treatments-xml/data/31/3A/8D/313A8D592A7154EBB742FE9E3E775BD6.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220" ID-PMC="PMC5301980" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-76-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFD7AF2DFF994778FFC85434FFDCFF9C" ID-PubMed="28228682" ID-Zenodo-Dep="231074" ModsDocID="1314-2003-76-1" checkinTime="1483626218802" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Diazgranados, Mauricio &amp; Sanchez, Luis Roberto" docDate="2017" docId="313A8D592A7154EBB742FE9E3E775BD6" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 76: 1-12" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 76" docPubDate="2017-01-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220" docTitle="Espeletia praesidentis Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FFD7AF2DFF994778FFC85434FFDCFF9C" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFD7AF2DFF994778FFC85434FFDCFF9C" masterDocTitle="Espeletia praesidentis, a new species of Espeletiinae (Millerieae, Asteraceae) from northeastern Colombia" masterLastPageNumber="12" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1668141899540" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Espeletia praesidentis, a new species of Espeletiinae (Millerieae, Asteraceae) from northeastern Colombia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Diazgranados, Mauricio</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0448-5706</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Natural Capital and Plant Health department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place Ardingly, West Sussex, RH 17 6 TN, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">m.diazgranados@kew.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sanchez, Luis Roberto</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Departamento de Biologia y Quimica. Universidad de Pamplona. Pamplona, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2017-01-05</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>76</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>12</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-76-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFD7AF2DFF994778FFC85434FFDCFF9C</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">231074</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182226361" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:313A8D592A7154EBB742FE9E3E775BD6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/313A8D592A7154EBB742FE9E3E775BD6" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName LSID="313A8D59-2A71-54EB-B742-FE9E3E775BD6" authority="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sánchez" authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis" status="sp. nov.">
Espeletia praesidentis Diazgr. &amp; L.R. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Espeletia praesidentis: A habitat, showing a large population B holotype collection (M. Diazgranados &amp; L. R. Sanchez 3865), with stemmed rosette habit and very long capitulescences C frontal view of capitulum D dorsal view of capitulum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117019" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Illustrations of Espeletia praesidentis. A outer phyllary B Inner (sterile) phyllary C ray flower palea D ray flower E disc flower palea F disc flower G dorsal view of cypselae from ray flower. Illustrations made by Lauren Merchant." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117020" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">, 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Photomicrographs of Espeletia praesidentis. A stigmatic branches of ray flower B stigmatic branches of disc flower with abundant papillae C detail of a stigmatic branch of ray flower with pollen grains D Pollen grain." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117021" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparison of similar Espeletia species. A Espeletia brassicoidea B Espeletia canescens C Espeletia conglomerata D Espeletia dugandii E Espeletia praesidentis F Espeletia standleyana G Espeletia steyermarkii. The hygrophilous and always monocephalous Espeletia estanislana was not included because of its very distinctive morphology. Above: plant habit; below: adult leaves with sheaths, and complete capitulescences." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117022" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">, 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of rosette colours. A Espeletia dugandii B Espeletia praesidentis." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117023" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">, 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution map showing the collection locality for Espeletia praesidentis (red circle), and collections of other Espeletia species found in the area: Espeletia brassicoidea (green circles), Espeletia canescens (orange squares), Espeletia conglomerata (blue squares), Espeletia standleyana (yellow triangles) and Espeletia steyermarkii (pink pentagons). Topographic map from Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri), HERE, DeLorme, TomTom, Intermap, Increment P Corp., General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), United States Geological Survey (USGS), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), National Park Service (NPS), Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), GeoBase, Institut Geographique National (IGN), Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (METI), Esri China (Hong Kong), Swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117024" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">, 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2009-10-03" collectorName="M. Diazgranados, L. R. Sanchez" country="COLOMBIA" county="Paramo de Presidente. En" elevation="8" latitude="6.99727" location="En" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.68138" municipality="Chitaga" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Norte de Santander" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry name="Colombia">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion country="Colombia" name="Norte de Santander">Norte de Santander</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCounty>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
de Presidente. En
</collectingCounty>
<normalizedToken originalValue="vía">via</normalizedToken>
a 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chitagá">
<collectingMunicipality>Chitaga</collectingMunicipality>
</normalizedToken>
, llegando al 
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:313A8D592A7154EBB742FE9E3E775BD6:0430185C0B1C0B76AE04F9652D6B1635" country="COLOMBIA" county="Paramo de Presidente. En" latitude="6.99727" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.68138" municipality="Chitaga" name="En" stateProvince="Norte de Santander">En</location>
frailejonal-pajonal 
<normalizedToken originalValue="típico">tipico</normalizedToken>
. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:313A8D592A7154EBB742FE9E3E775BD6:411A476113726B5BAD0538153397DCCC" country="COLOMBIA" county="Paramo de Presidente. En" latitude="6.99727" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.68138" municipality="Chitaga" name="Muy" stateProvince="Norte de Santander">Muy</location>
abundante. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Caulirrósula">Caulirrosula</normalizedToken>
. Alt. tot.: 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="m" value="0.8">
<elevation metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="m" value="0.8">0.8 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; alt. de la roseta: 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="0.4">
<elevation metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="0.4">0.4 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; inflorescencias: 2 maduras y 4 secas, con escapo desnudo, con 3-5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="capítulos">capitulos</normalizedToken>
, cada uno de 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" unit="cm" value="2.1">2.1 cm</quantity>
de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="diámetro">diametro</normalizedToken>
; hojas 
<normalizedToken originalValue="más">mas</normalizedToken>
angostas que otros individuos 
<normalizedToken originalValue="simpátricos">simpatricos</normalizedToken>
. Alt. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.503" unit="m" value="3503.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.503" unit="m" value="3503.0">3503 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, - 
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="40.8828" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-72.68138">72°40.8828'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="6" direction="north" minutes="59.8362" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.99727">6°59.8362'N</geoCoordinate>
. 
<collectingDate value="2009-10-03">3 Oct. 2009</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<collectorName>M. Diazgranados</collectorName>
</emphasis>
&amp; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<collectorName>
L.R. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
3865
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
: COL; isotypes: HECASA and to be distributed)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Caulescent rosette of yellowish-whitish appearance, with leaf laminae linear or linear-obovate, naked scapes with long peduncles and 3(-5) capitula, small in diameter, disc paleae oblong, oblanceolate or narrowly obtrullate, very short yellow ray flowers, and lobes of disc corollas with hairs. Similar to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuatrec" authorityYear="1941" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia dugandii" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dugandii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Espeletia dugandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but more yellowish, with much linear and narrower leaf laminae, much longer peduncles, smaller capitula and ray flowers, and disc corolla lobes with more hairs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Caulescent polycarpic rosette of yellowish-whitish appearance (not cinereous), 0.8-1.5 m tall (including capitulescences), growing in grassland of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
proper. Excluding reproductive parts, rosette 40-60 cm in diameter, on stems 0-40 cm tall (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Espeletia praesidentis: A habitat, showing a large population B holotype collection (M. Diazgranados &amp; L. R. Sanchez 3865), with stemmed rosette habit and very long capitulescences C frontal view of capitulum D dorsal view of capitulum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117019" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1 A-B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="988745" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117019" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia praesidentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A</emphasis>
habitat, showing a large population 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
holotype collection (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. Diazgranados</emphasis>
&amp; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
L.R. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
3865
</emphasis>
), with stemmed rosette habit and very long capitulescences 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
frontal view of capitulum 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D</emphasis>
dorsal view of capitulum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="988747" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117020" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Illustrations of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia praesidentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A</emphasis>
outer phyllary 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
Inner (sterile) phyllary 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
ray flower palea 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D</emphasis>
ray flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">E</emphasis>
disc flower palea 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">F</emphasis>
disc flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G</emphasis>
dorsal view of cypselae from ray flower. Illustrations made by Lauren Merchant.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="988749" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117021" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Photomicrographs of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia praesidentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A</emphasis>
stigmatic branches of ray flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
stigmatic branches of disc flower with abundant papillae 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
detail of a stigmatic branch of ray flower with pollen grains 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D</emphasis>
Pollen grain.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Leaves firm, coriaceous, rigid, erect; laminae linear or linear-obovate, apex acute to subacute (60-80°), base sessile, slightly pseudopetiole, attenuate, (38-)39-42(-45) cm 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(3.0-)3.5-3.6(-4.2) cm, length to width ratio (10-)11-12(-15):1 (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparison of similar Espeletia species. A Espeletia brassicoidea B Espeletia canescens C Espeletia conglomerata D Espeletia dugandii E Espeletia praesidentis F Espeletia standleyana G Espeletia steyermarkii. The hygrophilous and always monocephalous Espeletia estanislana was not included because of its very distinctive morphology. Above: plant habit; below: adult leaves with sheaths, and complete capitulescences." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117022" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4 E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of rosette colours. A Espeletia dugandii B Espeletia praesidentis." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117023" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5 B</figureCitation>
). Indumentum pale-yellowish in young leaves, becoming whitish in adult leaves. Adaxial face with indumentum whitish, lanose, costa pale-yellowish, visible, but secondary nerves invisible. Abaxial face with indumentum whitish, lanose, less abundant, costa more prominent, as well as secondary nerves, with deviation angles of 37-45°. Margins entire.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Leaf sheaths open, oblong to trapezoidal, coriaceous, 5-6 cm wide 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7-8 cm long; adaxially glabrescent, whitish, with 10-15 green anastomosing nerves; tawny abaxially, barbate, with hairs up to 15 mm long.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="988751" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117022" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Comparison of similar 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia brassicoidea" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brassicoidea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia brassicoidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia canescens" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuatrec" authorityYear="1941" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia dugandii" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dugandii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia dugandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">E</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia praesidentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">F</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia standleyana" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="standleyana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia standleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuatrec" authorityYear="1945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia steyermarkii" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steyermarkii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia steyermarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The hygrophilous and always monocephalous 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuatrec" authorityYear="1940" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia estanislana" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="estanislana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia estanislana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not included because of its very distinctive morphology. Above: plant habit; below: adult leaves with sheaths, and complete capitulescences.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="988753" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117023" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Comparison of rosette colours. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuatrec" authorityYear="1941" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia dugandii" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dugandii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia dugandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Espeletia praesidentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">Capitulescences</pageBreakToken>
5-15(-18) coetaneous, cymose, dichasial, axillary (lateral), erect, more than twice longer than the leaves, 100-120 cm long; indumentum abundant, villous, white. Scapes erect, firm, 80-100 cm long, 0.8-1.0 mm in diameter; naked, with no sterile bracts. Peduncles terete, 15-18 cm long, curving in the distal end, proximally with a free attachment. One pair of subtending bracts, linear, 8-10 cm long 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.9-1.0 cm wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Capitula 3(-5) radiate, subglobose, nodding, 2.0-3.0 cm in diameter (including ray flowers) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Espeletia praesidentis: A habitat, showing a large population B holotype collection (M. Diazgranados &amp; L. R. Sanchez 3865), with stemmed rosette habit and very long capitulescences C frontal view of capitulum D dorsal view of capitulum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117019" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1 C-D</figureCitation>
). Involucre 2.0-2,5 cm wide 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.0-1.6 cm high. Phyllaries in 2-3 series, ovate to ovate-triangular. Outer phyllaries surpassing the capitulum, 12-13 mm long 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
8.0-9.0 mm wide (excluding hairs), apex obtuse to acute, adaxially glabrous with 10-20 visible nerves, abaxially villous, hairs 2-4.5 mm. Inner phyllaries 6.0-6.5 mm long 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.8-3.3 mm wide, with indumentum villous white, hairs 1.0-2.0 mm long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Ray</pageBreakToken>
flowers 80-90 in 2-3 series, yellow, ray corollas 3.5-4.5 mm long (excluding ovary). Ligules 3.0-3.5 mm long, elliptical or oblong, tridentate; tube hirsute, small, 0.2-0.4 mm in diameter and 0.5-1.0 mm long, yellow, the trichomes 0.2-0.3 mm long. Style 2.7-2.9 mm long 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.14-0.2 mm in diameter, with stigmatic branches 1.0-1.5 mm long, without papillae in the distal portion. Cypselae oblong, triangular, 3.3-3.5 mm 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.0-2.2 mm, glabrous, black. Ray paleae narrowly-ovate, 5.3-5.5 mm 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
long 2.0-2.1 mm wide, brownish, profusely villous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Discs 1.5-2.6 cm in diameter. Disc paleae oblong, oblanceolate or narrowly obtrullate, 5.0-5.4 mm long 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8-1.1 mm wide, brownish, glabrous becoming villous in the distal portion. Disc flowers 300-400; corolla 5.0-5.2 mm long (excluding anthers and fruit); corolla throat 3.5-3.7 mm long, 1-1.1 mm wide when open, 5-lobed, lobes 0.45-0.55 mm long, with hairs; tube 1.5-2.0 mm long 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.2-0.3 mm in diameter, glabrous, with a few hairs; anthers dark yellow, sometimes exceeding the corolla, slightly translucid, approximately 1-2 mm long and 0.3 mm wide. Pollen yellow when fresh, tricolporate, 17.5-19.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
in equatorial diameter (not counting spines); spines 70-74 total, 14-16 equatorial spines, 3.9-4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long, erect. Style 5.5-7.0 mm long 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.14-0.17 mm in diameter, with stigmatic branches 0.6-0.7 mm 
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">long</pageBreakToken>
, broadening in the distal portion, 0.20-0.25 mm wide, papillose, papillae to 0.15-0.2(-0.4) mm long.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Endemic to Colombia. This species has been found only in the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
de Presidente (part of the great 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
de Almorzadero), at elevations of 3400-3600 m (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution map showing the collection locality for Espeletia praesidentis (red circle), and collections of other Espeletia species found in the area: Espeletia brassicoidea (green circles), Espeletia canescens (orange squares), Espeletia conglomerata (blue squares), Espeletia standleyana (yellow triangles) and Espeletia steyermarkii (pink pentagons). Topographic map from Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri), HERE, DeLorme, TomTom, Intermap, Increment P Corp., General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), United States Geological Survey (USGS), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), National Park Service (NPS), Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), GeoBase, Institut Geographique National (IGN), Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (METI), Esri China (Hong Kong), Swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117024" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6</figureCitation>
). The known area of distribution is about 2 km2.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="988755" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117024" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Distribution map showing the collection locality for 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia praesidentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(red circle), and collections of other 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Espeletia</taxonomicName>
species found in the area: 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia brassicoidea" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brassicoidea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia brassicoidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(green circles), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia canescens" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(orange squares), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(blue squares), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia standleyana" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="standleyana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia standleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(yellow triangles) and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuatrec" authorityYear="1945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia steyermarkii" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steyermarkii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia steyermarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pink pentagons). Topographic map from Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri), HERE, DeLorme, TomTom, Intermap, Increment P Corp., General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), United States Geological Survey (USGS), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), National Park Service (NPS), Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), GeoBase, Institut 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Géographique">Geographique</normalizedToken>
National (IGN), Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (METI), Esri China (Hong Kong), Swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
A large population of several hundreds of individuals growing in the grasslands of the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
proper was observed (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Espeletia praesidentis: A habitat, showing a large population B holotype collection (M. Diazgranados &amp; L. R. Sanchez 3865), with stemmed rosette habit and very long capitulescences C frontal view of capitulum D dorsal view of capitulum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117019" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution map showing the collection locality for Espeletia praesidentis (red circle), and collections of other Espeletia species found in the area: Espeletia brassicoidea (green circles), Espeletia canescens (orange squares), Espeletia conglomerata (blue squares), Espeletia standleyana (yellow triangles) and Espeletia steyermarkii (pink pentagons). Topographic map from Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri), HERE, DeLorme, TomTom, Intermap, Increment P Corp., General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), United States Geological Survey (USGS), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), National Park Service (NPS), Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), GeoBase, Institut Geographique National (IGN), Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (METI), Esri China (Hong Kong), Swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117024" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6</figureCitation>
). Other 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species found in the area are: 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia brassicoidea" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brassicoidea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia brassicoidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cuatrec., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia canescens" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A.C.Sm., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A. C. Sm., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuatrec" authorityYear="1941" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia dugandii" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dugandii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia dugandii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cuatrec., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia standleyana" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="standleyana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia standleyana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A. C. Sm., and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cuatrec" authorityYear="1945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia steyermarkii" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="steyermarkii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Espeletia steyermarkii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cuatrec. (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution map showing the collection locality for Espeletia praesidentis (red circle), and collections of other Espeletia species found in the area: Espeletia brassicoidea (green circles), Espeletia canescens (orange squares), Espeletia conglomerata (blue squares), Espeletia standleyana (yellow triangles) and Espeletia steyermarkii (pink pentagons). Topographic map from Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri), HERE, DeLorme, TomTom, Intermap, Increment P Corp., General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), United States Geological Survey (USGS), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), National Park Service (NPS), Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), GeoBase, Institut Geographique National (IGN), Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (METI), Esri China (Hong Kong), Swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117024" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
E 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">praesidentis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
can be found in slightly humid plains and on relatively drained slopes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The specific epithet of this new species, &quot; 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">praesidentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;, taken from the locality where the species is found, is dedicated also to the President of Colombia, Juan 
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">Manuel</pageBreakToken>
Santos 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Calderón">Calderon</normalizedToken>
, for his persistent efforts to achieve peace with the guerillas FARC in Colombia, after 52 years of conflict. The 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
de Presidente has been one of those places that has been closed to researchers for decades. With the peace agreement this and other places will be open for fruitful botanical explorations during the post-conflict times in Colombia. May this publication inspire the President to continue with further actions for the preservation of Colombian biodiversity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Despite seeing a relatively large population, this 
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
area is not under any sort of protection, and there are signs of grazing activity. Also, very close there are extensive potato plantations in areas that were covered by 
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
vegetation in the past. This combination of elements suggests that the species is probably 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Critically Endangered</emphasis>
(CR, according to the IUCN criteria: extent of occurrence 
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">estimated</pageBreakToken>
to be less than 100 km2, habitat fragmentation, and likely decline of the extent of the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
; http://jr.iucnredlist.org/documents/redlist_cats_crit_en.pdf), or 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Critically Imperiled</emphasis>
(G1, according to NatureServe; http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/ranking.htm).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The 
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramos">paramos</normalizedToken>
of Santander and Norte de Santander (Colombia) are considered one of the three centres of radiation for the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Espeletiinae">Espeletiinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Cuatrecasas, J" journalOrPublisher="The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="B2" refString="Cuatrecasas, J, 2013. A systematic study of the subtribe Espeletiinae. The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA" title="A systematic study of the subtribe Espeletiinae." year="2013">Cuatrecasas 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Diazgranados, M" journalOrPublisher="Saint Louis University, St. Louis" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="B9" refString="Diazgranados, M, 2012b. Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within the Espeletiinae (family Asteraceae), an endemic subtribe of the South American Paramos. Saint Louis University, St. Louis" title="Phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within the Espeletiinae (family Asteraceae), an endemic subtribe of the South American Paramos" year="2012 b">Diazgranados 2012b</bibRefCitation>
). Probably because of the topographic complexity of these mountains and the longer time for evolution of these plants in this area with respect to other Colombian cordilleras, the overall diversity in the Santanderes is remarkable: 36 species belonging to 7 genera (all but 
<taxonomicName authorityName="J.Cuatrecasas" authorityYear="1976" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Carramboa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carramboa" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Carramboa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). New species continue to appear as collectors reach previously unexplored 
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramos">paramos</normalizedToken>
, whilst our taxonomic understanding of the group improves.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
In 1926-1927 two American botanists explored the vegetation of these mountains, Ellsworth Paine Killip (1890-1968) and Albert Charles Smith (1906-1999). Smith, who would became later the director of the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution, described years later 10 new species of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from those collections. Since then, no one has really visited the same places that these botanists explored, probably not even Cuatrecasas, who spent decades collecting the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Espeletiinae">Espeletiinae</taxonomicName>
in the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramos">paramos</normalizedToken>
. Collectors of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Espeletiinae">Espeletiinae</taxonomicName>
know well that if they miss the slope or the mountain, they can totally miss the species they are looking for, because of the extreme local endemism of the group. As a consequence, 
<bibRefCitation author="Cuatrecasas, J" journalOrPublisher="The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="B2" refString="Cuatrecasas, J, 2013. A systematic study of the subtribe Espeletiinae. The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA" title="A systematic study of the subtribe Espeletiinae." year="2013">Cuatrecasas (2013)</bibRefCitation>
made clear in his monographic work that the status of several taxa could be subject to changes with further collections.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia praesidentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exemplifies the lack of collections throughout the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramos">paramos</normalizedToken>
of the region, and the challenges taxonomists have to face when studying this group. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cuatrecasas’s">Cuatrecasas's</normalizedToken>
collections were often limited to the accessibility of roads in those years (1940-1980), and he never found the topolocality where Killip and Smith collected species such as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia canescens" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the remarks for 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia canescens" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of his treatment he said &quot;Sometimes I have been inclined to consider 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia canescens" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a local, extreme variation of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the scanty, authentic material of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia canescens" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows features that can justify its specific status [
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
] On my 1973 trip, I did not have the time to walk from La Baja all the way to the highest spots at the opposite north end of the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
del Romeral, where Killip probably collected the type specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia canescens" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additional collections from the extreme section of the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
del Romeral may clarify the taxonomic status of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia canescens" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; (Cuatrecasas, 2013, pag. 319). In the remarks for 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
he said &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia canescens" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletia canescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described with type specimens from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
del Romeral between &quot;3800 and 4200&quot; m of altitude. However, according to recent maps, this 
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
generally does not exceed 3800 m [
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
]. My own collections represent several minor variations, as well as the typical form&quot; (Cuatrecasas, 2013, pag. 316). In that moment Cuatrecasas was 70-year old, and clearly did not have time or possibilities to explored close areas were in recent years various new species have been discovered (e.g. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletiopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletiopsis sanchezii" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sanchezii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Espeletiopsis sanchezii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
S. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Díaz">Diaz</normalizedToken>
&amp; S. Obando 
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">or</pageBreakToken>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia diazii" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diazii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia diazii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Diazgr. &amp; L. R. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
). With no other material than his own collections, he first described morphological variations of his specimens as varieties (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">macroclada</emphasis>
Cuatrec. and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pedunculata</emphasis>
Cuatrec.). Later, he decided to change the status to hybrids, both within 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia brassicoidea" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brassicoidea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia brassicoidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and synonymised 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia brassicoidea" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brassicoidea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia brassicoidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">contracta</emphasis>
Cuatrec. with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Also, he never published 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">lanceolata</emphasis>
Cuatrec. [
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nom. nud.</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Carriker 34</emphasis>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia praesidentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs notably from the type of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Killip E. P. and Smith A. C. 18635</emphasis>
, see key below), and from the hybrids described from 
<bibRefCitation author="Cuatrecasas, J" journalOrPublisher="The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="B2" refString="Cuatrecasas, J, 2013. A systematic study of the subtribe Espeletiinae. The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA" title="A systematic study of the subtribe Espeletiinae." year="2013">Cuatrecasas (2013)</bibRefCitation>
. We believe 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia praesidentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be considered a local variation or hybrid of similar or neighboring species for two reasons: 1) there is a large population of several hundreds of individuals; and 2) there are remarkable morphological differences between 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diazgr. &amp; L. R. Sanchez" authorityYear="2017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia praesidentis" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="praesidentis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia praesidentis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the type collections of other species (as seen in Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparison of similar Espeletia species. A Espeletia brassicoidea B Espeletia canescens C Espeletia conglomerata D Espeletia dugandii E Espeletia praesidentis F Espeletia standleyana G Espeletia steyermarkii. The hygrophilous and always monocephalous Espeletia estanislana was not included because of its very distinctive morphology. Above: plant habit; below: adult leaves with sheaths, and complete capitulescences." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/117022" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4</figureCitation>
). In this work we do not intend to propose a new categorization for hybrids and/or varieties of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Espeletia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Espeletia conglomerata" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conglomerata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Espeletia conglomerata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and we recognize that hybrids can be easily spotted when sympatric species occur, but this clearly was not the case.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>