678 lines
94 KiB
XML
678 lines
94 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BCBC1D73E8AB4910F0DF6D8FC226B23E">Rossella podagrosa Kirkpatrick, 1907 — A valid species after all</mods:title>
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<treatment id="312D87A5D073B965FF581260FC2AFF16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5635480" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119639116" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5635480" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:312D87A5D073B965FF581260FC2AFF16" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/312D87A5D073B965FF581260FC2AFF16" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">
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<paragraph id="B93B36B3D073B960FF581260FD87FED2" blockId="2.[151,617,290,350]" box="[151,617,290,316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">
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<heading id="E27381DFD073B960FF581260FD87FED2" bold="true" box="[151,617,290,316]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FF581260FD87FED2" ID-CoL="78Y7N" authority="Kirkpatrick, 1907" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,617,290,316]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
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<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FF581260FD87FED2" bold="true" box="[151,617,290,316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">
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<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FF581260FE6EFED2" bold="true" box="[151,384,290,316]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Rossella podagrosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FE471260FD87FED2" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[392,617,290,316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1907) Porifera Hexactinellida. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. ' Discovery') 1901 - 1904. Natural History, 3, 1 ̶ 25, pls. 1 ̶ 7." type="journal volume" year="1907">Kirkpatrick, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B93B36B3D073B960FF581207FEB4FEB0" blockId="2.[151,617,290,350]" box="[151,346,325,350]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">
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(
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<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D073B960FF501207FEEEFEB0" box="[159,256,325,350]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="3.[151,250,1870,1892]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,250,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox-0="[243,1324,195,1830]" captionTargetBox-1="[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[243,1325,195,1830]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Habit of Rossella podagrosa. A: Clean colony of strongly budding R. podagrosa, used by some comatulids as substrate. Scale bar: 10 cm. B: Close-up of R. podagrosa covered with sediment. Scale bar: 10 cm. C: Ground covered by dense mass of R. podogrosa, mostly concealed by sediment. Two clean specimens of R. cf. levis grow over the R. podagrosa - ground. Scale bar: 20 cm. D: Assemblage of large R. podagrosa coverage and one specimen of R. antarctica (to the upper left). Scale bar: 20 cm. E: Type of R. podagrosa (BMNH 1908.2.5.6). Scale bar: 50 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Spicules of R. podagrosa. A – C: Specimen P 1635, A: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, B: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, C: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm. D – F Specimen BMNH 1908.2. 5.6 (type), D: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, E: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, F: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/237105/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/237106/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Fig. 1–2</figureCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation id="F4060308D073B960FEC31207FEA1FEB0" box="[268,335,325,350]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,728,751]" captionTargetBox="[151,1338,810,1583]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule sizes of Rossella podagrosa Kirkpatrick, 1907. Values in μm are given as follows: minimum - mean - maximum (number of spicules measured)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EDFB663BD074B967FF58119AFDB4FCE1" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" tableUuid="EDFB663BD074B967FF58119AFDB4FCE1">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F19E6538D073B960FF5812CFFB65FE11" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="9994119DD073B960FF5812CFFD50FE2C" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">
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<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FF5812CFFDAEFE4D" ID-CoL="78Y7N" authority="Kirkpatrick, 1907: 11" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,576,397,419]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
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<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FF5812CFFEB0FE4D" box="[151,350,397,419]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Rossella podagrosa</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="382510A2D073B960FEAB12CFFDAEFE4D" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[356,576,397,419]" page="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" year="1907">
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<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FEAB12CFFDF3FE4D" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[356,541,397,419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1907) Porifera Hexactinellida. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. ' Discovery') 1901 - 1904. Natural History, 3, 1 ̶ 25, pls. 1 ̶ 7." type="journal volume" year="1907">Kirkpatrick, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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: 11
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 3, figs. 2–3, pl. 5, fig.1.
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<treatmentCitation id="382510A2D073B960FC9012CCFBFFFE4D" author="Topsent" box="[863,1041,397,419]" page="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" year="1917">
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<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FC9012CCFC05FE4D" author="Topsent" box="[863,1003,397,419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Topsent E. (1917) Spongiaires. In: Joubin L. (Ed.) Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1908 - 1910) Commandee par le Dr. Jean Charcot. Sciences Physiques: Documents Scientifiques (Paris). 4. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 1 - 88, pls. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1917">Topsent 1917</bibRefCitation>
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: 14
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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<treatmentCitation id="382510A2D073B960FBD412CFFAE2FE4D" author="Tabachnick" box="[1051,1292,397,419]" page="1447" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" year="2002">
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<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FBD412CFFB23FE4D" author="Tabachnick" box="[1051,1229,397,419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Tabachnick, K. (2002) Family Rossellidae Schulze, 1885. In: Hooper, J. N. A. and Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 2. Kluwer Academic, Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 1441 - 1505." type="journal article" year="2002">Tabachnick 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 1447
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FF5812EEFDBDFE2C" ID-CoL="86XDX" authority="Topsent, 1916: 4" authorityName="Topsent" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,595,428,450]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="podagrosa" subSpecies="tenuis">
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<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FF5812EEFE4FFE2C" box="[151,417,428,450]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Rossella podagrosa tenuis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="382510A2D073B960FE6812EFFDBDFE2C" author="Topsent" box="[423,595,428,450]" page="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" year="1916">
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<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FE6812EFFDD4FE2C" author="Topsent" box="[423,570,428,450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Topsent, E. (1916) Diagnoses d'eponges recueillies dans l'Antarctique par le Pourquoi-Pas? Bulletin du Museum national d'histoire naturelle 1, 22, 163 - 172." type="journal article" year="1916">Topsent, 1916</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 4
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
; 1917: 15.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B93B36B3D073B960FF581289FB65FE11" blockId="2.[151,1436,397,511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="9994119DD073B960FF581289FB65FE11" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">
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Not
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||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FF091288FDBCFE0E" ID-CoL="799VN" authority="Burton 1929: 407" authorityName="Burton" authorityPageNumber="407" authorityYear="1929" box="[198,594,458,480]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="racovitzae">
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<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FF091288FE60FE0E" box="[198,398,458,480]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Rossella racovitzae</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="382510A2D073B960FE571289FDBCFE0E" author="Burton" box="[408,594,458,480]" page="407" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" year="1929">
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<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FE571289FDF0FE0E" author="Burton" box="[408,542,458,480]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Burton, M. (1929) Porifera. Part II. Antarctic sponges. British Antarctic (' Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, London, British Museum (Natural History). Zoology, 6, 393 - 458, pls. I - V." type="journal article" year="1929">Burton 1929</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 407
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
–409, fig. 1, pl. 1; 1932: 256–257; 1934: 7.
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<treatmentCitation id="382510A2D073B960FBE81288FB0EFE0E" author="Koltun" box="[1063,1248,458,480]" page="165" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" year="1976">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FBE81288FB43FE0E" author="Koltun" box="[1063,1197,458,480]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1976) Porifera - Part 1: Antarctic Sponges. Report B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931 (B, Zoology and Botany), 5, 153 - 198, pls. 1 ̶ 3." type="journal article" year="1976">Koltun 1976</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 165
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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(pars).
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<treatmentCitation id="382510A2D073B960FAFB1288FE82FE11" author="Barthel" page="92" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" year="1994">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FAFB1288FEA6FE11" author="Barthel" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Barthel, D. & Tendal, O. S. (1994) Antarctic Hexactinellida. In: Fricke, R. (Ed.), Theses Zoologicae vol. 23, Wagele, J. W. & Sieg, J. (Eds.) Synopses of the Antarctic Benthos vol. 6. Koeltz Scientific Books, Champaign, Ill., 154 pp." type="book" year="1994">Barthel & Tendal 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 92
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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–95, figs. 35–36, pl. 3–4.
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<treatmentCitation id="382510A2D073B960FDA012ABFC76FE11" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5631280" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5631280" author="Gocke" box="[623,920,489,511]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387F0AB18FFC1FF6AFC820B68FC5B" page="116" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" year="2013">
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<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FDA012ABFC86FE11" author="Gocke" box="[623,872,489,511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Gocke, C., & Janussen, D. (2013) Hexactinellida of the genus Rossella, of ANT XXIV / 2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition - Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea. Zootaxa, 3692 (1), 102 - 122. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3692.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">Göcke & Janussen 2013</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 116
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
–120, fig. 2 F, 7, tab. 6).
|
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F19E6538D073B960FF581169FAD4FD86" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="B93B36B3D073B960FF581169FAD4FD86" blockId="2.[151,1437,555,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">
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<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FF581169FEE8FDAA" bold="true" box="[151,262,555,580]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Material.</emphasis>
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<specimenCount id="AF82FD3AD073B960FEC0116EFE7BFDAB" box="[271,405,556,581]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" type="generic">1 Specimen</specimenCount>
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||
(P 1635) from
|
||
<quantity id="7E7C9B56D073B960FD82116EFD67FDAA" box="[589,649,556,580]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
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||
depth at Cape Armitage, Ross Island, McMurdo Sound,
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<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FAD0116EFA76FDAB" box="[1311,1432,556,581]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
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<collectingCountry id="C1937623D073B960FAD0116EFA76FDAB" box="[1311,1432,556,581]" name="Antarctica" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="DF95AE76D073B960FF581112FF05FD89" box="[151,235,592,615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
1908.2.5.6 (
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||
<typeStatus id="663F8811D073B960FEB71112FE45FD86" box="[376,427,592,616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">type</typeStatus>
|
||
) from Discovery Collection, Winter Quarters Bay, Hut Point, D Net,
|
||
<date id="CD3A1073D073B960FB7B110DFAD8FD86" box="[1204,1334,591,616]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" value="1902-12-15">15.12.1902</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F19E6538D073B960FF081131FC3DF94E" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B93B36B3D073B960FF081131FD14FB8E" blockId="2.[151,1437,555,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FF081131FEB7FD62" bold="true" box="[199,345,627,652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
The sponge body is of a slender, upright shape with one round osculum at the top. It usually bears numerous buds that originate from the basal region of the mother and grow from ~
|
||
<quantity id="7E7C9B56D073B960FBAE11D5FB2FFD41" box="[1121,1217,663,688]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 mm</quantity>
|
||
to>
|
||
<quantity id="7E7C9B56D073B960FACC11DAFAD2FD41" box="[1283,1340,664,688]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
prior to separation. The sponges show an unusual fast growth rate increasing their length by as much as
|
||
<quantity id="7E7C9B56D073B960FB1E11FEFAF8FD3A" box="[1233,1302,700,725]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" unit="cm" value="16.0">16 cm</quantity>
|
||
in a decade and have been shown to increase their volume by almost 300% in just three years. Moreover, newly separated buds themselves can grow new buds within one year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FD181046FC97FCF2" author="Dayton" box="[727,889,772,796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Dayton, P. K. (1979) Observations of growth, dispersal and population dynamics of some sponges in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. In: Levi, C. & Boury-Esnault, N. (Eds.), Biologie des Spongiaires (Sponge Biology). Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 291, Paris, pp. 271 - 282." type="journal article" year="1979">Dayton, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This mode of reproduction leads to a typical appearance of dense colonies with several specimens growing close to each other (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D073B960FB801065FB7AFCAE" box="[1103,1172,807,832]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[243,1324,195,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1325,195,1830]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habit of Rossella podagrosa. A: Clean colony of strongly budding R. podagrosa, used by some comatulids as substrate. Scale bar: 10 cm. B: Close-up of R. podagrosa covered with sediment. Scale bar: 10 cm. C: Ground covered by dense mass of R. podogrosa, mostly concealed by sediment. Two clean specimens of R. cf. levis grow over the R. podagrosa - ground. Scale bar: 20 cm. D: Assemblage of large R. podagrosa coverage and one specimen of R. antarctica (to the upper left). Scale bar: 20 cm. E: Type of R. podagrosa (BMNH 1908.2.5.6). Scale bar: 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237105/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Colonies are often densely covered by sediment including loads of (foreign) loose spicular material, so that in many cases only the tips of the sponges with the oscules are visible within the sediment (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D073B960FC5C102DFC25FC66" box="[915,971,879,904]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[243,1324,195,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1325,195,1830]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habit of Rossella podagrosa. A: Clean colony of strongly budding R. podagrosa, used by some comatulids as substrate. Scale bar: 10 cm. B: Close-up of R. podagrosa covered with sediment. Scale bar: 10 cm. C: Ground covered by dense mass of R. podogrosa, mostly concealed by sediment. Two clean specimens of R. cf. levis grow over the R. podagrosa - ground. Scale bar: 20 cm. D: Assemblage of large R. podagrosa coverage and one specimen of R. antarctica (to the upper left). Scale bar: 20 cm. E: Type of R. podagrosa (BMNH 1908.2.5.6). Scale bar: 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237105/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B–D). The single specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D073B960FADE102DFABEFC66" box="[1297,1360,879,904]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[243,1324,195,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1325,195,1830]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habit of Rossella podagrosa. A: Clean colony of strongly budding R. podagrosa, used by some comatulids as substrate. Scale bar: 10 cm. B: Close-up of R. podagrosa covered with sediment. Scale bar: 10 cm. C: Ground covered by dense mass of R. podogrosa, mostly concealed by sediment. Two clean specimens of R. cf. levis grow over the R. podagrosa - ground. Scale bar: 20 cm. D: Assemblage of large R. podagrosa coverage and one specimen of R. antarctica (to the upper left). Scale bar: 20 cm. E: Type of R. podagrosa (BMNH 1908.2.5.6). Scale bar: 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237105/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E) can reach a height of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="7E7C9B56D073B960FDC210D6FDB6FC42" box="[525,600,916,940]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
. The surface bears no conules, but it can be covered by a narrow veil of protruding pentactines. Protruding diactins are not prominent. The sponge has a basal root tuft of long pentactines as it is usual for the genus. The inner cavity has a dense surface; its basal part in rare cases bears large round cavernous openings. In contrast to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FDAC1742FD2CFBF6" box="[611,706,1024,1048]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FDAC1742FD2CFBF6" box="[611,706,1024,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, the texture of the sponge is soft, and it is too fragile for handling without damaging it. In fact the measurements in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FCF21767FC0DFBD2" author="Dayton" box="[829,995,1060,1085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Dayton, P. K. (1979) Observations of growth, dispersal and population dynamics of some sponges in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. In: Levi, C. & Boury-Esnault, N. (Eds.), Biologie des Spongiaires (Sponge Biology). Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 291, Paris, pp. 271 - 282." type="journal article" year="1979">Dayton (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were made by supporting the sponges with a spoon because the sponge collapses very easily.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B93B36B3D073B960FF08172FFC3DF94E" blockId="2.[151,1437,555,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">
|
||
In here we restrict the analysis of spicules (
|
||
<tableCitation id="F4060308D073B960FD64172EFD1FFB6A" box="[683,753,1132,1157]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,728,751]" captionTargetBox="[151,1338,810,1583]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule sizes of Rossella podagrosa Kirkpatrick, 1907. Values in μm are given as follows: minimum - mean - maximum (number of spicules measured)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EDFB663BD074B967FF58119AFDB4FCE1" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" tableUuid="EDFB663BD074B967FF58119AFDB4FCE1">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D073B960FD30172EFCACFB6A" box="[767,834,1132,1157]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox="[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of R. podagrosa. A – C: Specimen P 1635, A: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, B: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, C: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm. D – F Specimen BMNH 1908.2. 5.6 (type), D: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, E: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, F: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237106/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) to the characters of highest taxonomical importance, which means that these are the spicules with the highest significance for distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FB4C17D3FAF5FB46" box="[1155,1307,1168,1192]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FB4C17D3FAF5FB46" box="[1155,1307,1168,1192]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FF5817F6FF18FB22" box="[151,246,1204,1228]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FF5817F6FF18FB22" box="[151,246,1204,1228]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.. The spicules of the new specimen P1635 are in full accordance with those of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="663F8811D073B960FAFE17F7FA8FFB23" box="[1329,1377,1205,1229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(see comparison in
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D073B960FE8F1795FE6AFB1E" box="[320,388,1239,1264]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox="[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of R. podagrosa. A – C: Specimen P 1635, A: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, B: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, C: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm. D – F Specimen BMNH 1908.2. 5.6 (type), D: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, E: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, F: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237106/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="F4060308D073B960FE5E1795FE38FB1E" box="[401,470,1239,1264]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,728,751]" captionTargetBox="[151,1338,810,1583]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule sizes of Rossella podagrosa Kirkpatrick, 1907. Values in μm are given as follows: minimum - mean - maximum (number of spicules measured)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EDFB663BD074B967FF58119AFDB4FCE1" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" tableUuid="EDFB663BD074B967FF58119AFDB4FCE1">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) and with the typical spicule inventory of the genus. Most characteristic spicules are the calycocomes and mesodiscohexasters. Calycocomes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D073B960FCEA17BEFC87FAFA" box="[805,873,1276,1301]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox="[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of R. podagrosa. A – C: Specimen P 1635, A: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, B: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, C: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm. D – F Specimen BMNH 1908.2. 5.6 (type), D: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, E: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, F: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237106/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A, D) are about 190 to 250 µm in diameter, they have short primary rays (in mean about 10 µm) and middle pieces (mean about 11 µm), but long secondary rays (mean about 90 µm). The number of secondary rays on each ray ranges from 2 to 6, but is most commonly 4 and very rarely higher than 5. Secondary rays are almost straight, only slightly bent outwards in the proximal region. Calycocomes are densely covered by fine spines. Mesodiscohexasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D073B960FC7616CEFC13FA4A" box="[953,1021,1420,1445]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox="[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of R. podagrosa. A – C: Specimen P 1635, A: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, B: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, C: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm. D – F Specimen BMNH 1908.2. 5.6 (type), D: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, E: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, F: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237106/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B, E) have a very typical shape; they strongly resemble the calycocomes, but are only about half the size (mean about 129 µm) and much thinner with almost absent middle pieces. Each ray bears two to four secondary rays; there are no hemi-forms with non-split rays. Mesodiscohexasters are quite rare, but occur regularly. Microdiscohexasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D073B960FBF916B5FB97F9FE" box="[1078,1145,1527,1552]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1907,1929]" captionTargetBox="[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[214,1362,193,1878]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of R. podagrosa. A – C: Specimen P 1635, A: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, B: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, C: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm. D – F Specimen BMNH 1908.2. 5.6 (type), D: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, E: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, F: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237106/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C, F) have secondary rays of two different lengths and distinct disc-shaped middle-parts. They are about 30 to 55 µm in diameter. Remarkably large oxyhexactines (mean diameter about 180µm) and oxyhexasters (mean diameter about 174 µm), commonly as mono- or dioxyhexasters, which have only one or two primary rays split into two secondary rays, occur in about the same frequency. Dermal pentactines have smooth surfaces without hooks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F19E6538D073B964FF0815EEFE9EFC6E" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="B93B36B3D073B967FF0815EEFA83FD49" blockId="2.[151,1437,555,2021]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,680]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FF0815EEFED5F92A" bold="true" box="[199,315,1708,1732]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FE1C15EEFD5CF92A" box="[467,690,1708,1732]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FE1C15EEFD5CF92A" box="[467,690,1708,1732]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Rossella podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly characterized by the combination of its typical habitus with numerous buds and its rather small calycocomes with normally only 4 to 5 secondary rays on each ray. Furthermore, oxyhexactines and oxyhexasters are quite large for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FCB215B6FC32F8E2" box="[893,988,1780,1804]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FCB215B6FC32F8E2" box="[893,988,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Barthel & Tendal 1992), although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FF581455FE50F8DE" author="Gocke" box="[151,446,1815,1840]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Gocke, C., & Janussen, D. (2013) Hexactinellida of the genus Rossella, of ANT XXIV / 2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition - Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea. Zootaxa, 3692 (1), 102 - 122. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3692.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">Göcke & Janussen (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported similar sizes from several well-known species in the eastern Wedell Sea. The appearance
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FEEF147FFE85F8BA" box="[288,363,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FD85147FFD31F8BA" box="[586,735,1853,1876]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FD85147FFD31F8BA" box="[586,735,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">R. antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D073B960FD3C147EFCD8F8BA" box="[755,822,1852,1877]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[243,1324,195,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1325,195,1830]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habit of Rossella podagrosa. A: Clean colony of strongly budding R. podagrosa, used by some comatulids as substrate. Scale bar: 10 cm. B: Close-up of R. podagrosa covered with sediment. Scale bar: 10 cm. C: Ground covered by dense mass of R. podogrosa, mostly concealed by sediment. Two clean specimens of R. cf. levis grow over the R. podagrosa - ground. Scale bar: 20 cm. D: Assemblage of large R. podagrosa coverage and one specimen of R. antarctica (to the upper left). Scale bar: 20 cm. E: Type of R. podagrosa (BMNH 1908.2.5.6). Scale bar: 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237105/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D) in strongly sediment-covered specimens. A clear character for differentiation
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FE2A1422FDDEF899" box="[485,560,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
is that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FD5B1423FCDFF896" box="[660,817,1888,1912]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FD5B1423FCDFF896" box="[660,817,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually grows partly within the sediment, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FA4B1423FEE7F872" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FA4B1423FEE7F872" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">R. antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs on the sediment. Also,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FD4814C7FCCDF872" box="[647,803,1924,1948]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FD4814C7FCCDF872" box="[647,803,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a more elongate body form, whereas that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FA4B14C7FEE7F82E" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FA4B14C7FEE7F82E" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">R. antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is strongly rounded. In terms of spicules, the difference is clear:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D073B960FC3314EBFB61F82E" box="[1020,1167,1961,1984]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D073B960FC3314EBFB61F82E" box="[1020,1167,1961,1984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="171">R. antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has dermal pentactines with strong lateral hooks (as shown by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D073B960FD81148EFD3AF80A" author="Carter" box="[590,724,1996,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="171" refString="Carter, H. J. (1872) On two new Sponges from the Antarctic Sea, and on a new Species of Tethya from Shetland; together with Observations on the Reproduction of Sponges commencing from Zygosis of the Sponge animal. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 409 - 435, pls. XX - XXII. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937208696612" type="journal article" year="1872">Carter 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and much smaller calycocomes with different shape; primary rays and middle pieces are much more prominent and the number of secondary rays per ray is higher (compare
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FF5813FEFE39FF3A" author="Schulze" box="[151,471,188,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Schulze, F. E. & Kirkpatrick, R. (1910) Die Hexactinelliden der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901 - 03, 12 (Zoologie IV. Band), 1 - 62, pls. I - X." type="journal article" year="1910">Schulze & Kirkpatrick 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Barthel & Tendal 1992;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FD3F13FEFBEAFF3A" author="Gocke" box="[752,1028,188,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Gocke, C., & Janussen, D. (2013) Hexactinellida of the genus Rossella, of ANT XXIV / 2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition - Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea. Zootaxa, 3692 (1), 102 - 122. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3692.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">Göcke & Janussen 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FBD913FEFB1FFF3A" box="[1046,1265,188,212]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="racovitzae">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FBD913FEFB1FFF3A" box="[1046,1265,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Rossella racovitzae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FA4B13FFFEE0FF16" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FA4B13FFFEE0FF16" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a larger body size, lack of buds and the presence of clear conules on the surface. Furthermore, it has much bigger calycocomes (400 µm) with a higher number of secondary rays (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FBE81247FB2FFEF2" author="Topsent" box="[1063,1217,260,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Topsent, E. (1901) Spongiaires. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. ' Belgica' en 1897 - 99 sous le commandement de A. de Gerlache de Gomery. Expedition antarctique belge. Zoologie, 4, 1 - 54, pls. I - VI." type="journal article" year="1901">Topsent 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FB031246FF3AFEAE" author="Gocke" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Gocke, C., & Janussen, D. (2013) Hexactinellida of the genus Rossella, of ANT XXIV / 2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition - Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea. Zootaxa, 3692 (1), 102 - 122. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3692.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">Göcke & Janussen 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similar sizes of calycocomes are found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FD73126BFCE3FEAE" box="[700,781,296,320]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="levis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FD73126BFCE3FEAE" box="[700,781,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. levis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which nonetheless differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FBB5126BFAFEFEAE" box="[1146,1296,296,320]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FBB5126BFAFEFEAE" box="[1146,1296,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in some key points: it has a surface covered by numerous and very distinct conules (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D074B967FBE6120EFB86FE8A" box="[1065,1128,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[243,1324,195,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1325,195,1830]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habit of Rossella podagrosa. A: Clean colony of strongly budding R. podagrosa, used by some comatulids as substrate. Scale bar: 10 cm. B: Close-up of R. podagrosa covered with sediment. Scale bar: 10 cm. C: Ground covered by dense mass of R. podogrosa, mostly concealed by sediment. Two clean specimens of R. cf. levis grow over the R. podagrosa - ground. Scale bar: 20 cm. D: Assemblage of large R. podagrosa coverage and one specimen of R. antarctica (to the upper left). Scale bar: 20 cm. E: Type of R. podagrosa (BMNH 1908.2.5.6). Scale bar: 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237105/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C), which in the lower part of the body bear bundles of protruding diactines. Calycocomes have considerably larger middle pieces and primary rays, and secondary rays have a stronger bending than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FCED12D7FC57FE42" box="[802,953,404,428]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FCED12D7FC57FE42" box="[802,953,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Microdiscohexasters have secondary rays of only one length without differentiated middle pieces (compare
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FC5512F5FB8FFE3E" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[922,1121,439,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1907) Porifera Hexactinellida. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. ' Discovery') 1901 - 1904. Natural History, 3, 1 ̶ 25, pls. 1 ̶ 7." type="journal volume" year="1907">Kirkpatrick 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FBBF12F5FA7FFE3E" author="Gocke" box="[1136,1425,439,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Gocke, C., & Janussen, D. (2013) Hexactinellida of the genus Rossella, of ANT XXIV / 2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition - Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea. Zootaxa, 3692 (1), 102 - 122. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3692.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">Göcke & Janussen 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Calycocomes with low numbers of secondary rays are also found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FC6E129FFC17FE1A" box="[929,1017,476,500]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FC6E129FFC17FE1A" box="[929,1017,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. nuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Compared to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FACA129FFA72FE1A" box="[1285,1436,476,500]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FACA129FFA72FE1A" box="[1285,1436,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
these are almost twice as big. Also, the number of secondary rays never exceeds 4, which is lower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FA4B1143FEE0FDD2" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FA4B1143FEE0FDD2" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FE841166FD8CFDD2" author="Gocke" box="[331,610,548,573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Gocke, C., & Janussen, D. (2013) Hexactinellida of the genus Rossella, of ANT XXIV / 2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition - Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea. Zootaxa, 3692 (1), 102 - 122. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3692.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">Göcke & Janussen 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The habitus differs as well:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FC7E1167FBE4FDD2" box="[945,1034,548,572]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FC7E1167FBE4FDD2" box="[945,1034,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. nuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very smooth and appears always very clear and visible in underwater-photographs, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FC88110BFC0FFD8E" box="[839,993,584,608]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FC88110BFC0FFD8E" box="[839,993,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is usually sediment-covered.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FAF2110AFF21FD6A" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FAF2110AFF21FD6A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Rossella nuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported to grow buds of similar shape as those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FCB2112FFADAFD6A" authority="Barthel & Tendal 1992" authorityName="Barthel & Tendal" authorityYear="1992" box="[893,1332,620,645]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FCB2112FFBFAFD6A" box="[893,1044,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Barthel & Tendal 1992)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but they are much more rare and never form such dense aggregations of sponges as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D074B967FB8311CDFB64FD46" box="[1100,1162,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[243,1324,195,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1325,195,1830]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habit of Rossella podagrosa. A: Clean colony of strongly budding R. podagrosa, used by some comatulids as substrate. Scale bar: 10 cm. B: Close-up of R. podagrosa covered with sediment. Scale bar: 10 cm. C: Ground covered by dense mass of R. podogrosa, mostly concealed by sediment. Two clean specimens of R. cf. levis grow over the R. podagrosa - ground. Scale bar: 20 cm. D: Assemblage of large R. podagrosa coverage and one specimen of R. antarctica (to the upper left). Scale bar: 20 cm. E: Type of R. podagrosa (BMNH 1908.2.5.6). Scale bar: 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237105/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FB1F11D3FA88FD46" box="[1232,1382,656,680]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FB1F11D3FA88FD46" box="[1232,1382,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="EDFB663BD072B961FF58140CFC4DF831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237105/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" targetBox="[243,1324,195,1830]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="B93B36B3D072B961FF58140CFC4DF831" blockId="3.[151,1437,1870,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D072B961FF58140CFEFBF88D" bold="true" box="[151,277,1870,1892]" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Habit of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D072B961FEB3140CFDA8F88A" box="[380,582,1870,1892]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D072B961FEB3140CFDA8F88A" box="[380,582,1870,1892]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">Rossella podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A: Clean colony of strongly budding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D072B961FC11140DFB86F88A" box="[990,1128,1870,1892]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D072B961FC11140DFB86F88A" box="[990,1128,1870,1892]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, used by some comatulids as substrate. Scale bar: 10 cm. B: Close-up of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D072B961FD84142CFD3CF86D" box="[587,722,1901,1923]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D072B961FD84142CFD3CF86D" box="[587,722,1901,1923]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
covered with sediment. Scale bar: 10 cm. C: Ground covered by dense mass of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D072B961FF2414CFFE9DF84C" box="[235,371,1932,1954]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podogrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D072B961FF2414CFFE9DF84C" box="[235,371,1932,1954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">R. podogrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mostly concealed by sediment. Two clean specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D072B961FC7614CFFBCAF84C" box="[953,1060,1932,1954]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="levis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D072B961FC7614CFFC26F84C" box="[953,968,1933,1954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">R</emphasis>
|
||
. cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D072B961FC3914CEFBCAF84C" box="[1014,1060,1932,1954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">levis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grow over the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D072B961FB7114CFFAA8F84C" box="[1214,1350,1932,1954]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D072B961FB7114CFFAA8F84C" box="[1214,1350,1932,1954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-ground. Scale bar: 20 cm. D: Assemblage of large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D072B961FD8514E9FD3DF82E" box="[586,723,1962,1984]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D072B961FD8514E9FD3DF82E" box="[586,723,1962,1984]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
coverage and one specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D072B961FBD814E9FB75F82E" box="[1047,1179,1963,1984]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D072B961FBD814E9FB75F82E" box="[1047,1179,1963,1984]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">R. antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(to the upper left). Scale bar: 20 cm. E: Type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D072B961FE4F1488FDE6F831" box="[384,520,1993,2015]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="3" pageNumber="172" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D072B961FE4F1488FDE6F831" box="[384,520,1993,2015]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="172">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 1908.2.5.6). Scale bar: 50 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EDFB663BD075B966FF581431FC29F828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237106/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="173" targetBox="[214,1362,193,1878]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="B93B36B3D075B966FF581431FC29F828" blockId="4.[151,1436,1907,1990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D075B966FF581431FEFAF866" bold="true" box="[151,276,1907,1929]" pageId="4" pageNumber="173">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Spicules of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D075B966FE591436FDF0F867" box="[406,542,1907,1929]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="4" pageNumber="173" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D075B966FE591436FDF0F867" box="[406,542,1907,1929]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="173">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A–C: Specimen P1635, A: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, B: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, C: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm. D–F Specimen BMNH 1908.2.5.6 (type), D: Calycocom, scale bar 30 µm, E: Mesodiscohexaster, scale bar 30 µm, F: Microdiscohexaster, scale bar 10 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EDFB663BD074B967FF58119AFDB4FCE1" ID-Table-UUID="EDFB663BD074B967FF58119AFDB4FCE1" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EDFB663BD074B967FF58119AFDB4FCE1" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" targetBox="[151,1338,810,1583]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="B93B36B3D074B967FF58119AFDB4FCE1" blockId="5.[151,1436,727,783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FF58119AFEE7FD01" bold="true" box="[151,265,728,751]" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Spicule sizes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FE721195FCBBFD01" authority="Kirkpatrick, 1907" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1907" box="[445,853,727,751]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FE721195FD61FD01" box="[445,655,727,751]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Rossella podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
Kirkpatrick, 1907
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Values in μm are given as follows: minimum - mean - maximum (number of spicules measured).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B93B36B3D074B967FF501069FEF5F9C1" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<table id="CB84C413D074469DFF581068FAD4F9C1" box="[151,1338,810,1583]" gridcols="3" gridrows="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF581068FAD4FCAE" box="[151,1338,810,832]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF581068FE7EFCAE" box="[151,400,810,832]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Parameter</th>
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFD131068FC4FFCAE" box="[732,929,810,832]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">P 1635</th>
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFBF51068FAD4FCAE" box="[1082,1338,810,832]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">BMNH 1908.2.5.6 (type)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF581016FAD4FC84" box="[151,1338,852,874]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF581016FE7EFC84" box="[151,400,852,874]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Rough Pentactine</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF58103FFAD4FC7D" box="[151,1338,893,915]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF58103FFE7EFC7D" box="[151,400,893,915]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">tangential ray (L)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD13103FFC4FFC7D" box="[732,929,893,915]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">50-112.2-150 (30)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF5103FFAD4FC7D" box="[1082,1338,893,915]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">60-89.3-120 (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF5810E4FAD4FC52" box="[151,1338,934,956]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF5810E4FE7EFC52" box="[151,400,934,956]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">proximal ray (L)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD1310E4FC4FFC52" box="[732,929,934,956]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">70-91.4-120 (7)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF510E4FAD4FC52" box="[1082,1338,934,956]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">60-83.3-130 (9)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF581092FAD4FC08" box="[151,1338,976,998]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF581092FE7EFC08" box="[151,400,976,998]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Rough Hexactine (D)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD131092FC4FFC08" box="[732,929,976,998]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">60-205.2-280 (30)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF51092FAD4FC08" box="[1082,1338,976,998]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">150-195.3-270 (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF5810BBFAD4FBE1" box="[151,1338,1017,1039]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF5810BBFE7EFBE1" box="[151,400,1017,1039]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Oxyhexactine (D)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD1310BBFC4FFBE1" box="[732,929,1017,1039]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">150-181-230 (30)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF510BBFAD4FBE1" box="[1082,1338,1017,1039]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">140-192.7-250 (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF581760FAD4FBD6" box="[151,1338,1058,1080]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF581760FE7EFBD6" box="[151,400,1058,1080]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Oxyhexaster (D)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD131760FC4FFBD6" box="[732,929,1058,1080]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">130-173.3-230 (30)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF51760FAD4FBD6" box="[1082,1338,1058,1080]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">140-174.8-200 (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF58170EFAD4FB8C" box="[151,1338,1100,1122]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF58170EFE7EFB8C" box="[151,400,1100,1122]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Microdiscohexaster (D)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD13170EFC4FFB8C" box="[732,929,1100,1122]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">30-37.3-45 (30)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF5170EFAD4FB8C" box="[1082,1338,1100,1122]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">35-44.9-55 (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF581737FAD4FB65" box="[151,1338,1141,1163]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF581737FE7EFB65" box="[151,400,1141,1163]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Mesodiscohexaster (D)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD131737FC4FFB65" box="[732,929,1141,1163]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">105-129.3-150 (7)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF51737FAD4FB65" box="[1082,1338,1141,1163]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">105-118.9-140 (7)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF5817DCFAD4FB5A" box="[151,1338,1182,1204]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF5817DCFE7EFB5A" box="[151,400,1182,1204]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Calycocome</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF58178AFAD4FB30" box="[151,1338,1224,1246]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF58178AFE7EFB30" box="[151,400,1224,1246]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">(D)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD13178AFC4FFB30" box="[732,929,1224,1246]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">190-215-250 (9)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF5178AFAD4FB30" box="[1082,1338,1224,1246]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">200-225-250 (6)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF5817B3FAD4FAE9" box="[151,1338,1265,1287]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF5817B3FE7EFAE9" box="[151,400,1265,1287]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">complete ray (L)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD1317B3FC4FFAE9" box="[732,929,1265,1287]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">85-110.1-130 (30)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF517B3FAD4FAE9" box="[1082,1338,1265,1287]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">100-115.7-140 (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF581658FAD4FADE" box="[151,1338,1306,1328]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF581658FE7EFADE" box="[151,400,1306,1328]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">primary ray (L)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD131658FC4FFADE" box="[732,929,1306,1328]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">5-9.6-15 (30)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF51658FAD4FADE" box="[1082,1338,1306,1328]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">7.5-12.3-25 (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF581606FAD4FAB4" box="[151,1338,1348,1370]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF581606FE7EFAB4" box="[151,400,1348,1370]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">middle piece (L)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD131606FC4FFAB4" box="[732,929,1348,1370]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">10-13.8-20 (30)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF51606FAD4FAB4" box="[1082,1338,1348,1370]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">7.5-11.8-20 (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF58162FFAD4FA6D" box="[151,1338,1389,1411]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF58162FFE7EFA6D" box="[151,400,1389,1411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">secondary ray (L)</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD13162FFC4FFA6D" box="[732,929,1389,1411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">62.5-87.1-110 (30)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF5162FFAD4FA6D" box="[1082,1338,1389,1411]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">80-91.4-105 (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF5816D4FAD4FA42" box="[151,1338,1430,1452]" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF5816D4FE7EFA42" box="[151,400,1430,1452]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">number of sec. rays</th>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFD1316D4FC4FFA42" box="[732,929,1430,1452]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">2-4-6 (30)</td>
|
||
<td id="44655D8DD074469DFBF516D4FAD4FA42" box="[1082,1338,1430,1452]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">2-4.3-6 (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="07B434F1D074469DFF581557FAD4F9C1" box="[151,1338,1557,1583]" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="44655D8DD074469DFF581557FE7EF9C1" box="[151,400,1557,1583]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Discussion</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B93B36B3D074B964FF58151EFE9EFC6E" blockId="5.[151,1437,1628,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="175" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">
|
||
The long and complicated taxonomic history of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FCF4151EFC74F99A" box="[827,922,1628,1652]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FCF4151EFC74F99A" box="[827,922,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is summarized in the introduction. It can be brought down to two basic attempts of synonymies, which attempted to bring some order into the high amount of often similar species ascribed to the genus: The first was done by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FC5815E7FBD7F952" author="Burton" box="[919,1081,1700,1724]" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Burton, M. (1929) Porifera. Part II. Antarctic sponges. British Antarctic (' Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, London, British Museum (Natural History). Zoology, 6, 393 - 458, pls. I - V." type="journal article" year="1929">Burton (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and later continued by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FA8115E6FF0AF90E" author="Koltun" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1976) Porifera - Part 1: Antarctic Sponges. Report B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931 (B, Zoology and Botany), 5, 153 - 198, pls. 1 ̶ 3." type="journal article" year="1976">Koltun (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The second attempt was done by Barthel & Tendal (1992), which was followed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FB0A1585FF0AF8EA" author="Gocke" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Gocke, C., & Janussen, D. (2013) Hexactinellida of the genus Rossella, of ANT XXIV / 2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition - Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea. Zootaxa, 3692 (1), 102 - 122. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3692.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">Göcke & Janussen (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It is now obvious that both concepts contain basic systematic weaknesses that compromise the results.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FF581452FED6F8C6" author="Burton" box="[151,312,1808,1832]" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Burton, M. (1929) Porifera. Part II. Antarctic sponges. British Antarctic (' Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, London, British Museum (Natural History). Zoology, 6, 393 - 458, pls. I - V." type="journal article" year="1929">Burton (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used an attempt that was basically concentrating on the external shape and neglected most spicule information which he discounted as being of minor importance. Furthermore he was led by a strong will to reduce the number of species and therefore would rather join two species than separate them if synonymy was questionable.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D074B967FEFD143EFE3FF87B" author="Koltun" box="[306,465,1916,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1976) Porifera - Part 1: Antarctic Sponges. Report B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931 (B, Zoology and Botany), 5, 153 - 198, pls. 1 ̶ 3." type="journal article" year="1976">Koltun (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
obviously had the same will to reduce species numbers, and was furthermore confused when he re-introduced spicule information into Burton’s spicule-less system. As Burton joined species with clearly different spicule inventory, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FE331487FDA1F832" box="[508,591,1988,2012]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="levis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FE331487FDA1F832" box="[508,591,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. levis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D074B967FD491487FD33F832" box="[646,733,1988,2012]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="174" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nuda">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D074B967FD491487FD33F832" box="[646,733,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="174">R. nuda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, under one taxon name, the resulting “species” could not have a distinct characteristic spicule inventory. Koltun realized this, but did not draw the conclusion that different species were joined under one taxon name. Instead he continued synonymizing until he found a working species concept, even though this lumped together many clearly recognizably different forms/species. Barthel & Tendal (1992) realized these problems and tried to establish a new system based on spicules that included habitus information. Thus, they resurrected several former species; however, they based their work mainly on the material sampled during the EPOS-expeditions of RV Polarstern in the Weddell Sea (1989), without much consideration of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="663F8811D077B964FF0E1232FF1FFE66" box="[193,241,368,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens or material from other parts of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C1937623D077B964FD30122DFC85FE66" box="[767,875,367,392]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Also, they did not put too much emphasis on the habitus information, probably because their material was trawled and therefore delicate specimens as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FAC912D7FA72FE42" box="[1286,1436,404,428]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FAC912D7FA72FE42" box="[1286,1436,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not recovered in a condition that allowed for much habitus (or
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FC4012FAFC3DFE21" box="[911,979,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
) information. For this reason they ended up with a somewhat narrow perspective of the diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FCFB129EFC7DFE1A" box="[820,915,476,500]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FCFB129EFC7DFE1A" box="[820,915,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which e. g. did not incorporate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FB31129FFA7BFE1A" box="[1278,1429,476,500]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FB31129FFA7BFE1A" box="[1278,1429,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which they still considered a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FD5F1143FCC7FDF9" box="[656,809,512,536]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="racovitzae">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FD5F1143FCC7FDF9" box="[656,809,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. racovitzae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, Barthel & Tendal perceptively reported a strongly bud-producing variant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FDD01167FD5BFDD2" box="[543,693,549,572]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="racovitzae">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FDD01167FD5BFDD2" box="[543,693,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. racovitzae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that they state might be turned into a species at some point. The analysis of several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FEBF110AFE21FD8E" box="[368,463,584,608]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FEBF110AFE21FD8E" box="[368,463,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D077B964FD821105FC9DFD8E" author="Gocke" box="[589,883,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" refString="Gocke, C., & Janussen, D. (2013) Hexactinellida of the genus Rossella, of ANT XXIV / 2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition - Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea. Zootaxa, 3692 (1), 102 - 122. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3692.1.6" type="journal article" year="2013">Göcke & Janussen (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was based only on Weddell Sea material, just as the study of Barthel & Tendal (1992). Here we include material from the Ross Sea showing that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FB18112FFA80FD6A" box="[1239,1390,620,644]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FB18112FFA80FD6A" box="[1239,1390,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a well-defined species when both habitus and spicule information are carefully considered. It is clear that a proper taxonomical analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FE6711F6FDE9FD22" box="[424,519,692,716]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FE6711F6FDE9FD22" box="[424,519,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should include as much material as possible from all around the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C1937623D077B964FB1111F6FAA8FD23" box="[1246,1350,692,717]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
Ocean. More importantly, all information, such as habitus (best alive
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FCA3119AFC5BFD01" box="[876,949,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
) spicule inventory and molecular data (if available), must be included.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FE2011BEFDA0FCFA" box="[495,590,764,788]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FE2011BEFDA0FCFA" box="[495,590,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
once more has proven to be a complicated genus, more than previously thought, and it is still a long way to go to form a proper concept of valid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FC051062FBC7FCD6" box="[970,1065,800,824]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FC051062FBC7FCD6" box="[970,1065,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, including a full revision of
|
||
<typeStatus id="663F8811D077B964FF741006FEC6FCB3" box="[187,296,836,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(currently underway), analysis of further material from the whole southern ocean, and detailed molecular analysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F19E6538D077B965FF0810CEFC2AFF16" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="176" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="B93B36B3D077B964FF0810CEFBE5FB4E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">
|
||
Budding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FEE010CEFE60FC4A" ID-CoL="84TBC" box="[303,398,908,932]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FEE010CEFE60FC4A" box="[303,398,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not a new phenomenon; they have been reported several times, not only from the Ross Sea, but also from the Weddell Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D077B964FD8B10F2FC89FC26" author="Gutt" box="[580,871,943,968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" refString="Gutt, J. & Piepenburg, D. (2003) Scale-dependent impact on diversity of Antarctic benthos caused by grounding of icebergs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 253, 77 - 83. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 253077" type="journal article" year="2003">Gutt & Piepenburg 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D077B964FCBA10EDFBB8FC26" author="Teixido" box="[885,1110,943,968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" refString="Teixido, N., Gili, J. - M., Uriz, M. - J., Gutt, J. & Arntz, W. E. (2006) Observations of asexual reproductive strategies in Antarctic hexactinellid sponges from ROV video records. Deep-Sea Research II, 53, 972 - 984. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2006.02.008" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Teixido
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FC1B10F3FBE1FC26" box="[980,1039,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unfortunately, the original material of these studies could not be directly sampled, so it was always questionable which species really does this remarkable budding. As we have now re-established
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FD2310BBFC6CFBFE" ID-CoL="78Y7N" box="[748,898,1016,1040]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FD2310BBFC6CFBFE" box="[748,898,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and analyzed its budding habit, we come to the assumption, that in many of these cases, it might actually be the respective species, although so far not identified with its proper name due to the complicated synonymy history as shown above. Further inspection is needed to analyze its distribution and see how widespread the species really is, but it may be quite common around
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FF5817C5FEE1FB4E" ID-CoL="4TFDN" box="[151,271,1159,1184]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C1937623D077B964FF5817C5FEE1FB4E" box="[151,271,1159,1184]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although it probably has its main occurrence range in the Ross Sea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B93B36B3D077B964FF0817EEFEC4F856" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">
|
||
The mode of life of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FE7617EFFDBCFB2A" ID-CoL="78Y7N" box="[441,594,1196,1220]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FE7617EFFDBCFB2A" box="[441,594,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite unique, as all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FC6917EEFBEBFB2A" ID-CoL="84TBC" box="[934,1029,1196,1220]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FC6917EEFBEBFB2A" box="[934,1029,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. live on, but never within, the sediment. This difference is well visible in
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D077B964FD4E178DFD24FB06" box="[641,714,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[243,1324,195,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1325,195,1830]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habit of Rossella podagrosa. A: Clean colony of strongly budding R. podagrosa, used by some comatulids as substrate. Scale bar: 10 cm. B: Close-up of R. podagrosa covered with sediment. Scale bar: 10 cm. C: Ground covered by dense mass of R. podogrosa, mostly concealed by sediment. Two clean specimens of R. cf. levis grow over the R. podagrosa - ground. Scale bar: 20 cm. D: Assemblage of large R. podagrosa coverage and one specimen of R. antarctica (to the upper left). Scale bar: 20 cm. E: Type of R. podagrosa (BMNH 1908.2.5.6). Scale bar: 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237105/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C and D where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FC4D1793FBF7FB06" ID-CoL="78Y7N" box="[898,1049,1232,1256]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FC4D1793FBF7FB06" box="[898,1049,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is visible only very slightly by its oscular regions sticking out of the mud, while the more typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FCAE17B6FC2EFAE2" ID-CoL="84TBC" box="[865,960,1268,1292]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FCAE17B6FC2EFAE2" box="[865,960,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appearance is visible in the adjacent large specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FEFA165BFE5EFADE" ID-CoL="4TFDW" box="[309,432,1303,1328]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="levis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FEFA165BFEA8FADE" box="[309,326,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R</emphasis>
|
||
. cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FEB2165AFE5EFADE" box="[381,432,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">levis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FE24165BFD90FAC1" ID-CoL="4TFDN" box="[491,638,1304,1328]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FE24165BFD90FAC1" box="[491,638,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FD40165AFC80FADE" ID-CoL="78Y7N" box="[655,878,1304,1328]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FD40165AFC80FADE" box="[655,878,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Rossella podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nonetheless clearly covers most ground in these pictures and is certainly the most abundant species in this area of the Ross Sea. In general, sponges consist of a complicated filtering apparatus with thin channels traversing its tissue, including chambers of flagellate cells which produce a strong current from which food particles are taken in and oscules just release the filtered water (van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D077B964FF5816EAFEB0FA2E" author="Soest" box="[151,350,1448,1472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury-Esnault, N., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Erpenbeck, D., De Voogd, N. J., Santodomingo, N., Vanhoorne, B., Kelly, M. & Hooper, J. N. A. (2012) Global Diversity of Sponges (Porifera). PLoS ONE, 7, 1 - 23. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0035105" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Soest
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FF1216EBFEF9FA2E" box="[221,279,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is easy to imagine that such a delicate filtering system can easily be clogged by excessive sediment. In addition, some sponges even possess the capacity of self-cleaning, and some are able to shed sediment off their surfaces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D077B964FEBE16ADFD70F9E6" author="Barthel" box="[369,670,1519,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" refString="Barthel, D. & Wolfrath, B. (1989) Tissue sloughing in the sponge Halichondria panicea: A fouling organism preventing being fouled. Oecologia, 78, 357 - 369. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00379109" type="journal article" year="1989">Barthel & Wolfrath 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D077B964FD6116ADFCC5F9E6" author="Bell" box="[686,811,1519,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" refString="Bell, J. J. (2004) Evidence for morphology-induced sediment settlement prevention on the tubular sponge Haliclona urceolus. Marine Biology, 146, 29 - 38. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 004 - 1429 - 0" type="journal article" year="2004">Bell, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D077B964FCF316ADFB86F9E6" author="Schonberg" box="[828,1128,1519,1544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" refString="Schonberg, C. H. L. & Suwa, R. (2007) Why bioeroding sponges may be better hosts for symbiotic dinoflagellates than many corals. In: Custodio, M. R., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Porifera Research Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Museo Nacional Rio de Janeiro, pp 569 - 580 [Ser Livros 28]." type="journal volume" year="2007">Schönberg & Suwa 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In her study on spongeassociated invertebrate faunas,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D077B964FDC21557FD0FF9C3" author="Kunzmann" box="[525,737,1556,1581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" refString="Kunzmann, K. (1996) Associated fauna of selected sponges (Hexactinellida & Demospongiae) from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Berichte zur Polarforschung, 210, 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1996">Kunzmann (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that sponges with many protruding spicules and especially
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FED9157BFE5FF9A1" ID-CoL="4TFDN" box="[278,433,1592,1616]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FED9157BFE5FF9A1" box="[278,433,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with its thick veil of pentactines shelter many animals from protozoons to large polychaetes and echinoderms. They also catch certain amounts of sediment. This is visible in
|
||
<figureCitation id="21BF2A36D077B964FB2F151EFACFF99A" box="[1248,1313,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1870,1892]" captionTargetBox="[243,1324,195,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[243,1325,195,1830]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habit of Rossella podagrosa. A: Clean colony of strongly budding R. podagrosa, used by some comatulids as substrate. Scale bar: 10 cm. B: Close-up of R. podagrosa covered with sediment. Scale bar: 10 cm. C: Ground covered by dense mass of R. podogrosa, mostly concealed by sediment. Two clean specimens of R. cf. levis grow over the R. podagrosa - ground. Scale bar: 20 cm. D: Assemblage of large R. podagrosa coverage and one specimen of R. antarctica (to the upper left). Scale bar: 20 cm. E: Type of R. podagrosa (BMNH 1908.2.5.6). Scale bar: 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/237105/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D as well, where the specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FE6F15C3FDDDF979" ID-CoL="4TFDN" box="[416,563,1664,1688]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FE6F15C3FDDDF979" box="[416,563,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although growing clearly above the ground, is heavily covered by sediment and inhabiting invertebrates such as brittle stars. It can be assumed that these associations with presumably very complicated trophic interactions function as “microbial gardens”, in which bacteria settle and form the basic nourishment for the sponges. If this is true, similar processes may be assumed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FBFF15AFFB29F8EA" ID-CoL="78Y7N" box="[1072,1223,1772,1796]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FBFF15AFFB29F8EA" box="[1072,1223,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">R. podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the ground. Still, to test this hypothesis we will need much further work on microbes as well as on sponge-associated invertebrates. Another hypothesis is that the half-buried way of living might serve as a kind of hide-out for the sponge saving it from predators like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FDFB141AFCA0F881" ID-CoL="9FQ5" box="[564,846,1880,1904]" class="Asteroidea" family="Odontasteridae" genus="Acodontaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="conspicuus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FDFB141AFCA0F881" box="[564,846,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Acodontaster conspicuus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D077B964FBCA141AFB43F89E" author="Dayton" box="[1029,1197,1880,1904]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" refString="Dayton, P. K. (1979) Observations of growth, dispersal and population dynamics of some sponges in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. In: Levi, C. & Boury-Esnault, N. (Eds.), Biologie des Spongiaires (Sponge Biology). Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 291, Paris, pp. 271 - 282." type="journal article" year="1979">Dayton (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. If this assumption is true, it might also serve as an explanation for the very high abundances of this species, in combination with its high growth rates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B93B36B3D077B965FF081481FC2AFF16" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="176" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FF081481FEB1F832" bold="true" box="[199,351,1987,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Conclusions.</emphasis>
|
||
It is evident that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D077B964FDF61486FC1FF832" ID-CoL="78Y7N" authority="Kirkpatrick, 1907" authorityName="Kirkpatrick" authorityYear="1907" box="[569,1009,1988,2013]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="podagrosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D077B964FDF61486FCF4F832" box="[569,794,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="175">Rossella podagrosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD154B42D077B964FCE91486FC1FF832" author="Kirkpatrick" box="[806,1009,1988,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="175" refString="Kirkpatrick, R. (1907) Porifera Hexactinellida. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. ' Discovery') 1901 - 1904. Natural History, 3, 1 ̶ 25, pls. 1 ̶ 7." type="journal volume" year="1907">Kirkpatrick, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a valid species. It can be clearly differentiated from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D076B965FE7713DAFDF9FF5E" ID-CoL="84TBC" box="[440,535,152,176]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="176" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D076B965FE7713DAFDF9FF5E" box="[440,535,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="176">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. Furthermore we show that a thorough revision of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E844D30D076B965FAC713DAFA89FF5E" ID-CoL="84TBC" box="[1288,1383,152,176]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Rossellidae" genus="Rossella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lyssacinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="176" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D076B965FAC713DAFA89FF5E" box="[1288,1383,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="176">Rossella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will need detailed analysis of specimens from all areas of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C1937623D076B965FCE413FEFC78FF3B" box="[811,918,188,213]" name="Antarctica" pageId="7" pageNumber="176">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and that it requires close examination of the habitus (at best based on
|
||
<emphasis id="8BF0EAA1D076B965FE7E13A2FE19FF19" box="[433,503,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="176">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
examination) as well as spicule analysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |