AAFF1579C" bold="true" box="[943,962,1729,1746]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">pr</emphasis>
|
||
, promontorium of petrosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324586D0F94AA8F3579C" bold="true" box="[1195,1216,1729,1746]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">ps</emphasis>
|
||
, presphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458745F94AA963579C" bold="true" box="[1342,1360,1729,1746]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">pt</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324582FFF953AC9257A7" bold="true" box="[132,161,1752,1769]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">ptp</emphasis>
|
||
, posttympanic process of squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F32458393F953ADC557A7" bold="true" box="[488,502,1752,1769]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">rt</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for ramus temporalis;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245817FF953AF2A57A7" bold="true" box="[772,793,1752,1769]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">sc</emphasis>
|
||
, sagittal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324581E1F953AF9C57A7" bold="true" box="[922,943,1752,1769]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">sq</emphasis>
|
||
, squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F3245865BF953A80257A7" bold="true" box="[1056,1073,1752,1769]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">tc</emphasis>
|
||
, temporal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324586BBF953A8C357A7" bold="true" box="[1216,1264,1752,1769]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">zpmx</emphasis>
|
||
, zygomatic process of maxillary;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7F324582A3F964AD30564E" bold="true" box="[216,259,1775,1792]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">zpsq</emphasis>
|
||
, zygomatic process of squamosal. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7C324686EEFC84A89F526D" blockId="14.[1173,1196,783,803]" box="[1173,1196,783,803]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">nc</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5A9E62BC5D7C324682FFF9C0AD9257F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3922101" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3922101" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3922101/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="251" startId="14.[132,143,1611,1628]" targetBox="[281,1182,214,1573]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7C324682FFF9C0AD9257F8" blockId="14.[132,1457,1611,1718]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">
|
||
FIG. 7. — Cranium of
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C3246834EF9C0ADE55712" box="[309,470,1611,1628]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7C3246834EF9C0ADBE5712" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[309,397,1611,1628]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cynodictis</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacustris
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7C324683A7F9C0AE7C5712" author="GERVAIS P." box="[476,591,1611,1628]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251" refId="ref13641" refString="GERVAIS P. 1852. - Zoologie et paleontologie francaises: Nouvelles recherches sur les animaux vertebres dont on trouve les ossements enfouis dans le sol de la France. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 544 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 39473" type="book" year="1852">Gervais, 1852</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MNHN.F.Qu1903-20) in dorsal view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324681F1F9C0AFA45712" bold="true" box="[906,919,1611,1628]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">A</emphasis>
|
||
), lateral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C32468676F9C0A8295712" bold="true" box="[1037,1050,1611,1628]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">B</emphasis>
|
||
) and ventral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324686CDF9C0A8F75712" bold="true" box="[1206,1220,1611,1628]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C32468734F9C0A9555712" bold="true" box="[1359,1382,1611,1628]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">bo</emphasis>
|
||
, basioccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324682C4F9EAACE7573C" bold="true" box="[191,212,1633,1650]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">bs</emphasis>
|
||
, basisphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C3246832CF9EAAD5F573C" bold="true" box="[343,364,1633,1650]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">ce</emphasis>
|
||
, carnassial embrasure pit;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C32468031F9EAAE43573C" bold="true" box="[586,624,1633,1650]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">csm</emphasis>
|
||
, crista supramastoideus;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C3246813FF9EAAF69573C" bold="true" box="[836,858,1633,1650]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">eo</emphasis>
|
||
, exoccipital;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324681BCF9EAAFED573C" bold="true" box="[967,990,1633,1650]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">fm</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen magnum;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324686F8F9EAA8A3573C" bold="true" box="[1155,1168,1633,1650]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">fr</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324686A3F9EAA8C0573C" bold="true" box="[1240,1267,1633,1650]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">M1</emphasis>
|
||
, upper first molar;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324687F5F9EAA999573C" bold="true" box="[1422,1450,1633,1650]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">mp</emphasis>
|
||
, mastoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C32468361F9F3AD0657C7" bold="true" box="[282,309,1656,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">mx</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324683E8F9F3AD9A57C7" bold="true" box="[403,425,1656,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">nc</emphasis>
|
||
, nuchal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C3246805FF9F3AE0957C7" bold="true" box="[548,570,1656,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">oc</emphasis>
|
||
, occipital condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324680A6F9F3AEC057C7" bold="true" box="[733,755,1656,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">pa</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C3246813EF9F3AF5357C7" bold="true" box="[837,864,1656,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">pal</emphasis>
|
||
, palatine;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324681CCF9F3AFEA57C7" bold="true" box="[951,985,1656,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">pop</emphasis>
|
||
, postorbital process of frontal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324686A4F9F3A8C557C7" bold="true" box="[1247,1270,1656,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">pp</emphasis>
|
||
, paroccipital process;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324682FFF904ACA457EE" bold="true" box="[132,151,1679,1696]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">pr</emphasis>
|
||
, promontorium of petrosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324683FBF904ADA657EE" bold="true" box="[384,405,1679,1696]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">ps</emphasis>
|
||
, presphenoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C32468068F904AE1657EE" bold="true" box="[531,549,1679,1696]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">pt</emphasis>
|
||
, pterygoid;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324680F2F904AE9557EE" bold="true" box="[649,678,1679,1696]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">ptp</emphasis>
|
||
, posttympanic process of squamosal;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C32468190F904AFCA57EE" bold="true" box="[1003,1017,1679,1696]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">rt</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen for ramus temporalis;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C3246877FF904A92A57EE" bold="true" box="[1284,1305,1679,1696]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">sc</emphasis>
|
||
, sagittal crest;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324687E2F904A99957EE" bold="true" box="[1433,1450,1679,1696]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">tc</emphasis>
|
||
, temporal crest. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7C324782FFF97FADBE54C1" blockId="14.[132,775,1780,2030]" lastBlockId="15.[132,776,217,1424]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324682DBF97FAD205640" box="[160,275,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
, but, surprisingly, it is not longer. The lacrimal foramen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7C3246837AF89FAD5A5663" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[257,361,1812,1838]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C3246837AF89FAD5A5663" box="[257,361,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7C32468314F89FAD9A5660" box="[367,425,1812,1838]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is larger than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7C324680E7F89FAF345660" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[668,775,1812,1838]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324680E7F89FAF345660" box="[668,775,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The base of the zygomatic process of the squamosal (in the posterior portion of the temporal fossa) forms a forward curvature in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7C32468309F8F8ADEE56C3" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[370,477,1907,1933]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C32468309F8F8ADEE56C3" box="[370,477,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. In
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C3246801BF8FFAEE656C3" box="[608,725,1907,1934]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324682FFF81FACEB56E3" box="[132,216,1939,1966]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
, the post-glenoid process is more forwardly curved;
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324682FFF838ACCA5683" box="[132,249,1971,1997]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
has the greatest curvature, pointing almost 30° anteroventrally. In
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C32468335F858AD9356A3" box="[334,416,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
, the supramastoid crista is flatter, more pronounced and concave, than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7C324686A3F97FA9735640" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[1240,1344,1780,1806]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324686A3F97FA9735640" box="[1240,1344,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7C3246873DF97FA9B35640" box="[1350,1408,1780,1806]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
The post-tympanic process of the squamosal is more vertically oriented in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7C324681D1F8BFA8225603" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[938,1041,1844,1870]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324681D1F8BFA8225603" box="[938,1041,1844,1870]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7C32468663F8BFA8605600" box="[1048,1107,1844,1870]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
than in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324686D6F8BFA9135603" box="[1197,1312,1843,1870]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C3246872EF8BFA99B5603" box="[1365,1448,1843,1870]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
. The mastoid process is more rounded and points more laterally. The paroccipital processes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7C324686E9F8FFA8CA56C3" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[1170,1273,1908,1934]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="251" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324686E9F8FFA8CA56C3" box="[1170,1273,1908,1934]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7C32468684F8FFA90A56C0" box="[1279,1337,1908,1934]" pageId="14" pageNumber="251" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are shorter and the exoccipital is thicker than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7C32468694F818A96956E3" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[1263,1370,1939,1965]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C32468694F818A96956E3" box="[1263,1370,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The promontorium is relatively similar in size but is more massive and less triangular than in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C324686D2F858A8CE56A3" box="[1193,1277,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7C3246874EF858A99B56A3" box="[1333,1448,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="251">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
. In
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324782DFFF51AD3C51BD" box="[164,271,217,244]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. lacutris</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D3247833DFF51AD9C51BD" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[326,431,218,244]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D3247833DFF51AD9C51BD" box="[326,431,218,244]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D324783CCFF51ADC751BA" box="[439,500,218,244]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, the hypoglossal foramen is closer to the petrosal in comparison to the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324780E7FF72AF34505D" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[668,775,249,275]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324780E7FF72AF34505D" box="[668,775,249,275]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The tensor tympani fossa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D3247807CFE92AE5D507D" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[519,622,281,307]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D3247807CFE92AE5D507D" box="[519,622,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D3247800FFE91AE9D507A" box="[628,686,282,308]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is larger than in the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D32478339FEB2AD9E501D" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[322,429,313,339]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D32478339FEB2AD9E501D" box="[322,429,313,339]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. On the other hand, the insertion of the anterior crus of the ectotympanic is relatively smaller in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D3247828BFEF2AD6550DC" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[240,342,377,403]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D3247828BFEF2AD6550DC" box="[240,342,377,403]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D32478320FEF2ADA750DD" box="[347,404,377,403]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
The rostral tympanic process of the petrosal forms a protuberance in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D3247838AFE12AE6850FC" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[497,603,409,435]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D3247838AFE12AE6850FC" box="[497,603,409,435]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D3247801FFE12AE9350FD" box="[612,672,409,435]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
The roof of the external acoustic meatus is much deeper in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324780E5FE32AF34509C" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[670,775,441,467]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324780E5FE32AF34509C" box="[670,775,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D324782FFFE52ACF150BD" box="[132,194,473,499]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D32478313FE53ADE650BC" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[360,469,472,498]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D32478313FE53ADE650BC" box="[360,469,472,498]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. A major difference should be emphasized: in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324783E7FE72AE37535C" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[412,516,505,531]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324783E7FE72AE37535C" box="[412,516,505,531]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D32478070FE72AE7B535D" box="[523,584,505,531]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, the nuchal crests are almost vertical and do not mask the condyles, whereas all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324782BDFDB3AD02531C" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[198,305,568,594]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324782BDFDB3AD02531C" box="[198,305,568,594]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, the nuchal crests are very strongly elongated posteriorly to the point at which they completely hide the occipital condyles in dorsal view. The braincase is much larger in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D32478351FD13ADA053FF" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[298,403,664,690]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D32478351FD13ADA053FF" box="[298,403,664,690]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D324783E1FD13ADE653FC" box="[410,469,664,690]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
The foramina for the ramus temporalis are smaller and closer to the sagittal crest than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324782B9FD5CAD1F53BF" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[194,300,727,753]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324782B9FD5CAD1F53BF" box="[194,300,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The condyles are more prominent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324782FFFD73ACD8525F" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[132,235,760,786]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324782FFFD73ACD8525F" box="[132,235,760,786]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D3247828AFD73AD18525C" box="[241,299,760,786]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
than in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324783F8FD73ADE6525F" box="[387,469,759,786]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D3247807BFD73AE54525F" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[512,615,760,786]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D3247807BFD73AE54525F" box="[512,615,760,786]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D32478016FD73AE9A525C" box="[621,681,760,786]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, they are twice as large, resulting in a deeper ventral condyloid fossa. The tubercle lying in the basioccipital and basisphenoid is never complete in our sample, but it should be noted that this structure in
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D3247834AFCFCAD9052DF" box="[305,419,887,913]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. lacustris</emphasis>
|
||
is much more strongly developed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324782A1FC1CAD7052FE" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[218,323,919,945]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324782A1FC1CAD7052FE" box="[218,323,919,945]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D32478331FC1CADB552FF" box="[330,390,919,945]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324783C6FC1CAE2352FF" box="[445,528,919,945]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. exilis</emphasis>
|
||
. There is no particular difference between the P1, P2 and P3 of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D32478022FC3CAEF7529F" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[601,708,951,977]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D32478022FC3CAEF7529F" box="[601,708,951,977]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens of the sample, except the presence only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324780E6FC5CAF3452BE" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[669,775,983,1009]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324780E6FC5CAF3452BE" box="[669,775,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D324782FFFC7CACF3555F" box="[132,192,1015,1041]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
of a P3 higher than the P2, and of a more developed accessory cusp on P3. The P4 has a narrower protocone area, more anteriorly oriented than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D32478060FBBDAEB6551E" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[539,645,1078,1104]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D32478060FBBDAEB6551E" box="[539,645,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The metastyle of the P4 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D3247830DFBDDADED553E" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[374,478,1110,1136]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D3247830DFBDDADED553E" box="[374,478,1110,1136]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D3247839EFBDCAE13553F" box="[485,544,1111,1137]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is shorter than in the other species. The M1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324783F5FBFDAE7555DE" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[398,582,1142,1168]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324783F5FBFDAE7555DE" box="[398,582,1142,1168]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Cynodictis peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D32478037FBFCAEB655DF" box="[588,645,1143,1169]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
differs from the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D32478294FB1DAD6955FE" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[239,346,1174,1200]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D32478294FB1DAD6955FE" box="[239,346,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by its less trapezoidal and more rectangular shape. A connection between the stylar shelf and protocone area is absent in the studied specimen. Its stylar shelf is narrower, shorter, and oriented less posteriorly. The metaconule is more prominent, while the protocone is less prominent than in the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324783CBFABEAE2A5401" authorityName="Bravard & Pomel" authorityYear="1850" box="[432,537,1333,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="253" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324783CBFABEAE2A5401" box="[432,537,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Cynodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The metacone is taller than the paracone in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324783B3FADDAE025421" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[456,561,1366,1392]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324783B3FADDAE025421" box="[456,561,1366,1392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D32478041FADDAE44543E" box="[570,631,1366,1392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
which is not the case in other species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7D324782FFFA3FAE275482" blockId="15.[132,775,1460,2029]" box="[132,532,1460,1486]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">RELEVANCE OF CRANIAL CHARACTERS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7D324782FFFA5EAD4E5640" blockId="15.[132,775,1460,2029]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Among the extinct mammal species described and named so far, a very large number have been defined only based on dental characters. This is illustrated by the diagnoses proposed for almost all mammalian groups (except for Xenarthra and Pholidota because of their reduction of teeth). This is due to the nature of the fossil record: dental elements are abundant because they have been preserved and fossilized due to the mineralization of their tissues. Moreover, dental elements can provide information on the diet, as well as on the body mass of extinct species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7D324782E0F89FAD6356A3" blockId="15.[132,775,1460,2029]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324782E0F89FAD0E5660" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1885" box="[155,317,1812,1838]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amphicyonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are clearly not an exception (see the diagnoses proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478376F8B8ADF65600" author="SPRINGHORN R." box="[269,453,1843,1870]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="26 - 113" refId="ref15039" refString="SPRINGHORN R. 1977. - Revision der alttertiaren europaischen Amphicyonidae (Carnivora, Mammalia). Palaeontographica Abteilung A 158 (1 - 3): 26 - 113." type="journal article" year="1977">Springhorn 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The characters considered as diagnostic are substantially concentrated on the tooth row and more specifically on the morphology of the m1. However, this
|
||
<typeStatus id="D15A8C965D7D324782FFF81FAC8156E0" box="[132,178,1940,1966]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of character has a considerable number of biases because molars have at least three constraints for identification and descriptive studies:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7D32478138FF52A99650DD" blockId="15.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">
|
||
1) Although dental structures are a relevant ontogenetic index – even if it is questionable for some groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478752FF72AF56507D" author="CIANCIO M. R. & CASTRO M. C. & GALLIARI F. C. & CARLINI A. A. & ASHER R. J." pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref13222" refString="CIANCIO M. R., CASTRO M. C., GALLIARI F. C., CARLINI A. A. & ASHER R. J. 2011. - Evolutionary implications of dental eruption in Dasypus (Xenarthra). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 19: 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10914 - 011 - 9177 - 7" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Ciancio
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324787FBFF71A99A505D" box="[1408,1449,249,275]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) –, the patterns of wear and the phenotypic plasticity of the teeth result in morphological variability and may cause problems with fossil species discrimination (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478684FED2A99B503D" author="GINGERICH D." box="[1279,1448,345,371]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="895 - 903" refId="ref13693" refString="GINGERICH D. 1974. - Size variability of the teeth in living mammals and the diagnosis of closely related sympatric fossil species. Journal of Paleontology 48 (5): 895 - 903. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 1303289" type="journal article" year="1974">Gingerich 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478156FEF2A87F50DD" author="SUCHENTRUNK F. & FLUX J. E. C." box="[813,1100,377,403]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="495 - 511" refId="ref15110" refString="SUCHENTRUNK F. & FLUX J. E. C. 1996. - Minor dental traits in East African cape hares and savanna hares (Lepus capensis and Lepus victoriae): a study of intra- and interspecific variability. Journal of Zoology 238: 495 - 511. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1996. tb 05408. x" type="journal article" year="1996">Suchentrunk & Flux 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478622FEF2A8C450DD" author="TSOUKALA E." box="[1113,1271,377,403]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="571 - 576" refId="ref15435" refString="TSOUKALA E. 1996. - Comparative study of ursid remains from the Quaternary of Greece, Turkey and Israel. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 39: 571 - 576." type="journal article" year="1996">Tsoukala 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D3247877EFEF2A9A650DD" author="HILLSON S." box="[1285,1429,376,403]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" refId="ref13848" refString="HILLSON S. 2005. - Teeth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 373 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / CBO 9780511614477" type="book" year="2005">Hillson 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7D32478138FE12A99D555F" blockId="15.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">
|
||
2) Functional constraints on the teeth result in a large number of convergences. This case is well illustrated with the debate on the position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D32478191FE53A8A250BC" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1885" box="[1002,1169,472,498]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amphicyonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The “bear-dogs”, so named because of their anatomy (dentition and locomotion), which is sometimes similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D32478609FD93A8F9537C" box="[1138,1226,536,562]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Canidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sometimes to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D32478156FDB3AF4D531C" box="[813,894,568,594]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ursidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, represent a phylogenetic enigma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478699FDB3A95F531C" author="VIRANTA S." box="[1250,1388,568,594]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref15632" refString="VIRANTA S. 1996. - European Miocene Amphicyonidae - taxonomy, systematics and ecology. Acta Zoologica Fenica 204: 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="1996">Viranta 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Historically, they were first considered to be very close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D32478722FDD3A99C533C" box="[1369,1455,600,626]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Canidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D3247814EFDF3A87653DC" author="MATTHEW W. D. & GRANGER W." box="[821,1093,632,658]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref14582" refString="MATTHEW W. D. & GRANGER W. 1924. - New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 104: 1 - 9. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 3213" type="journal article" year="1924">Matthew & Granger 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D3247862AFDF3A8FB53DC" author="PETTER G." box="[1105,1224,632,658]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref14623" refString="PETTER G. 1966. - Cynodictis: canide oligocene d'Europe, region tympanique et affinites. Annales de Paleontologie 52: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1966">Petter 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a hypothesis that has been reconsidered recently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478645FD13A90453FC" author="SPAULDING M. & FLYNN J. J." box="[1086,1335,664,690]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="653 - 677" refId="ref14993" refString="SPAULDING M. & FLYNN J. J. 2012. - Phylogeny of the Carnivoramorpha: The impact of postcranial characters. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10: 653 - 677. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 147 72019.2011. 630681" type="journal article" year="2012">Spaulding & Flynn 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They have also been considered as the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D324786BCFD3CA927539F" box="[1223,1300,695,721]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ursidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on many morphological characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478640FD5CA8EB53BF" author="GINSBURG L." box="[1083,1240,727,753]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="23 - 64" refId="ref13741" refString="GINSBURG L. 1966. - Les Amphicyons des Phosphorites du Quercy. Annales de Paleontologie 52: 23 - 64." type="journal article" year="1966">Ginsburg 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D3247869FFD5CA95953BC" author="HOUGH J. R." box="[1252,1386,727,754]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="573 - 600" refId="ref13923" refString="HOUGH J. R. 1948. - A systematic revision of Daphoenus and some allied genera. Journal of Paleontology 22: 573 - 600. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 1299593" type="journal article" year="1948">Hough 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D3247870EFD53AF50525F" author="HUNT R. M. & JR" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="826 - 843" refId="ref13962" refString="HUNT R. M. JR 1977. - Basicranial anatomy of Cynelos Jourdan (Mammalia: Carnivora), an Aquitanian amphicyonid from the Allier Basin, France. Journal of Paleontology 51: 826 - 843. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 1303745" type="journal article" year="1977">Hunt 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D3247810BFD73A870525F" author="WYSS A. R. & FLYNN J. J." box="[880,1091,759,786]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="32 - 52" refId="ref15803" refString="WYSS A. R. & FLYNN J. J. 1993. - A phylogenetic analysis and definition of the Carnivora, in SZALAY F. S., NOVACEK M. J. & MCKENNA M. C. (eds), Mammal Phylogeny - Placentals. Springer- Verlag, New York: 32 - 52." type="book chapter" year="1993">Wyss & Flynn 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or as the sister group of Arctoidea (the group that gathers ursids, pinnipeds, and musteloids;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478725FC9CAF50521F" author="FINARELLI J. A." pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="231 - 259" refId="ref13588" refString="FINARELLI J. A. 2008. - A total evidence phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora: Mammalia): Relationships among basal taxa. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 15: 231 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10914 - 008 - 9074 - x" type="journal article" year="2008">Finarelli 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478115FCB3AFD1521F" author="HUNT R. M. & JR" box="[878,994,823,850]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="476 - 485" refId="ref14013" refString="HUNT R. M. JR 1996. - Amphicyonidae. The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America, in PROTHERO D. R. & Berggren W. A. (eds), Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 476 - 485." type="book chapter" year="1996">Hunt 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478196FCBCA810521F" author="HUNT R. M. & JR" box="[1005,1059,823,849]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="196 - 227" refId="ref14064" refString="HUNT R. M. JR 1998. - Amphicyonidae, in JANIS C. M., SCOTT K. M. & JACOBS L. L. (eds), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 196 - 227." type="book chapter" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally, the most recent studies regard the “bear-dogs” as the sister-group of all Caniformia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D3247873EFCDCAF9652DF" author="TOMIYA S. & TSENG Z. J." pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="160518" refId="ref15326" refString="TOMIYA S. & TSENG Z. J. 2016. - Whence the beardogs r Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene ' Miacis ' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora). Royal Society Open Science 3: 160518. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 160518" type="journal article" year="2016">Tomiya & Tseng 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wesley-Hunt & Flynn 2005). Other examples are present in the history of the caniforms. For example, the case of Musteloidea, where the whole group presents a wide range of dentition and locomotion, resulting in difficulties for the paleontologists to discriminate the different groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D3247877BFC7CA9AD555F" author="LAW C. J. & SLATER G. J. & MEHTA R. S." box="[1280,1438,1014,1041]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="127 - 144" refId="ref14266" refString="LAW C. J., SLATER G. J. & MEHTA R. S. 2018. - Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods. Systematic Biology 67: 127 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syx 047" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Law
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D32478749FC7CA968555E" box="[1330,1371,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7D32478138FB9DA837547E" blockId="15.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">
|
||
3) The teeth are subject to serial homology (the similarity of repeated structures within an organism). This calls into question the characterization of a group based on repeated structures. For example, if a group is characterized by the presence of a cingulum on the M1, M2, and M3, then because all these characters are dependent on each other, they should be considered as representing only one characteristic that defines the group, and not as three independent characteristics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D324787FCFB7EAFC7547E" author="BILLET G. & BARDIN J." pageId="15" pageNumber="252" refId="ref12853" refString="BILLET G. & BARDIN J. 2018. - Serial homology and correlated characters in morphological. phylogenetics: Modeling the evolution of dental crests in placentals. Systematic biology. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syy 071" type="book" year="2018">Billet & Bardin 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7D32478138FABEA9B55760" blockId="15.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">Although these problems seem alarming, we do not aim to question here previous studies because they are based on dental structures: indeed, several dental features used in these publications are not affected by these constraints, and thus are diagnostic (e.g., highly specialized dentition). The goal of the present discussion is to question specific diagnoses based on very weakly defined dental variants, especially when the sampling does not allow study of intraspecific variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7D32478138F9BFA82E5660" blockId="15.[813,1456,217,2030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">
|
||
During more than 150 years, the diversity of the genus varied from six to nearly thirty species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D324786BDF9DFA9715720" author="FILHOL H." box="[1222,1346,1620,1646]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="1 - 338" refId="ref13488" refString="FILHOL H. 1876. - Recherches sur les phosphorites du Quercy. Etudes des fossiles qu'on y rencontre et specialement des mammiferes. Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Section des Sciences naturelles. Premiere partie, 15 (4): 1 - 220. Deuxieme partie 16 (1): 1 - 338." type="journal article" year="1876">Filhol 1876</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478735F9DFAF5757C0" author="SCHLOSSER M." pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="117 - 258" refId="ref14916" refString="SCHLOSSER M. 1902. - Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Saeugethierreste aus den sueddeutschen Bohnerzen. Geologische und Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, Jena 5: 117 - 258." type="journal article" year="1902">Schlosser 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478115F9FFA84F57C1" author="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P." box="[878,1148,1652,1679]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="101 - 192" refId="ref15220" refString="TEILHARD DE CHARDIN P. 1915. - Les Carnassiers des Phosphorites du Quercy. Annales de Paleontologie 9: 101 - 192." type="journal article" year="1915">Teilhard de Chardin 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D324786F3F9FFA93357C0" author="BONIS L. DE" box="[1160,1280,1652,1678]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="301 - 311" refId="ref13046" refString="BONIS L. DE 1978. - La poche a phosphate de Ste-Neboule (Lot) et sa faune de vertebres du Ludien superieur. 12. - Fissipedes (Carnivores). Palaeovertebrata 8: 301 - 311." type="journal article" year="1978">Bonis 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478770F9FFA99357C0" author="KOTSAKIS T." box="[1291,1440,1652,1678]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="259 - 273" refId="ref14115" refString="KOTSAKIS T. 1980. - Revisione sistematica e distribuzione stratigrafica e geografica del genere Cynodictis Bravard & Pomel (Carnivora, Mammalia). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 19: 259 - 273." type="journal article" year="1980">Kotsakis 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). With the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9E149B75D7D32478643F91FA89257E0" authority="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze, 2020" authorityName="Verger & Solé & Ladevèze" authorityYear="2020" box="[1080,1185,1684,1710]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Cynodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peignei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D32478643F91FA89257E0" box="[1080,1185,1684,1710]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">C. peignei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="27A6535D5D7D324786D1F91EA8D557E1" box="[1194,1254,1685,1711]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
herein, seven species are now recognized. The previous overestimation of the taxonomic diversity can be explained by the effect of the constraining dental particularities listed above on the variation within the group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E5E32345D7D32588138F8BFAE8E537C" blockId="15.[813,1456,217,2030]" lastBlockId="16.[132,776,217,563]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="253" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">
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It is worth remembering that the lower teeth can be morphologically related to the upper teeth in an individual because of the functional links caused by the occlusion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D324786B3F8F8AF5056E3" author="CROMPTON A. W. & HIIEMAE K." pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="678 - 679" refId="ref13292" refString="CROMPTON A. W. & HIIEMAE K. 1969. - Functional occlusion in tribosphenic molars. Nature 222: 678 - 679. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 222678 b 0" type="journal article" year="1969">Crompton & Hiiemäe 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D7D32478102F81FA87056E0" author="DAYAN T. & WOOL D. & SIMBERLOFF D." box="[889,1091,1939,1966]" pageId="15" pageNumber="252" pagination="508 - 526" refId="ref13366" refString="DAYAN T., WOOL D. & SIMBERLOFF D. 2002. - Variation and covariation of skulls and teeth: modern carnivores and the interpretation of fossil mammals. Paleobiology 28: 508 - 526. http: // doi. org / bf 4 fdf" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Dayan
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D7D324781BFF81FAFDD56E3" box="[964,1006,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="252">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that dental features within carnivoran populations are more variable than cranial traits. In addition, dental traits are strongly correlated with each other, just as cranial traits are correlated with each other, but these two sets are not highly correlated with one another (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A704FC55D6232588039FF71AEC4505D" author="DAYAN T. & WOOL D. & SIMBERLOFF D." box="[578,759,249,276]" pageId="16" pageNumber="253" pagination="508 - 526" refId="ref13366" refString="DAYAN T., WOOL D. & SIMBERLOFF D. 2002. - Variation and covariation of skulls and teeth: modern carnivores and the interpretation of fossil mammals. Paleobiology 28: 508 - 526. http: // doi. org / bf 4 fdf" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Dayan
|
||
<emphasis id="3C95EE265D62325880F7FF71AE8F505D" box="[652,700,249,275]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="253">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This implies that teeth and skull may be subject to different selective pressures and constraints (e.g., genetic, development, function) and, therefore, the study of these structures separately might allow for envisaging different scenarios. To conclude, and in ideal cases where most of the skeleton is available for a fossil specimen, paleontologists should try to define in a more comprehensive way the new species they are erecting and should propose detailed and compared diagnoses based on all parts of the skeleton and not teeth (or fragments of teeth) only.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
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</document> |