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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.939.50612" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ce2a2763-3c4d-4be7-b56d-7a8c7e27608b" ID-PMC="PMC7297811" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-939-87" ID-Pensoft-UUID="DB6D50A55057576896F6AFDAE5BC9922" ID-PubMed="32577083" ID-ZooBank="B239701148884712880E1069C943AD33" ModsDocID="1313-2970-939-87" checkinTime="1591794867056" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gosik, Rafal, Skuhrovec, Jiri, Caldara, Roberto &amp; Tosevski, Ivo" docDate="2020" docId="3FE84ECC2C8E5C66BCCF1390DAA037A7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 939: 87-165" docOrigin="ZooKeys 939" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.939.50612" docTitle="Mecinus pyraster" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="DB6D50A55057576896F6AFDAE5BC9922" lastPageNumber="87" masterDocId="DB6D50A55057576896F6AFDAE5BC9922" masterDocTitle="Immature stages of Palearctic Mecinus species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae): morphological characters diagnostic at genus and species levels" masterLastPageNumber="165" masterPageNumber="87" pageNumber="87" updateTime="1668168933079" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Immature stages of Palearctic Mecinus species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae): morphological characters diagnostic at genus and species levels</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Gosik, Rafal</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20 - 033 Lublin, Poland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Skuhrovec, Jiri</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-5990</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jirislavskuhrovec@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Caldara, Roberto</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Center of Alpine Entomology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tosevski, Ivo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delemont, Switzerland &amp; Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080, Zemun, Serbia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>939</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>87</mods:start>
<mods:end>165</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.939.50612</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.939.50612</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-939-87</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">B239701148884712880E1069C943AD33</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">DB6D50A55057576896F6AFDAE5BC9922</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="164500625" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3FE84ECC2C8E5C66BCCF1390DAA037A7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3FE84ECC2C8E5C66BCCF1390DAA037A7" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<taxonomicName LSID="3FE84ECC-2C8E-5C66-BCCF-1390DAA037A7" authority="(Herbst, 1795)" baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1795" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mecinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecinus pyraster" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyraster">Mecinus pyraster (Herbst, 1795)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
4 L3 larvae and 5 pupae, Serbia, Zemun, 1.07.2017, GPS
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="39.030" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="44.6505">44°39.030'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="21" direction="east" minutes="28.355" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="21.472584">21°28.355'E</geoCoordinate>
, 162 m., ex l., ex
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Plantago" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plantago lanceolata" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Plantago lanceolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lgt. I.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Toševski">Tosevski</normalizedToken>
. Accession number of sequenced specimen MN992000.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Description of mature larva</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
(Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419867" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">13A-D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14A-F</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Measurements</emphasis>
(in mm). Body length: 2.00-2.83. Body width (metathorax or abdominal segments I-II): 0.83-1.00. Head width: 0.53-0.56.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Body</emphasis>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419867" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">13A-D</figureCitation>
) yellowish, slender, curved, densely covered with asperities. Metathorax as large as abdominal segment I. Abdominal segments I-VI of almost equal length, abdominal segments VII-IX decreasing gradually to the terminal body part, segment X reduced to three anal lobes of those lateral are the largest, and dorsal the smallest (sometimes absent). Chaetotaxy weakly developed, setae short or medium. Prothorax (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419867" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">13B</figureCitation>
) with eleven
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prns</emphasis>
(eight medium and three very short); two medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ps</emphasis>
and one very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eus.</emphasis>
Meso- and metathorax (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419867" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">13B</figureCitation>
) with one very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prs</emphasis>
, two very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pds</emphasis>
, one very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">as</emphasis>
, three
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ss</emphasis>
(two medium and one very short), one medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eps</emphasis>
, one medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ps</emphasis>
and one very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eus.</emphasis>
Pedal area with five
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pda</emphasis>
(three medium and two very short). Abdominal segments I-VIII (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419867" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">13C, D</figureCitation>
) with one very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prs</emphasis>
, three very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pds</emphasis>
arranged along the posterior margin, two very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ss</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eps</emphasis>
different in length, one medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ps</emphasis>
, one medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">lsts</emphasis>
and two very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eus.</emphasis>
Abdominal segment IX (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419867" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">13D</figureCitation>
) with three
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ds</emphasis>
(one medium and two very short), all located close to the posterior margin, one medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ps</emphasis>
and two very short
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sts.</emphasis>
Each lateral anal lobe with two minute setae.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419867" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Figure 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1795" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mecinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecinus pyraster" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyraster">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mecinus pyraster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">A</emphasis>
habitus of the body and frontal view of the head
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">B</emphasis>
lateral view of thoracic segments
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">C</emphasis>
lateral view of abdominal segment I
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">D</emphasis>
lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">as</emphasis>
- alar,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ds</emphasis>
- dorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eps</emphasis>
- epipleural,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">eus</emphasis>
- eusternal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">lsts</emphasis>
- laterosternal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pda</emphasis>
- pedal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pds</emphasis>
- postdorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prns</emphasis>
- pronotal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prs</emphasis>
- prodorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ps</emphasis>
- pleural,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ss</emphasis>
- spiracular,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sts</emphasis>
- sternal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ts</emphasis>
- terminal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Head capsule</emphasis>
(Figures
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, habitus and chaetotaxy A habitus of the body and frontal view of the head B lateral view of thoracic segments C lateral view of abdominal segment I D lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-X - number of abominal segments, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ps - pleural, ss - spiracular, sts - sternal, ts - terminal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419867" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">13A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14A-F</figureCitation>
) dark brown, narrowed bilaterally. Frontal suture visible.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Des1-3,5</emphasis>
very long, equal in length;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">des4</emphasis>
three times shorter than
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">des1</emphasis>
.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Fs1,4,5</emphasis>
long;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">fs3</emphasis>
very short.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Les1</emphasis>
and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">les2</emphasis>
equal in length, slightly shorter than
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">des1</emphasis>
;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ves1-2</emphasis>
short;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pes1-2</emphasis>
short (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14A</figureCitation>
). Antennae (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14B</figureCitation>
) with sensorium (Se) slender, four times as long as wide, and three sensilla basiconica. Clypeus (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14C</figureCitation>
) trapezium-shaped, anterior margin distinctly sinuated; both
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">cls</emphasis>
relatively long,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">clss</emphasis>
absent. Labrum (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14C</figureCitation>
) with slightly sinuate anterior margin;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">lrs1</emphasis>
long,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">lrs2</emphasis>
and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">lrs3</emphasis>
medium. Epipharynx (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14D</figureCitation>
) with three medium, finger-shaped
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">als</emphasis>
of almost equal length; two rod-like
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ams</emphasis>
different in length; two finger-like
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mes</emphasis>
of medium length; surface smooth; labral rods close to kidney-shaped. Mandibles (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14E</figureCitation>
) conical, wide, with small protuberance in the middle of the cutting edge; one capilliform
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mds</emphasis>
, medium, placed mediolaterally. Maxilla (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14F</figureCitation>
) with one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">stps</emphasis>
and two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pfs</emphasis>
equal in length;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mbs</emphasis>
very short; mala with six finger-like
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">dms</emphasis>
of different size (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">dms1-2</emphasis>
medium,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">dms3-6</emphasis>
long to very long), five
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">vms</emphasis>
different in length. Maxillary palpi: basal palpomere slightly wider than distal, both palpomeres almost equal in length. Prelabium (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14F</figureCitation>
) cup-like with one relatively long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prms</emphasis>
; ligula with two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ligs</emphasis>
different in length; premental sclerite well visible, cup-shaped. Labial palpi elongated, one-segmented. Postlabium (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14F</figureCitation>
) with medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pms1</emphasis>
, long
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pms2</emphasis>
, and medium
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pms3</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Figure 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1795" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mecinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecinus pyraster" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyraster">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mecinus pyraster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mature larva, head and mouth parts
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">A</emphasis>
head, frontal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">B</emphasis>
antenna
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">C</emphasis>
clypeus and labrum, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">D</emphasis>
epipharynx
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">E</emphasis>
left mandible
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">F</emphasis>
maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">at</emphasis>
- antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">als</emphasis>
- anterolateral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ams</emphasis>
- anteromedial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">cls</emphasis>
- clypeal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">des</emphasis>
- dorsal epicranial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">dms</emphasis>
- dorsal malar,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">fs</emphasis>
- frontal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ligs</emphasis>
- ligular,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">lrs</emphasis>
- labral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ls</emphasis>
- lateral epicranial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mbs</emphasis>
- malar basiventral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mds</emphasis>
- mandibular,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mes</emphasis>
- median,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mxps</emphasis>
- maxillary palp,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pes</emphasis>
- postepicranial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ves</emphasis>
- ventral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pfs</emphasis>
- palpiferal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pms</emphasis>
- postlabial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prms</emphasis>
- prelabial,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">stps</emphasis>
- stipal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">vms</emphasis>
- ventral malar.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Description of pupa</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Mecinus pyraster pupa habitus and chaetotaxy A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-IX - number of abdominal segments, ur - urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, sls - postantennal, pls - posterolateral, rs - rostral, sls - superlateral, sos - superorbital, vs - vertical." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419869" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">15A-C</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Measurements</emphasis>
(in mm). Head width: 0.53-0.63. Body width: 1.40-1.73. Body length: 3.33-4.26.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419869" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Figure 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1795" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mecinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecinus pyraster" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyraster">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mecinus pyraster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa habitus and chaetotaxy
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">A</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">B</emphasis>
lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">C</emphasis>
dorsal view. Abbreviations: Th. I-III - number of thoracic segments, Abd. I-IX - number of abdominal segments, ur - urogomphi, setae:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">as</emphasis>
- apical,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">d</emphasis>
- dorsal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ds</emphasis>
- discal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">fes</emphasis>
- femoral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">l</emphasis>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ls</emphasis>
- lateral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">os</emphasis>
- orbital,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sls</emphasis>
- postantennal,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pls</emphasis>
- posterolateral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">rs</emphasis>
- rostral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sls</emphasis>
- superlateral,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sos</emphasis>
- superorbital,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">vs</emphasis>
- vertical.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Body</emphasis>
elongated, white. Rostrum rather slender, about three times as long as wide, reaching almost up to mesocoxae. Antennae slender and elongated. Pronotum 1.8 times as wide as long. Urogomphi (ur) slender and rather elongated, conical, with sclerotised apex, reaching outline of the body, directed downward (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14A-C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
well developed, setae rather short. Head capsule with one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">vs</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sos</emphasis>
equal in length, two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">os</emphasis>
equal in length. Rostrum with one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">rs</emphasis>
and one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sls</emphasis>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14A</figureCitation>
). Pronotum with two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">as</emphasis>
, one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ds</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">sls</emphasis>
, two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ls</emphasis>
, and three
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pls</emphasis>
(Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14A-C</figureCitation>
); equal in length (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Mecinus pyraster mature larva, head and mouth parts A head, frontal view B antenna C clypeus and labrum, dorsal view D epipharynx E left mandible F maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Abbreviations: at - antenna, lr - labral rods, sb - sensillum basiconicum, Se - sensorium, st - stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, ls - lateral epicranial, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular, mes - median, mxps - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, ves - ventral, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postlabial, prms - prelabial, stps - stipal, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.939.50612.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/419868" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">14B</figureCitation>
). Setae on head and rostrum as long as those on prothorax. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with two setae different in length placed medially. Abdominal segments I-VIII with two medium setae laterally and three medium setae ventrally, distributed in regular lines. Dorsal parts of abdominal segments I-VII with five setae (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">d1</emphasis>
placed anteromedially,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">d2-4</emphasis>
posteromedially and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">d5</emphasis>
located posterolaterally); abdominal segment VIII with only four very long setae dorsally. Abdominal segment IX with two micro-setae ventrally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Biological notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
This species is associated with some
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Plantago" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plantago" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Plantago</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lanceolata" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="lanceolata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">P. lanceolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lagopus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="lagopus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">P. lagopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. media" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="media">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">P. media</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) (
<bibRefCitation author="Hoffmann, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B23" refString="Hoffmann, A, 1958. Faune de France 62 Coleopteres Curculionides (Troisieme partie). Le Chevalier, Paris, 1209-1839." title="Faune de France 62 Coleopteres Curculionides (Troisieme partie). Le Chevalier, Paris, 1209 - 1839." year="1958">Hoffmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Sprick, P" journalOrPublisher="Weevil News" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B43" refString="Sprick, P, 2001. Bericht ueber eine einwoechige Ruesselkaeferexkursion (Col., Curculionoidea) nach Malta mit Bemerkungen zu Kaefergemeinschaften und zur Oekologie einiger Wirtspflanzen. Beitraege zur Oekologie phytophager Kaefer VI. Weevil News 5: 1 - 10" title="Bericht ueber eine einwoechige Ruesselkaeferexkursion (Col., Curculionoidea) nach Malta mit Bemerkungen zu Kaefergemeinschaften und zur Oekologie einiger Wirtspflanzen. Beitraege zur Oekologie phytophager Kaefer VI." volume="5" year="2001">Sprick 2001</bibRefCitation>
). In west Palearctic larvae are most frequently found in the roots of
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lanceolata" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="lanceolata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">P. lanceolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, boring channels in upper part of the root crown. Larger roots may inhabit several larvae. Pupation takes place during early summer in the pupal chamber situated in the upper part of larval channel. After emergence, adults overwinter in the soil litter nearby host plant.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Remarks and comparative notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
This species is very common and widespread in the Palearctic region. It was also reported in North America (
<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, CW" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 382" refId="B33" refString="O'Brien, CW, Wibmer, GJ, 1982. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 34: 1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)." volume="34" year="1982">
<normalizedToken originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
and Wibmer 1982
</bibRefCitation>
). The adult is distinctly variable in the size and shape of the body and vestiture within the same population. It differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. circulatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="circulatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">M. circulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the black integument and ventrite 5 in the male bearing a median tuft of hair. In larvae, the pronotum has eleven
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prns</emphasis>
instead of eight, the pedal lobes have five
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pda</emphasis>
instead of three, the anal lobes with two
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">ts</emphasis>
instead of one, the head with four
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">pes</emphasis>
instead of five, the mandible with one
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">mds</emphasis>
instead of two, the mala with five
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">vms</emphasis>
instead of four, and the
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">prms</emphasis>
are longer. The pupae also differ from those of
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. circulatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="circulatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">M. circulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a different number of setae on head, pronotum and abdominal segments I-VII (see key to the pupae). However, morphological and molecular studies (I.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Toševski">Tosevski</normalizedToken>
, unpublished data) demonstrate a clear relationship between
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. pyraster" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pyraster">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">M. pyraster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. circulatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="circulatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">M. circulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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