329 lines
44 KiB
XML
329 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document id="2634ADDE30352B482FE049999E40258D" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.203566" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b0d2ce84-ab89-47e3-bae3-b29c856b2921" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="203566" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460238170632" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Neumann, Dirk, Stiassny, Melanie L. J. & Schliewen, Ulrich K." docDate="2011" docId="3F289856720CFF9C4ABDFB7B640CF954" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02765p020.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2765" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Sarotherodon knauerae Neumann, Stiassny & Schliewen, 2011, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="C311E02E720AFF954A2AFFFD6007FFE8" masterDocTitle="Two new sympatric Sarotherodon species (Pisces: Cichlidae) endemic to Lake Ejagham, Cameroon, west-central Africa, with comments on the Sarotherodon galilaeus species complex" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698239940788" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="8B4C94C613F7538B8E5EBF03B1CE0F80" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1AC43E15F640A85013DFEE875A7AD36C">
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<mods:title id="2FB3BFDC2277F29EA1D548722E162C26">Two new sympatric Sarotherodon species (Pisces: Cichlidae) endemic to Lake Ejagham, Cameroon, west-central Africa, with comments on the Sarotherodon galilaeus species complex</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="93181E3E58719899F376892D1C142D69" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="97233AA7687F8EF3311197CB6F748013">
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<mods:roleTerm id="256EC15E797E41313B6791ADC8DB4C49">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="57ACFE0B2B0E889BE64FA2F2FBAB4599">Neumann, Dirk</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="CBBE3FFC216423FC471ACFB888140B50" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="6535FF360B54849290719E3CE370558E">
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<mods:roleTerm id="97A943B7DE822ED4B2A7A674DF7935D6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A676E868D8E85FEA1CB867B54819081A">Stiassny, Melanie L. J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="7FBD3396D21A2302877469683EE38F8B" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="F9C4E70D89E683D7A98A97F7F28420A8">
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<mods:roleTerm id="43095A1CED50161F106E036D0FAAA854">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="46AF6814BE009BA61F55A171B035D5F4">Schliewen, Ulrich K.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A00BFE25A3962D5B62C8789C9CBAACD3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5BEBA7865794F426E8610C4D685BA491">
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<mods:title id="856DD882C587D7794159F49834A9EFE7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="D713086D077BEF3A78AD140FC4AECECD">
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<mods:date id="CAD53A2A0176308CA9663D7DAE67E963">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="2C0F4488FDD14D11CD39C0A5C3DE0EED" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7E170F44345B90C19E5D124996FE0E6D">2765</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="EC5E74CA1986BF3F927C2E825EC84E88">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="1A3557D8118673FBF7F70B8EA2B25359">20</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification id="BB41B4E02666C8AEAEDF8C4203A3C3FA">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B5ED82FFDB1E0E248A864CAF0861922F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.203566</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="80264309E6487E6102E6652BA57A5CD8" type="GBIF-Dataset">b0d2ce84-ab89-47e3-bae3-b29c856b2921</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="86B35FE6945B6BD61423D45F334E325B" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4C876E9F090F5F6AA1B689D488FB283F" type="Zenodo-Dep">203566</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="3F289856720CFF9C4ABDFB7B640CF954" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671855" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119389011" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5671855" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BF20F1A2-E338-4E6B-B9CF-93B6EA3B3D27" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F289856720CFF9C4ABDFB7B640CF954" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection id="FF9B7ACB720CFF934ABDFB7B619EFB29" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="B73E2940720CFF934ABDFB7B6225FB48" blockId="6.[151,546,1158,1217]" box="[151,546,1158,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading id="EC769E2C720CFF934ABDFB7B6225FB48" bold="true" box="[151,546,1158,1184]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934ABDFB7B6225FB48" bold="true" box="[151,546,1158,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF934ABDFB7B61B1FB48" ID-CoL="6XNRD" box="[151,438,1158,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="knauerae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934ABDFB7B61B1FB48" bold="true" box="[151,438,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sarotherodon knauerae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="9EC64829720CFF934BEFFB7B6225FB48" box="[453,546,1158,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B73E2940720CFF934ABDFB54619EFB29" blockId="6.[151,546,1158,1217]" box="[151,409,1193,1217]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<figureCitation id="2FBA35C5720CFF934ABDFB546118FB29" box="[151,287,1193,1217]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,756,779]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,250,1660,1683]" captionTargetBox-0="[241,1345,879,1851]" captionTargetBox-1="[185,1402,193,735]" captionTargetBox-2="[188,1398,828,1639]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[241,1345,879,1851]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[185,1402,193,735]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[188,1398,828,1639]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Sarotherodon knauerae. A. ZSM 29924, male (holotype). B. ZSM 29926, female (paratype)." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Anterior squamation, A. Sarotherodon knauerae, B. Sarotherodon lamprechti." captionText-2="FIGURE 6. Sarotherodon knauerae in natural colouration A. Adult male. B. Adult female. D. Feeding female. E. Substrate feeding juvenile." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/203568/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/203569/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/203570/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figures 4–6</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="2FBA35C5720CFF934B00FB54613DFB29" box="[298,314,1193,1217]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1834,1857]" captionTargetBox="[167,1421,208,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Lower pharyngeal jaw in ventral and dorsal view, A. Sarotherodon knauerae, B. Sarotherodon lamprechti. Upper pharyngeal jaw, left side in ventral view, C. Sarotherodon knauerae, D. Sarotherodon lamprechti, E. Sarotherodon galilaeus (Lower Niger). Abbreviations: Ep 1 – 4, epibranchials 1 – 4, Pb 2 – 3, pharyngobranchials 2 – 3, Pb 3 tp, toothplate of Pb 3, UP 4, fourth upper pharyngeal toothplate. Double headed arrows indicate width of Pb 2. Pharyngeal bones scaled proportionately for comparison (A. vs. B.) and (C. vs. D. vs. E.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203572/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8</figureCitation>
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; Table 3
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FF9B7ACB720CFF934ABDFB146363FA31" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="B73E2940720CFF934ABDFB146363FA31" blockId="6.[151,1436,1257,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934ABDFB14610CFAE9" bold="true" box="[151,267,1257,1281]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<typeStatus id="683A97E2720CFF934ABDFB146101FAE9" box="[151,262,1257,1281]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF934B3CFB146157FAE9" box="[278,336,1257,1281]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZSM</collectionCode>
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29924, male
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<quantity id="707984A5720CFF934BD9FB14625BFAE9" box="[499,604,1257,1281]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.52" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="75.2">75.2 mm</quantity>
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SL;
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<collectingCountry id="CF9669D0720CFF9348B0FB146314FAE9" box="[666,787,1257,1281]" name="Cameroon" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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: South-West Prov.: Lake Ejagham, (Cross River basin), Manyu Subdivision;
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<geoCoordinate id="D2B54F87720CFF934BA9FAF061E7FACD" box="[387,480,1293,1317]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="925" value="5.75">5° 45' N</geoCoordinate>
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/
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<geoCoordinate id="D2B54F87720CFF934BDDFAF06252FACD" box="[503,597,1293,1317]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" precision="925" value="8.983334">8° 59' E</geoCoordinate>
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; February-March 1993,
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<collectingCountry id="CF9669D0720CFF93494DFAF363A2FACD" box="[871,933,1294,1317]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">U. K.</collectingCountry>
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Schliewen.
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<typeStatus id="683A97E2720CFF934E1AFAF064AFFACD" box="[1072,1192,1293,1317]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="paratype">
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||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934E1AFAF064AFFACD" bold="true" box="[1072,1192,1293,1317]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paratypes</emphasis>
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</typeStatus>
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.
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<specimenCount id="A187E2C9720CFF934E9CFAF06555FACD" box="[1206,1362,1293,1317]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="generic">60 specimens</specimenCount>
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, 76.7– 29.0 mm SL; same data as
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<typeStatus id="683A97E2720CFF934BE2FACC6229FAA1" box="[456,558,1329,1353]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF934813FACC6288FAA1" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[569,655,1329,1353]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">AMNH</collectionCode>
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233728 (2, ex
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<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF934913FACC6375FAA1" box="[825,882,1329,1353]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZSM</collectionCode>
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29928),
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<quantity id="707984A5720CFF9349F2FACC647CFAA1" box="[984,1147,1329,1353]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.685" metricValueMax="6.09" metricValueMin="5.279999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="56.849999999999994" valueMax="60.9" valueMin="52.8">52.8–60.9 mm</quantity>
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||
SL.
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<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF934E9BFACC64FFFAA1" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" box="[1201,1272,1329,1353]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ANSP</collectionCode>
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||
188864 (2, ex
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<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF934ABDFAA860D7FA85" box="[151,208,1365,1389]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZSM</collectionCode>
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29928),
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<quantity id="707984A5720CFF934B1CFAA861DDFA85" box="[310,474,1365,1389]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.445" metricValueMax="5.67" metricValueMin="5.22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="54.45" valueMax="56.7" valueMin="52.2">52.2–56.7 mm</quantity>
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SL.
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<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF93483AFAA86265FA85" box="[528,610,1365,1389]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z14b-bb31" name="Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">MRAC</collectionCode>
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2004-04-P-1-2 (2, ex
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<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF934975FAA8639EFA85" box="[863,921,1365,1389]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZSM</collectionCode>
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29928),
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<quantity id="707984A5720CFF9349D4FAA864A5FA85" box="[1022,1186,1365,1389]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.935" metricValueMax="5.95" metricValueMin="5.92" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="59.35" valueMax="59.5" valueMin="59.2">59.2–59.5 mm</quantity>
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SL.
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<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF934EF3FAA86515FA85" box="[1241,1298,1365,1389]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZSM</collectionCode>
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29925 (11),
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<quantity id="707984A5720CFF934ABDFA84613DFA79" box="[151,314,1401,1425]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.459999999999999" metricValueMax="7.67" metricValueMin="5.25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="64.6" valueMax="76.7" valueMin="52.5">52.5–76.7 mm</quantity>
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||
SL.
|
||
<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF934B5BFA8461ADFA79" box="[369,426,1401,1425]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZSM</collectionCode>
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||
29926 (10),
|
||
<quantity id="707984A5720CFF934817FA8462E6FA79" box="[573,737,1401,1425]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.43" metricValueMax="7.37" metricValueMin="5.49" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="64.3" valueMax="73.7" valueMin="54.9">54.9–73.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL.
|
||
<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF934932FA846356FA79" box="[792,849,1401,1425]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
29927 (5), 29.0–
|
||
<quantity id="707984A5720CFF934E3FFA84647EFA79" box="[1045,1145,1401,1425]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.96" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="39.6">39.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL.
|
||
<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF934E9AFA8464EEFA79" box="[1200,1257,1401,1425]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
29928 (34 now 28), 45.0–
|
||
<quantity id="707984A5720CFF934B26FA606175FA5D" box="[268,370,1437,1461]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.36" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="63.6">63.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL.
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934B81FA606288FA5E" bold="true" box="[427,655,1437,1462]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Non-type material.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF9348B2FA6362E9FA5E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[664,750,1438,1462]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
251428 (2 C&S, ex
|
||
<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF9349CBFA60641CFA5D" box="[993,1051,1437,1461]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
27683),
|
||
<quantity id="707984A5720CFF934EA9FA60652EFA5D" box="[1155,1321,1437,1461]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.32" metricValueMax="4.82" metricValueMin="3.82" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="43.2" valueMax="48.2" valueMin="38.2">38.2–48.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL.
|
||
<collectionCode id="D190B185720CFF934F48FA60659CFA5D" box="[1378,1435,1437,1461]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ZSM</collectionCode>
|
||
30464 (12), juveniles
|
||
<quantity id="707984A5720CFF934BA6FA3C6228FA31" box="[396,559,1473,1497]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.625" metricValueMax="5.09" metricValueMin="4.16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="46.25" valueMax="50.9" valueMin="41.6">41.6–50.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL; same data as
|
||
<typeStatus id="683A97E2720CFF9348D0FA3C6367FA31" box="[762,864,1473,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FF9B7ACB720CFF934AEFFA1862E4F81D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E2940720CFF934AEFFA1862E4F81D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1257,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934AEFFA186138FA16" bold="true" box="[197,319,1509,1534]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF934B6FFA18624BFA15" box="[325,588,1509,1533]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="knauerae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934B6FFA18624BFA15" box="[325,588,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sarotherodon knauerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9EC64829720CFF934878FA1862ACFA15" box="[594,683,1509,1533]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934878FA1862ACFA15" bold="true" box="[594,683,1509,1533]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is distinguished from all congeners by the possession of an inflated second pharyngobranchial element in the upper pharyngeal jaw, and is one of the smallest known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF934ED7F9F46593F9C9" box="[1277,1428,1545,1569]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934ED7F9F46593F9C9" box="[1277,1428,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sarotherodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reaching a maximum observed size of only
|
||
<quantity id="707984A5720CFF9348ABF9D062E3F9AD" box="[641,740,1581,1605]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.52" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="75.2">75.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL. It further differs from sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF934EA0F9D36519F9AD" box="[1162,1310,1581,1605]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamprechti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934EA0F9D36519F9AD" box="[1162,1310,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. lamprechti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9EC64829720CFF934F0FF9D06578F9AD" box="[1317,1407,1581,1605]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934F0FF9D06578F9AD" bold="true" box="[1317,1407,1581,1605]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in possessing a terminal (vs. prognathous) mouth, scaled pectoral fin base, short pectoral fins ending at or in front of anus (vs. reaching first anal fin-spine or beyond) and short pelvic fins ending well in front of anus (vs. reaching anus). Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF934B54F9676204F959" box="[382,515,1689,1713]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="knauerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934B54F9676204F959" box="[382,515,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. knauerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses a shorter upper lip (19.1–25.4 vs. 22.5–28.4 % HL), a higher total gill raker count (24–30, mode 28 vs. 20–25, mode 22), and larger eyes (24.0–31.2 % HL, mode 27.3 vs. 20.4–29.2 % HL, mode 22.8). Distinguished from neighbouring riverine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF934907F91F63A8F911" box="[813,943,1761,1785]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galilaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934907F91F63A8F911" box="[813,943,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. galilaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations (Cross, Wouri & Lower
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CF9669D0720CFF934F66F91C6597F911" box="[1356,1424,1761,1785]" name="Niger" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Niger</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF934ABDF8FB6169F8F5" box="[151,366,1797,1821]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galilaeus" subSpecies="multifasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934ABDF8FB6169F8F5" box="[151,366,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. g. multifasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF934B8CF8FB6250F8F5" box="[422,599,1797,1821]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galilaeus" subSpecies="borkuanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934B8CF8FB6250F8F5" box="[422,599,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. g. borkuanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a shorter anal fin (12.0–14.6 % SL vs. 15.3–19.3 % SL / 15.1–25.7 % SL and 13.4–17.9 % SL) and narrower caudal peduncle (12.8–14.5 % SL vs. 16.0–18.7 % SL / 13.9–18.3 % SL and 13.6–17.4 % SL). It differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF934813F8B36290F88D" box="[569,663,1869,1893]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caroli">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934813F8B36290F88D" box="[569,663,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. caroli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF9348E7F8B36346F88D" box="[717,833,1869,1893]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linnellii">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF9348E7F8B36346F88D" box="[717,833,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. linnellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in higher gill raker counts (24–30 mode 28 vs. 18–20 mode 19 / 15–18 mode 18), from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF934824F88F62C8F861" box="[526,719,1906,1929]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galilaeus" subSpecies="sanagaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934824F88F62C8F861" box="[526,719,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. g. sanagaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a lower preorbital depth (17.8–23.0 vs. 25.0–27.8 % HL) and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF934AFCF86B618DF845" box="[214,394,1941,1965]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="galilaeus" subSpecies="boulengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF934AFCF86B618DF845" box="[214,394,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. g. boulengeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and riverine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF93480EF868632BF845" box="[548,812,1941,1965]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galilaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF93480EF868632BF845" box="[548,812,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sarotherodon galilaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a lower body depth (36.5–43.9 vs. 44.5–50.0 % SL and 43.5–44.6 % SL). Finally it differs from all other Lake Barombi Mbo
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720CFF9349FFF844646AF839" box="[981,1133,1977,2001]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720CFF9349FFF844646AF839" box="[981,1133,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sarotherodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a higher number of dorsal fin-rays (13 or 14, mode 13 vs. 10–12, mode 11).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FF9B7ACB720DFF9C4AEFFF6A6174FABC" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E2940720DFF924AEFFF6A6402FED7" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720DFF924AEFFF6A6150FF58" bold="true" box="[197,343,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on
|
||
<typeStatus id="683A97E2720DFF924BF9FF6A6232FF47" box="[467,565,151,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and 60
|
||
<typeStatus id="683A97E2720DFF9248BCFF656302FF58" box="[662,773,152,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
. For morphometric and meristic data refer to Table 3, for general appearance see
|
||
<figureCitation id="2FBA35C5720DFF924BB4FF4161EDFF3C" box="[414,490,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[241,1345,879,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[241,1345,879,1851]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sarotherodon knauerae. A. ZSM 29924, male (holotype). B. ZSM 29926, female (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203568/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A&B and 6A&B.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720DFF92489EFF4163BDFF3C" box="[692,954,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="knauerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720DFF92489EFF4163BDFF3C" box="[692,954,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sarotherodon knauerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the smallest known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720DFF924F2EFF41659BFF3C" box="[1284,1436,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720DFF924F2EFF41659BFF3C" box="[1284,1436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sarotherodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(maximum size
|
||
<quantity id="707984A5720DFF924B64FF2261B3FF1F" box="[334,436,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.52" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="75.2">75.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL,
|
||
<typeStatus id="683A97E2720DFF924BC6FF226256FF1F" box="[492,593,223,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, mature male). Snout acute, mouth terminal, lips thickened but not fleshy. Head profile straight, sharply convex behind nape to dorsal fin; ventral head profile convex. Greatest body depth between insertion of dorsal and pelvic fins. Caudal peduncle deeper than long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E2940720DFF924AEFFEB1650BFD88" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Squamation. Two scale rows on cheek, two additional scales dorso-rostrally; opercle irregularly covered with scales increasing in size towards dorso-caudal corner. Small cycloid scales cover chest, pectoral-fin base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2FBA35C5720DFF924F1FFE926570FE6F" box="[1333,1399,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,756,779]" captionTargetBox="[185,1402,193,735]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[185,1402,193,735]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Anterior squamation, A. Sarotherodon knauerae, B. Sarotherodon lamprechti." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203569/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A), and interpelvic area; relatively abrupt size transition behind pelvic-fin base to ventral flank scales, which are nearly twice as large as chest scales. Belly covered with small circular scales; minute scales around anus and at spiny anal fin-base. Upper branch of lateral line ascending to spiny dorsal fin and separated from it by 3 scale rows, ending 1– 1.5 scale rows below fin and separated from lower lateral line by two scale rows; lower lateral line beginning above level of second anal fin-spine and extending onto caudal fin (mean of two pored scales on caudal fin). Caudal finrays except distal fifth finely scaled along fin rays, squamation of basal parts not restricted to fin rays.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E2940720DFF924AEFFD91640CFCD2" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fins. Dorsal fin XV or XVI (mode XVI) spines, 13 or 14 (mode 13) branched rays. Anal fin III spines, 10–12 (mode 11) branched rays. Dorsal fin increasing in height to 5th spine, following spines of equal length. Dorsal fin membranes ending below tip of spines (females) or at tip and slightly produced (males). Rayed dorsal and anal fins rounded, reaching caudal-fin base. Pelvic fin-spine about half the length of first branched ray, fin pointed but not produced, ending well in front of anus. Pectoral fin pointed, branched rays increasing in length to fourth ray, and then gradually decreasing in length. Caudal fin truncated and deeper than long.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E3FE79C8720DFF924ABDF8AC64C2F880" box="[151,1221,1873,1896]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203568/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[241,1345,879,1851]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E2940720DFF924ABDF8AC64C2F880" blockId="7.[151,1221,1873,1896]" box="[151,1221,1873,1896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720DFF924ABDF8AC6115F88F" bold="true" box="[151,274,1873,1896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C3720DFF924B33F8AC6200F88F" box="[281,519,1873,1895]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="knauerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F552720DFF924B33F8AC6200F88F" box="[281,519,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sarotherodon knauerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. ZSM 29924, male (holotype). B. ZSM 29926, female (paratype).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E3FE79C87202FF9D4ABDFD096436FCE3" box="[151,1073,756,779]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203569/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[185,1402,193,735]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E29407202FF9D4ABDFD096436FCE3" blockId="8.[151,1073,756,779]" box="[151,1073,756,779]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F5527202FF9D4ABDFD09610BFCE2" bold="true" box="[151,268,756,779]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
|
||
. Anterior squamation, A.
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F5527202FF9D483FFD08630EFCE3" box="[533,777,757,779]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C37202FF9D483FFD086301FCE3" box="[533,774,757,779]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="knauerae">Sarotherodon knauerae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
B.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C37202FF9D4907FD08642BFCE3" box="[813,1068,757,779]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lamprechti">Sarotherodon lamprechti</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="E3FE79C87202FF9D4ABDF9816145F959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203570/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[188,1398,828,1639]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E29407202FF9D4ABDF9816145F959" blockId="8.[151,1436,1660,1713]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F5527202FF9D4ABDF9816113F97A" bold="true" box="[151,276,1660,1683]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C37202FF9D4B36F980620AF97B" box="[284,525,1661,1683]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="knauerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F5527202FF9D4B36F980620AF97B" box="[284,525,1661,1683]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sarotherodon knauerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in natural colouration A. Adult male. B. Adult female. D. Feeding female. E. Substrate feeding juvenile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E29407202FF9D4AEFF9236173F88A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1758,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Gill rakers. Total rakers on first arch 24–30 (mode 28). Rakers stout, truncated distally (not slender and elongate as in most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C37202FF9D4B6CF8FE61CEF8F3" box="[326,457,1795,1819]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galilaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F5527202FF9D4B6CF8FE61CEF8F3" box="[326,457,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. galilaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations); first ceratobranchial rakers small, increasing in length from fifth to ninth raker, then equal in length. Gill raker in angle of arch and first four epibranchial rakers slender, strongly decreasing in size towards last.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E29407202FF9C4AEFF8926302FF1F" blockId="8.[151,1437,1758,2034]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1724]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Jaws and dentition. Jaws isognathous with 44–81 (mean 63) slender necked bicuspid outer-row teeth on upper and 32–50 (mean 41) on lower jaw. Outer row teeth with laterally compressed cusps and deeply embedded in the soft tissue (up to the crown); single posterior outer row teeth tricuspid. Two rows of tricuspid inner teeth on both jaws. Lower pharyngeal jaw relatively stout, ventral keel relatively short, less than twice the length of dentigerous area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2FBA35C57203FF9C4AFFFF6A611FFF47" box="[213,280,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1834,1857]" captionTargetBox="[167,1421,208,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Lower pharyngeal jaw in ventral and dorsal view, A. Sarotherodon knauerae, B. Sarotherodon lamprechti. Upper pharyngeal jaw, left side in ventral view, C. Sarotherodon knauerae, D. Sarotherodon lamprechti, E. Sarotherodon galilaeus (Lower Niger). Abbreviations: Ep 1 – 4, epibranchials 1 – 4, Pb 2 – 3, pharyngobranchials 2 – 3, Pb 3 tp, toothplate of Pb 3, UP 4, fourth upper pharyngeal toothplate. Double headed arrows indicate width of Pb 2. Pharyngeal bones scaled proportionately for comparison (A. vs. B.) and (C. vs. D. vs. E.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203572/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Dentigerous area covered with fine unicuspid teeth, crowded and brush-like in the posterior part of the tooth plate. Second pharyngobranchial element of upper pharyngeal jaw inflated and vacuolated, bearing two or three robust unicuspid teeth on posterior face (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2FBA35C57203FF9C48B5FF2262E5FF1F" box="[671,738,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1834,1857]" captionTargetBox="[167,1421,208,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Lower pharyngeal jaw in ventral and dorsal view, A. Sarotherodon knauerae, B. Sarotherodon lamprechti. Upper pharyngeal jaw, left side in ventral view, C. Sarotherodon knauerae, D. Sarotherodon lamprechti, E. Sarotherodon galilaeus (Lower Niger). Abbreviations: Ep 1 – 4, epibranchials 1 – 4, Pb 2 – 3, pharyngobranchials 2 – 3, Pb 3 tp, toothplate of Pb 3, UP 4, fourth upper pharyngeal toothplate. Double headed arrows indicate width of Pb 2. Pharyngeal bones scaled proportionately for comparison (A. vs. B.) and (C. vs. D. vs. E.)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203572/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E29407203FF9C4AEFFEFE64E3FE1C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F5527203FF9C4AEFFEFE616BFEF4" bold="true" box="[197,364,259,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colour in life</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="2FBA35C57203FF9C4BAAFEF961C0FEF4" box="[384,455,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1660,1683]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,828,1639]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1398,828,1639]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sarotherodon knauerae in natural colouration A. Adult male. B. Adult female. D. Feeding female. E. Substrate feeding juvenile." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203570/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). Males: Base body colour golden, sometimes with metallic golden-green hue. Metallic hue most evident on upper lip and cheek. Lateral bands present in juveniles and subadults, in adult males sometimes visible as irregular blotches or dots. Additional irregular black blotches may be present along dorsal-fin base. Nuptial males have black lower jaws, lower parts of opercular region, chest and belly extending back to anal fin and along anal fin insertion, including pelvic fins and pectoral fin insertion. Iris dark greyish black with golden inner rim. Dorsal fin golden-yellowish, free tips of dorsal spines and distal margin of rayed fin black. Caudal fin golden-grey medially, dusky greyish towards the lobes, ventral lobe almost black in nuptial males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E29407203FF9C4AEFFE026358FC04" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Females: Overall body colour light grey with metallic bluish-golden iridescence laterally on flanks and head; golden iridescence on cheek and opercle. Iris clear or slightly yellowish with golden inner rim. Upper lip metallic blue, lower lip and ventral head and belly white to light grey. Dorsal fin transparent with distinct golden iridescence and narrow dark outer margin. Caudal fin yellowish-golden medially becoming transparent distally. Anal fin yellowish-white, pelvic fins reddish near fin insertion and white distally.
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F5527203FF9C49F3FD7264F4FD40" bold="true" box="[985,1267,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Colour in preservation</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="2FBA35C57203FF9C4F2DFD726557FD4F" box="[1287,1360,655,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1873,1896]" captionTargetBox="[241,1345,879,1851]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[241,1345,879,1851]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Sarotherodon knauerae. A. ZSM 29924, male (holotype). B. ZSM 29926, female (paratype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203568/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A&B). Males: Overall brownish. Lips dark brownish grey, ventral part of lower lip blackish. Cheek pale brown, opercle with faint opercular blotch at distal corner. Branchiostegal membranes brownish to dark brown. Six dark brown bands starting one scale below upper lateral line and extending onto belly. Belly and chest laterally dark brown, white ventrally between pelvics and anus. Dorsal fin membrane distally beige, produced lappets and sometimes additional parts of the fin dark brown to blackish; rayed portion of fin beige brown, with five to six faint irregular brown stripes. “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C37203FF9C4B61FC9A619BFC97" box="[331,412,871,895]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Tilapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tilapia</taxonomicName>
|
||
spot” present as faint brown blotch over base of last dorsal spine. Caudal fin beige with brownish membranes between rays. Anal fin beige, becoming brownish near fin base, some males with a broad dark brown to black band near fin base. Pelvic fins dusky brown and strongly pigmented. Pectoral fins beige brownish and translucent, pectoral fin base strongly pigmented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E29407203FF9C4AEFFC0A6174FABC" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Females: Overall colouration pale brown. Lips light beige to greyish, lip fold of upper jaw brownish grey, ventrally lower lip greyish. Interorbital pale to dark brown, nape and region in front of dorsal fin insertion brown. Cheek brownish, upper part of the opercle dark brown, fusing with opercular blotch at distal corner, ventrally opercle and branchiostegal membranes beige. Vertical bars faintly visible on flanks, their vertical expansion restricted to area of lower lateral line. Chest brownish, belly laterally pale greyish, black abdominal wall, white ventrally between pelvics and anus. Dorsal fin membrane beige distally, lappets and sometimes additional parts of fin brownish, with brownish markings near fin base, rayed fin beige brown, with four faint irregular brown stripes. “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C37203FF9C4A8BFB0960F5FAE4" box="[161,242,1268,1292]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Tilapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tilapia</taxonomicName>
|
||
spot” not visible. Caudal fin beige with brownish membranes between rays. Anal fin beige with conspicuous brown band near fin base in some females. Pelvic fins beige, pectoral fins pale brown and translucent, pectoral fin base pigmented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FF9B7ACB7203FF9C4AEFFAA26413F99C" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E29407203FF9C4AEFFAA26413F99C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F5527203FF9C4AEFFAA261F6FA90" bold="true" box="[197,497,1375,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C37203FF9C4BD3FA9D6306FA90" box="[505,769,1376,1400]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="knauerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F5527203FF9C4BD3FA9D6306FA90" box="[505,769,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sarotherodon knauerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a gregarious, predominantly benthic species, endemic to Lake Ejagham in the Cross River drainage (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CF9669D07203FF9C48A8FA7962F9FA74" box="[642,766,1412,1436]" name="Cameroon" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
). It is present in all habitats and at all depths, but appears to be most common inshore (to
|
||
<quantity id="707984A57203FF9C4BF6FA55620FFA28" box="[476,520,1448,1472]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</quantity>
|
||
) than in deeper zones. Presence of numerous juveniles in the dry season (January/ February) suggests that reproduction takes place predominantly in the rainy season (August/September). Adults in nuptial colouration are commonly observed in the rainy season and less frequently in the dry season. The species is a detritivore, taking detritus from both soft and hard substrates (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="2FBA35C57203FF9C4981F9E963E8F9C4" box="[939,1007,1556,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1660,1683]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,828,1639]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1398,828,1639]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Sarotherodon knauerae in natural colouration A. Adult male. B. Adult female. D. Feeding female. E. Substrate feeding juvenile." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/203570/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
C) as well as from the water surface. Males do not vigorously defend courtship territories with a bower. In aquaria
|
||
<taxonomicName id="708152C37203FF9C4E02F9C564B7F9B8" box="[1064,1200,1592,1616]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Sarotherodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="knauerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F5527203FF9C4E02F9C564B7F9B8" box="[1064,1200,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. knauerae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are maternal mouth brooders, however, spawning and brood care has not been observed in the field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FF9B7ACB7203FF9C4AEFF97D640CF954" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B73E29407203FF9C4AEFF97D640CF954" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1724]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="85F5F5527203FF9C4AEFF97D614BF970" bold="true" box="[197,332,1664,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Named for Mrs. Barbara Knauer, former technician at the Max-Planck-Institut (Seewiesen), who substantially supported UKS as a technician and friend during his PhD studies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |