629 lines
72 KiB
XML
629 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document id="8ED860496D41A98A0D1980A44840A5CC" ID-DOI="10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i1a.2765" ID-GBIF-Dataset="04764dd2-e290-4bda-bb86-5e7070125152" ID-ISSN="2347-5129" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11659163" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1718383240590" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rosidah" docDate="2023" docId="14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C" docLanguage="en" docName="IntJFishAquatStud.11.1.A.26-30.pdf" docOrigin="International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 11 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i1a.2765" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4C58C81CAA25A52E947307742031BFD1.2:IntJFishAquatStud.2021-.journal_article" docStyleId="4C58C81CAA25A52E947307742031BFD1" docStyleName="IntJFishAquatStud.2021-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Phyllanthus niruri L." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="E83B5B4DD000FFE74F08A662FFB80264" masterDocTitle="A mini-review: Potential of Phyllanthus niruri L as immunostimulators in fish aquaculture" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="26" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1719233129339" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods id="66B86C6EBCD82C4313268043403F9A8F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="BC9197FB53F2D8743A491250B4EAAB78">
|
||
<mods:title id="9A96D230FD56D550B53F9DFE06EFD11D">A mini-review: Potential of Phyllanthus niruri L as immunostimulators in fish aquaculture</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="DF36459C80252AE3B066DEFAD4DEF412" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6A0EE6164B5F688AFF4E0B7FB06D6E26">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="5E685B1D3201C768B8263766C795FCF0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="BFEB728758C3A2C85AD1D28670A68327">Rosidah</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="D275366AD4BCC17649B8C4248AB16B77">Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="125958A2605E74744AA5704BADF05CDA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="4E62E56FFAA0009E7E41E7443A0E359E" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="695815F93A4D221ABCFF9A8C6A6AEFA2">
|
||
<mods:title id="8CFFAAC99DB2B9A9909335FFBABD257C">International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="24AD6D7B2548DD41112EA71310C66D81">
|
||
<mods:date id="CA02583215F89679C633EF5751D9A4EE">2023</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="6A60689DD61D92A64A181AA6457892AA" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="50215398766BE9CED99994A3E84FFE54">2023-01-01</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="66B825AA9E51EABC2686247D9D4575A7" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="052F5BF341888BD3BEBE091BFC767F5B">11</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="C6BB2851BAE1B988182D0B195A39E80E" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="7D4562C5A6853C82DAE1DD4A82A02AE1">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="163621621C2F5AD4527BCF9A9001B4CE" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="5DE20F54B82BA8DE089FAB83357FE6EA">26</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="EA4762C23809B7AD6A2A8C8650A5490F">30</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="1A1FC0984E5770000143AA3C177753AA">
|
||
<mods:url id="0166748DB6DCF23C3E995505C2AB94A5">http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i1a.2765</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="50D722D88318C4F80460D96725D0B8A4">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C1FD80770D09F4F025E39992419F2F18" type="DOI">10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i1a.2765</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="55E1AE01FC788A81D6AF6FB97ECCB4D8" type="GBIF-Dataset">04764dd2-e290-4bda-bb86-5e7070125152</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C0788854515861FE94C05719E9F60E41" type="ISSN">2347-5129</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="AF43A1AA73E50589712B6CE97BA49F0F" type="Zenodo-Dep">11659163</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12516484" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233743404" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12516484" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<subSubSection id="D4B1C1A8D001FFE64F68A410FD5E00EE" box="[96,742,626,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A410FD5E00EE" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" box="[96,742,626,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A410FD5E00EE" bold="true" box="[96,742,626,650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
2. Classification and morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64EF3A410FD5E00EE" authority="L." authorityName="L." box="[507,742,626,650]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64EF3A410FD7F00EE" bold="true" box="[507,711,626,650]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||
L.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D4B1C1A8D001FFE54F68A4F2FBB1057C" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A4F2FF5501F9" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64F68A4F2FEFC00C3" box="[96,324,656,680]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A4F2FE9D00CC" box="[96,293,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||
L.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="04908EA6D001FFE64E5CA4F2FE1400CC" box="[340,428,656,680]" captionStart="Fig 1" captionStartId="1.[267,300,1936,1957]" captionTargetBox="[227,631,1510,1914]" captionTargetId="figure-376@1.[227,631,1510,1914]" captionText="Fig 1: Phyllanthus niruri L. Plant" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12516482" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12516482/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, a plant that is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions.
|
||
<location id="9974C4F8D001FFE64FB4A4ACFEA60081" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:14022335D001FFE54F68A410FBB1057C:9974C4F8D001FFE64FB4A4ACFEA60081" box="[188,286,717,741]" country="China" municipality="Piedra" name="In Malay" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">In Malay</location>
|
||
this plant is called dukong anak, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4BCD2B3D001FFE64DACA4AFFD5C0081" box="[676,740,717,741]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
it is known as zhu zi cao, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4BCD2B3D001FFE64E73A489FE040167" box="[379,444,747,771]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
it is called chanca
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7C700859D001FFE64D80A489FD740167" box="[648,716,747,771]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Piedra</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
and in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4BCD2B3D001FFE64FEFA568FEA60146" box="[231,286,778,802]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
it is called Bhumyamalaki
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64D53A56BFDC00173" attach="right" box="[603,632,777,791]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64D68A56BFDCC0173" author="Lee NY & Khoo WK & Adnan MA & Mahalingam TP & Fernandez AR & Jeevaratnam K." box="[608,628,777,791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="953 - 69" refId="ref3474" refString="10. Lee NY, Khoo WK, Adnan MA, Mahalingam TP, Fernandez AR, Jeevaratnam K. The pharmacological potential of Phyllanthus niruri. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2016; 68: 953 - 69." type="journal article" year="2016">10</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. This plant lives on land to an altitude of
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64EA7A54BFDBA0125" box="[431,514,809,833]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1000.0">
|
||
<elevation id="17867510D001FFE64EA7A54BFDBA0125" box="[431,514,809,833]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
DPL, in rocky places, damp places such as along waterways, or among grass and shrubs [Dalimarta]. The classification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64D10A504FD43011A" box="[536,763,870,894]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64D10A504FD65011A" box="[536,733,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||
L.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A5A0FED601BE" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" box="[96,366,962,986]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Kingdom: Plantae</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A583FE79019D" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" box="[96,449,993,1017]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Division: Spermatophyta</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A262FE03067C" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" box="[96,443,1024,1048]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Sub Divisi: Angisopermae</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A27CFE030652" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" box="[96,443,1054,1078]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Class Order: Dicotyledonae</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A25FFE030631" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" box="[96,443,1085,1109]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Family: Dicotyledonae</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A23EFE060610" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" box="[96,446,1116,1140]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64E28A23EFE060610" box="[288,446,1116,1140]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A218FE0606F6" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" box="[96,446,1146,1170]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Species: Euphorbiaceae</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64FF8A2F8FD6C06D5" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" box="[240,724,1177,1201]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64E28A2FBFE4D06D5" authority="L." authorityName="L." box="[288,501,1177,1201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Phyllantus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64E28A2FBFE6F06D5" box="[288,471,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllantus niruri</emphasis>
|
||
L.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[14 Kardinan, 2004]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A2B4FD8607A1" blockId="1.[96,763,134,1477]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64F68A2B4FEF3068A" box="[96,331,1238,1262]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A2B4FE91068A" box="[96,297,1238,1262]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||
L.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a wild herb plant, originating from Asia and has now reached the African, Australian and American continents, having light green or dark green stems. Each branch or twig consists of 8-25 leaves. The leaves are green, measuring 0.5-2 x
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64E76A333FDBA070D" box="[382,514,1361,1385]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="0.375" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.25">0.25-0.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64D04A32DFD910739" attach="right" box="[524,553,1359,1373]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64D19A32DFD9C0739" author="Kardinan IA" box="[529,548,1359,1373]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" refId="ref3640" refString="14. Kardinan IA. Kusuma FR. Meniran natural immune enhancer. AgroMedia; c 2004." type="book" year="2004">14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. It has white male and female flowers. Male flowers appear under the leaf axils, while female flowers appear above the leaf axils
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64D7CA3EEFD2907FE" attach="right" box="[628,657,1420,1434]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64D71A3EEFD3407FE" author="Ervina MN" box="[633,652,1420,1434]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" refId="ref3658" refString="15. Ervina MN dan Mulyono Y. Meniran Hijau (Phyllanthus Ninuri L) Ethnobotany as a Potential Drug for Snakes (Herpes Zoster) in the Dayak Ngaju Tribe Tradition. Jejaring Matematika dan Sains Journal, 2019, 1 (1)." type="journal volume" year="2019">15</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. The ripe meniran anthers will burst longitudinally
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64D12A3C9FD8F07DD" attach="right" box="[538,567,1451,1465]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64D17A3C9FD8A07DD" author="Kardinan IA" box="[543,562,1451,1465]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" refId="ref3640" refString="14. Kardinan IA. Kusuma FR. Meniran natural immune enhancer. AgroMedia; c 2004." type="book" year="2004">14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C8D4C2ABD001FFE64E03A1F2FDE805C1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12516482" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12516482" box="[267,592,1935,1957]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12516482/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" startId="1.[267,300,1936,1957]" targetBox="[227,631,1510,1914]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64E03A1F2FDE805C1" blockId="1.[267,592,1935,1957]" box="[267,592,1935,1957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64E03A1F2FEFF05C1" bold="true" box="[267,327,1936,1957]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Fig 1:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64E45A1EDFDA105C1" authority="L." authorityName="L." box="[333,537,1935,1957]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64E45A1EDFE4505C1" box="[333,509,1935,1957]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||
L.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Plant
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A1A9FD1B0587" blockId="1.[96,762,1995,2110]" box="[96,675,1995,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64F68A1A9FD1B0587" bold="true" box="[96,675,1995,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
3. The content and benefits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64EBFA1A9FD1B0587" box="[439,675,1995,2019]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64EBFA1A9FD3C0587" bold="true" box="[439,644,1995,2019]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||
L.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64F68A188FB0F0673" blockId="1.[96,762,1995,2110]" lastBlockId="1.[824,1492,132,2090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
In general, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64E18A18BFE450A65" authority="L. plant" authorityName="L. Plant" box="[272,509,2025,2049]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64E18A18BFE610A65" box="[272,473,2025,2049]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||
L.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plant contains several complete chemical compounds, so it is very beneficial for health.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64FB3AE45FE9B0A5A" box="[187,291,2087,2110]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64FB3AE45FE9B0A5A" box="[187,291,2087,2110]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, phenols and terpenoids
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64A35A6E6FA7502F7" attach="right" box="[1341,1485,132,147]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[16,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64A61A6E7FAC402F7" author="Ramandeep K & Nahid A & Neelabh C & Navneet K." box="[1385,1404,133,147]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="1312 - 1316" refId="ref3736" refString="17. Ramandeep K, Nahid A, Neelabh C, Navneet K. Phytochemical Screening of Phyllanthus niruri collected from Kerala Region and its Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials. Journal Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research. 2017; 9 (8): 1312 - 1316." type="journal article" year="2017">17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64A87A6E7FA1A02F7" author="Mangunwardoyo W & Cahyaningsih E & Usia T." box="[1423,1442,133,147]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="57 - 63" refId="ref3783" refString="18. Mangunwardoyo W, Cahyaningsih E, Usia T. Extraction and Identification of Meniran Herb Antimicrobial Compounds (Phyllanthus niruri L.). Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009; 7 (2): 57 - 63." type="journal article" year="2009">18</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64ABDA6E7FA7F02F7" author="Rivai H & Refilia S & Agusri B." box="[1461,1479,133,147]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="15 - 22" refId="ref3826" refString="19. Rivai H, Refilia S, Agusri B. Characterization of Meniran Herb Extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) by Fluorescence Analysis. Higea Pharmaceutical Journal. 2013; 5 (2): 15 - 22." type="journal article" year="2013">19</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Triterpenoid compounds contain components of lupeol acetate and betasitosterol
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64B1FA6A0FB8C02B4" attach="right" box="[1047,1076,194,208]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64B14A6A0FB8802B4" author="Sinh SKP" box="[1052,1072,194,208]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="467 - 469" refId="ref3866" refString="20. Sinh SKP, Agarawal and dogra JV, Variotionis the level of vitamin C. Total Phenolic and Protein in Phyllanthus niruri L, During leaf mutarationn. Natl. Acad. Sel. Latt. 1989; 4 (12): 467 - 469." type="journal article" year="1989">20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Apart from containing bioactive compounds of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids,
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64AB4A681FA6B029E" box="[1468,1491,227,250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64C30A760FCCE037D" box="[824,886,258,281]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64C30A760FCCE037D" box="[824,886,258,281]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also contains molecules of lignans, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, glycosides, ellagitannins, triterpenes, phenyl propanoids, ricinolic acid, niruriside, phyltetralin, essential oils, anthraquinones and arbutin
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64B90A739FA98030D" attach="right" box="[1176,1312,347,361]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64B95A739FB09030D" author="Calixto JB & Santos AR & Cechinel Filho V & Yunes RA" box="[1181,1201,347,361]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" refId="ref3915" refString="21. Calixto JB, Santos AR, Cechinel Filho V, Yunes RA. Areview of the genus Phyllanthus: their chemistry, pharmacology and therapeutic potencial. Med Res Rev. 1998; 18: 225." type="journal volume" year="1998">21</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64BB1A739FB74030D" author="Unander DW & Webster GL & Blumberg BS" box="[1209,1228,347,361]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref3954" refString="22. Unander DW, Webster GL, Blumberg BS. Usage and bioassays in Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae). IV. Clustering of antiviral uses and other effects. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995; 45 (1): 1 - 18. Doi: 10.1016 / 0378 - 8741 (94) 01189 - 7." type="journal article" year="1995">22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64BDBA739FB5E030D" author="Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu" box="[1235,1254,347,361]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" refId="ref4012" refString="23. Li Xiang-rong. Chemical components and bioactivities of Phyllanthus niruri L. Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa. 2007; 19: 890." type="journal volume" year="2007">23</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64BE6A739FAB9030D" author="Van Dau, Ha" box="[1262,1281,347,361]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="15 - 18" refId="ref4038" refString="24. Van Dau, Ha TTT N. Chemical composition of Phyllanthus niruri L., Euphorbiaceae. Tap Chi Duoc Hoc - Saigon Then Hanoi. 2007; 47: 15 - 18." type="journal article" year="2007">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64A01A739FAA4030D" author="Sudarsono PA & Gunawan D & Wahyuono S & Donatus IA & Drajad M." box="[1289,1308,347,361]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" refId="ref4074" refString="25. Sudarsono PA, Gunawan D, Wahyuono S, Donatus IA, Drajad M. Medicinal Plants. Yogyakarta: Research Center for Traditional Medicine, University of Gajah Mada; c 1996." type="book" year="1996">25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Components of flavoniod compounds such as quercetin are mostly found in the leaves, while the stem contains niruri components, niruritenin, rutin. Lignin compounds such as phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin are present in all parts of the plant
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64AA7A7B4FA750380" attach="right" box="[1455,1485,470,484]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64ABCA7B4FA700380" author="Ahmed B & Shoyakugaku Z." box="[1460,1480,470,484]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="213 - 215" refId="ref4110" refString="26. Gupta, Ahmed B, Shoyakugaku Z. A new flavones Glycoside from Phyllanthus niruri. J Nat. Prod. 1984; 4: 213 - 215." type="journal article" year="1984">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Quantitatively, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B01A794FB5D006A" box="[1033,1253,502,526]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">Phyllanthus niruri L</taxonomicName>
|
||
plant contains a total phenol equivalent to
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64B2AA477FBCD0049" box="[1058,1141,533,557]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.805" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="g" value="28.05">28.05 g</quantity>
|
||
of gallic acid in
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64A31A477FACB0049" box="[1337,1395,533,557]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="mg" value="1.0">1 mg</quantity>
|
||
of plant extract, while the content of flavonoids in
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64A26A451FAD30028" box="[1326,1387,563,588]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="mg" value="1.0">1 mg</quantity>
|
||
of plant extract is equivalent to
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64B3BA430FB3C000F" box="[1075,1156,594,619]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.141" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="g" value="61.41">61.41 g</quantity>
|
||
of quercetin, while the filantin content in 70%
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64CF7A410FBE200ED" box="[1023,1114,625,649]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||
ethanol extract of 0.864%
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64AA7A40DFA750019" attach="right" box="[1455,1485,623,637]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">[16]</superScript>
|
||
. Traditionally this plant has been widely used by people in tropical countries to treat various
|
||
<typeStatus id="43102C81D001FFE64BA4A4CDFB5C00A3" box="[1196,1252,687,711]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of diseases including intestinal infections, kidney stones
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64BEAA4A9FA9D00BD" attach="right" box="[1250,1317,715,729]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64BEEA4A9FB4200BD" author="Bieski IG & Leonti M & Arnason JT & Ferrier J & Rapinski M & Violante IM" box="[1254,1274,715,729]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="383 - 423" refId="ref4141" refString="27. Bieski IG, Leonti M, Arnason JT, Ferrier J, Rapinski M, Violante IM, et al. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants by population of Valley of Juruena Region, Legal Amazon, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 173: 383 - 423." type="journal article" year="2015">27</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64A06A4A9FA9900BD" author="Patel JR & Tripathi P & Sharma V & Chauhan NS & Dixit VK" box="[1294,1313,715,729]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="286 - 313" refId="ref4196" refString="28. Patel JR, Tripathi P, Sharma V, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Phyllanthus amarus: Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: A review. Journal Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 138: 286 - 313." type="journal article" year="2011">28</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
, chronic liver disease, diabetes and preventing hepatitis B virus infection
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64ABFA488FA6C009C" attach="right" box="[1463,1492,746,760]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64AB4A488FA68009C" author="Patel JR & Tripathi P & Sharma V & Chauhan NS & Dixit VK" box="[1468,1488,746,760]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="286 - 313" refId="ref4196" refString="28. Patel JR, Tripathi P, Sharma V, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Phyllanthus amarus: Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: A review. Journal Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 138: 286 - 313." type="journal article" year="2011">28</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64C30A56BFCF70173" attach="right" box="[824,847,777,791]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64C30A56BFCF30173" author="Qi FH & Wang ZX & Cai PP & Zhao L & Gao JJ & Kokudo N" box="[824,843,777,791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="212 - 224" refId="ref4237" refString="29. Qi FH, Wang ZX, Cai PP, Zhao L, Gao JJ, Kokudo N, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine and related active compounds: A review of their role on hepatitis B virus infection. Drug Discov. Ther. 2013; 7 (6): 212 - 224." type="journal article" year="2013">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
, asthma, gonorrhea, bronchitis, and syphilis
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64A56A56BFA260173" attach="right" box="[1374,1438,777,791]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64A6BA56BFACF0173" author="Chopra RN & Nayar SL & Chopra II" box="[1379,1399,777,791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" refId="ref4295" refString="30. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra II. Glosssary of Indian medicinal plants. Ranchi: Catholic Press; c 1986." type="book" year="1986">30</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64A8EA56BFA200173" author="Dhar ML & Dhar MM & Dhawan BN & Mehrotra BN & Ray C." box="[1414,1432,777,791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="232 - 247" refId="ref4320" refString="31. Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN, Ray C. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: I. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1968; 6 (4): 232 - 247." type="journal article" year="1968">31</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
and boosting the immune system
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64B89A545FB260151" attach="right" box="[1153,1182,807,821]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64B8EA545FB210151" author="Putri DU & Rintiswati N & Soesatyo MH & Haryana SM" box="[1158,1177,807,821]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="463 - 467" refId="ref3513" refString="11. Putri DU, Rintiswati N, Soesatyo MH, Haryana SM. Immune modulation properties of herbal plant leaves: Phyllanthus niruri aqueous extract on immune cells of tuberculosis patient- in vitro study. Natural product Research. 2018; 32: 463 - 467." type="journal article" year="2018">11</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. The ability of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64A5BA548FA0B0125" box="[1363,1459,810,833]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64A5BA548FA0B0125" box="[1363,1459,810,833]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to treat various diseases is due to its pharmacological properties, including as an immunomodulator, antiviral, antibacterial, diuretic, anti-hyperglycemic and hepatoprotector
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64A61A5E1FA1001F5" attach="right" box="[1385,1448,899,913]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64A65A5E1FA3901F5" author="Lee NY & Khoo WK & Adnan MA & Mahalingam TP & Fernandez AR & Jeevaratnam K." box="[1389,1409,899,913]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="953 - 69" refId="ref3474" refString="10. Lee NY, Khoo WK, Adnan MA, Mahalingam TP, Fernandez AR, Jeevaratnam K. The pharmacological potential of Phyllanthus niruri. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2016; 68: 953 - 69." type="journal article" year="2016">10</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64A99A5E1FA1C01F5" author="Tropical Plant Database" box="[1425,1444,899,913]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" refId="ref3561" refString="12. Tropical Plant Database. Chanca piedra (Phyllanthus niruri); c 2013. [Online] Available from: http: // www. raintree. com / chanca. htm #. V 3 nOBfl 97 IU [Accessed on 4 th July, 2016]" type="url" year="2013">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4BCD2B3D001FFE64C30A5C1FC1A01DF" box="[824,930,931,955]" name="Indonesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, this plant is used to boost the immune system. This plant extract has been shown to be an immunomodulator that can increase blood peripheral proliferative activity and macrophage phagocytic activity
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64B9BA59CFB080668" attach="right" box="[1171,1200,1022,1036]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64B91A59CFB140668" author="Putri DU & Rintiswati N & Soesatyo MH & Haryana SM" box="[1177,1196,1022,1036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" pagination="463 - 467" refId="ref3513" refString="11. Putri DU, Rintiswati N, Soesatyo MH, Haryana SM. Immune modulation properties of herbal plant leaves: Phyllanthus niruri aqueous extract on immune cells of tuberculosis patient- in vitro study. Natural product Research. 2018; 32: 463 - 467." type="journal article" year="2018">11</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64C30A25CFB100611" blockId="1.[824,1492,132,2090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64C30A25CFA6B0632" bold="true" box="[824,1491,1086,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
4. Applications of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B6FA25CFA2C0632" box="[1127,1428,1086,1110]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64B6FA25CFAEC0632" bold="true" box="[1127,1364,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||
L.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64C30A23FFB100611" bold="true" box="[824,1192,1117,1141]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">immunostimulant in culture fish</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE64C30A218FAB30419" blockId="1.[824,1492,132,2090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Several studies have been carried out to prove the effect of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64AB4A219FCCE06D5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Phyllantus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64AB4A219FA6B06F6" box="[1468,1491,1147,1170]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64C30A2F8FCCE06D5" box="[824,886,1178,1201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an immunostimulant that can increase the resistance of humans and animals including fish against disease. Several parameters can be used as indicators of an increase in the immune system or an increase in body resistance after being treated with compounds that act as immunostimulants, including antibody titres, white blood cells including their components, namely neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages. Meanwhile, cytokines, antibodies, and complement proteins are included in the immune molecule. Synchronous interactions between the immune system and immune molecules can induce a good immune response, which can lead to resistance to pathogenic infections
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64AA7A38BFA750793" attach="right" box="[1455,1485,1513,1527]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64ABCA38BFA700793" author="Chaplin DD" box="[1460,1480,1513,1527]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" refId="ref4364" refString="32. Chaplin DD. Overview of the immune response. J Allerg. Clin. Immunol. 2010; 125: S 3 - S 23. doi: 10.1016 / j. jaci. 2009.12.980." type="journal volume" year="2010">32</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Antibody titer is one of the parameters to determine the effectiveness of an immunostimulant substance, by looking at the ability of serum proteins containing antibodies to collect and destroy antigens that enter the body
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD001FFE64BE0A001FABD0415" attach="right" box="[1256,1285,1635,1649]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D001FFE64BE4A001FAB80415" author="Jakarta" box="[1260,1280,1635,1649]" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" refId="ref4402" refString="33. Subowo. Imunobiologi. Immunobiologi. Edisi 2. Angkasa Publisher. Bandung. Sagung Seto. Jakarta; 2009." type="book" year="2009">33</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D001FFE54C30A0E6FB5C03D6" blockId="1.[824,1492,132,2090]" lastBlockId="2.[824,1492,134,649]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Two sets of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64CDCA0E6FB4604F8" box="[980,1278,1668,1692]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicus">Oreochromis mossambicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
fish groups, each consisting of 6 groups (n = 8 per group) were used as test fish to prove the ability of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B36A0A0FB2604BD" box="[1086,1182,1730,1753]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64B36A0A0FB2604BD" box="[1086,1182,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an immunostimulant by observing the levels of an body titers and neutrophil levels. The part of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64CD6A09DFB820572" box="[990,1082,1791,1814]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64CD6A09DFB820572" box="[990,1082,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plant used was the leaf in the form of an aqueous extract. The extract was given to fish by intraperitoneal injection with various doses, namely 20, 2, 0.02 and
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D001FFE64CA4A138FBA00516" box="[940,1048,1882,1906]" metricMagnitude="-9" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" unit="mg" value="0.002">0.002 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg fish body weight. To observe the activity of antibody titers, the first group of fish, after two days of administration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D001FFE64B89A1FBFB5305CB" box="[1153,1259,1944,1968]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D001FFE64B89A1FBFB5305CB" box="[1153,1259,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="27">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf extract, were challenged with Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) which function as antigens. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) are given by intraperitoneal injection with the first dose of 5% of 0.1 mL and a second dose of 25% (booster) of 0.1 mL given three days after the first dose, then observed for 60 days from the first injection. As for observing neutrophil activity, fish in the second set were challenged with 100 μL HA- BSA (heat aggregated-bovine serum albumin) with a concentration of
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54DE5A680FF3A037E" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="5.0">5 mg</quantity>
|
||
via intraperitoneal injection, then observations were made for 12 days. The results showed that administration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DECA743FF260332" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DECA743FF260332" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aqueous extract resulted in a significant increase compared to controls in the activation of antibody and neutrophil responses. Of the various doses tested, the group of fish that were given
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54E34A7F9FE2103D6" box="[316,409,411,434]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E34A7F9FE2103D6" box="[316,409,411,434]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf aqueous extract at a dose of
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54F68A7DBFF1B03B5" box="[96,163,441,465]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="20.0">20 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg body weight gave the maximum increase in primary and secondary antibody responses on the 15th day of observation. Whereas the group of fish that were given
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DEDA795FF230049" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf aqueous extract at a dose of
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54D3FA477FD2C0049" box="[567,660,533,557]" metricMagnitude="-8" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="0.02">0.02 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg body weight resulted in a maximum increase in neutrophil levels on day 6
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD002FFE54FACA432FF79003A" attach="right" box="[164,193,592,606]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D002FFE54FA0A432FF04003A" author="Muthulakshmi M & Subramani PA & Michael RD" box="[168,188,592,606]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="200 - 202" refId="ref4425" refString="34. Muthulakshmi M, Subramani PA, Michael RD. Immunostimulatory effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri on the specific and nonspecific immune responses of Oreochromis mossambicus Peters. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2016; 17 (3): 200 - 202." type="journal article" year="2016">34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Tilapia fish (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54E54A430FDF5000E" box="[348,589,594,618]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niloticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E54A430FDF5000E" box="[348,589,594,618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Oreochromis niloticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) that have been given
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54FA2A410FEB600ED" box="[170,270,626,649]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54FA2A410FEB600ED" box="[170,270,626,649]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf extract through injection are able to survive against
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54E33A4F2FDF300CC" authorityName="Stanier" authorityYear="1943" baseAuthorityName="Chester" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[315,587,656,680]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Aeromonadaceae" genus="Aeromonas" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Aeromonadales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="hydrophila">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E33A4F2FDF300CC" box="[315,587,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Aeromonas hydrophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bacteria. A concentration of
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54B1CA6E4FBD402FB" box="[1044,1132,134,159]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="50.0">50 mg</quantity>
|
||
was significantly the best concentration with the highest survival of tilapia, which was 76.7% [35 2014]. carp (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B44A6A6FB4702BF" box="[1100,1279,196,219]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cyprinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carpio">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54B44A6A6FB4702BF" box="[1100,1279,196,219]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Cyprinus carpio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) after being given feed mixed with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B0DA681FBDD029E" box="[1029,1125,226,250]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||
powder for 60 days was then challenged with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54CE6A763FB3D037D" authorityName="Stanier" authorityYear="1943" baseAuthorityName="Chester" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1006,1157,257,281]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Aeromonadaceae" genus="Aeromonas" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Aeromonadales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="hydrophila">A. hydrophila</taxonomicName>
|
||
bacteria with a density of
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD002FFE54AA6A763FA6C0369" attach="right" box="[1454,1492,255,281]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">103</superScript>
|
||
CFU with the cohabitation method through water in a rearing aquarium, able to survive the attack of these bacteria. Giving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54C30A73CFC290311" box="[824,913,349,373]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niluri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54C30A73CFC290311" box="[824,913,349,373]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niluri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
powder as much as 2% (
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54BA8A73FFB770311" box="[1184,1231,349,373]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="g" value="10.0">10 g</quantity>
|
||
/
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54BDFA73FFAAC0312" box="[1239,1300,349,374]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="g" value="500.0">500 g</quantity>
|
||
feed) showed the highest fish resistance against attack by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54A3BA719FA6B03F7" authorityName="Stanier" authorityYear="1943" baseAuthorityName="Chester" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1331,1491,379,403]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Aeromonadaceae" genus="Aeromonas" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Aeromonadales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="hydrophila">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54A3BA719FA6B03F7" box="[1331,1491,379,403]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">A. hydrophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bacteria, which was 100%
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD002FFE54B5FA7FAFBCC03C2" attach="right" box="[1111,1140,408,422]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D002FFE54B53A7FAFBD703C2" author="Sunitha C & Mettilda S & Vinoliya J." box="[1115,1135,408,422]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="352 - 359" refId="ref4518" refString="36. Sunitha C, Mettilda S, Vinoliya J. Effect of dietary intake of Phyllanthus niruri L. on fingerlings of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio L. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 2017; 5 (1): 352 - 359." type="journal article" year="2017">36</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="D129A798D002FFE54B8AA7F8FB6C03D6" box="[1154,1236,410,434]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[440,498,717,738]" captionTargetId="graphics-403@2.[108,1479,754,1203]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1: Applications of Phyllanthus niruri L. Sebagai Immunostimulant" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C8D4C2ABD002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="C8D4C2ABD002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D002FFE54C30A7DBFB8700ED" blockId="2.[824,1492,134,649]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The results of research conducted by Ma'at
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54A15A7D8FAF703B5" box="[1309,1359,441,465]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., (1996)
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD002FFE54ABEA7D5FA6B03A1" attach="right" box="[1462,1491,439,453]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D002FFE54AB3A7D5FA7603A1" author="Ma'at S." box="[1467,1486,439,453]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" refId="ref4567" refString="37. Ma'at S. Phyllanthus niruri L. as an immunostimulator in mice. Diss., University of Airlangga, Surabaya; c 1996." type="book" year="1996">37</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54CC3A7BBFB950394" box="[971,1069,473,496]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54CC3A7BBFB950394" box="[971,1069,473,496]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had an immunomodulating effect
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54AB6A7BBFCD2006A" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">in vitro</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54C72A795FC6B006A" box="[890,979,502,526]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||
extract (
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54B3CA794FB14006A" box="[1076,1196,502,526]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="mg" value="125.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="50.0">50-200 mg</quantity>
|
||
/kg) can elicit both cellular and humoral immune responses. As the results of research by Nworu
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54C84A456FC06002F" box="[908,958,563,587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., (2010)
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD002FFE54B2FA450FBFC0024" attach="right" box="[1063,1092,562,576]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D002FFE54B23A450FB870024" author="Nworu C & Akah P & Okoye F & Proksch P & Esimone C." box="[1067,1087,562,576]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="245 - 267" refId="ref4594" refString="38. Nworu C, Akah P, Okoye F, Proksch P, Esimone C. The effects of Phyllanthus niruri aqueous extract on the activation of murine lymphocytes and bone marrowderived macrophages. Immunol. Invest. 2010; 39: 245 - 267." type="journal article" year="2010">38</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
showed
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54BA1A451FA83002F" box="[1193,1339,563,587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54BD4A456FA83002F" box="[1244,1339,564,587]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
water extract (
|
||
<quantity id="5B533FC6D002FFE54C48A430FC00000E" box="[832,952,594,618]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0625" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.125" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" unit="g" value="106.25" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="12.5">12.5-200 g</quantity>
|
||
/ml) could induce lymphocytes and macrophages in experimental animals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C8D4C2ABD002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086" ID-Table-UUID="C8D4C2ABD002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086" box="[440,1147,716,738]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C8D4C2ABD002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" startId="2.[440,498,717,738]" targetBox="[123,1464,762,1202]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086" blockId="2.[440,1147,716,738]" box="[440,1147,716,738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54EB0A4AFFDB40086" bold="true" box="[440,524,717,738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Table 1:</emphasis>
|
||
Applications of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DA5A4AEFBC30086" authority="L. Sebagai Immunostimulant" authorityName="L. Sebagai Immunostimulant" box="[685,1147,716,738]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DA5A4AEFCE60086" box="[685,862,716,738]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Phyllanthus niruri</emphasis>
|
||
L. Sebagai Immunostimulant
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D002FFE54F8EA498FA0B06E9" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<table id="EEAB6083D00200184F73A498FA0006D6" box="[123,1464,762,1202]" gridcols="5" gridrows="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<tr id="229B9061D00200184F73A498FA00016B" box="[123,1464,762,783]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<th id="614AF91DD00200184F73A498FF43016B" box="[123,251,762,783]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54F8EA498FF48016B" bold="true" box="[134,240,762,783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Jenis Ikan</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="614AF91DD00200184E10A498FE54016B" box="[280,492,762,783]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E43A498FE00016B" bold="true" box="[331,440,762,783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Treatment</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="614AF91DD00200184D01A498FC48016B" box="[521,1008,762,783]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54D9DA498FCDC016B" bold="true" box="[661,868,762,783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Metode Uji Tantang</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="614AF91DD00200184B19A498FACC016B" box="[1041,1396,762,783]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54BA0A498FB65016B" bold="true" box="[1192,1245,762,783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Hasil</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="614AF91DD00200184A9CA498FA00016B" box="[1428,1464,762,783]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54A9CA498FA00016B" bold="true" box="[1428,1464,762,783]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Ref</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="229B9061D00200184F73A574FA00011A" box="[123,1464,790,894]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<th id="614AF91DD00200184F73A574FF43011A" box="[123,251,790,894]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54F74A553FF430107" authority="Administration" authorityName="Administration" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54F74A553FF430107" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Oreochromis mossambicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A574FE54011A" box="[280,492,790,894]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Administration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED8A546FEE80131" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED8A546FEE80131" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aqueous extract via intraperitoneal.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184D01A574FC48011A" box="[521,1008,790,894]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Injection Fish were injected intraperitoneally with Sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The first dose of 0.1 mL of 5% and the second dose (booster) of 0.1 mL of 25%</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184B19A574FACC011A" box="[1041,1396,790,894]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B11A575FBD30148" box="[1049,1131,791,812]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54B11A575FBD30148" box="[1049,1131,791,812]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extract dose of 20 mg/fish body weight resulted in a maximum increase in antibody levels on day 15.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184A9CA574FA00011A" box="[1428,1464,790,894]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D002FFE54A96A55EFA16012F" author="Muthulakshmi M & Subramani PA & Michael RD" box="[1438,1454,828,843]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="200 - 202" refId="ref4425" refString="34. Muthulakshmi M, Subramani PA, Michael RD. Immunostimulatory effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri on the specific and nonspecific immune responses of Oreochromis mossambicus Peters. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2016; 17 (3): 200 - 202." type="journal article" year="2016">34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="229B9061D00200184F73A5E7FA00066E" box="[123,1464,901,1034]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<th id="614AF91DD00200184F73A5E7FF43066E" box="[123,251,901,1034]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54F74A5CDFF430184" authority="Administration" authorityName="Administration" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54F74A5CDFF430184" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Oreochromis mossambicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A5E7FE54066E" box="[280,492,901,1034]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Administration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED8A5E4FEE701D3" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED8A5E4FEE701D3" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf aqueous extract by intraperitoneal injection.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184D01A5E7FC48066E" box="[521,1008,901,1034]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Fish were injected intraperitoneally with HA-BSA (heat aggregated-bovine serum albumin) with a concentration of 5 mg as much as 100 μL.</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184B19A5E7FACC066E" box="[1041,1396,901,1034]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
A dose of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B8CA5F6FB6A01CD" box="[1156,1234,915,937]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P. niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||
extract of 0.02 mg/kg body weight resulted in a maximum increase in neutrophil levels on the 6th day.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184A9CA5E7FA00066E" box="[1428,1464,901,1034]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D002FFE54A96A5D8FA1701AD" author="Muthulakshmi M & Subramani PA & Michael RD" box="[1438,1455,954,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="200 - 202" refId="ref4425" refString="34. Muthulakshmi M, Subramani PA, Michael RD. Immunostimulatory effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri on the specific and nonspecific immune responses of Oreochromis mossambicus Peters. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2016; 17 (3): 200 - 202." type="journal article" year="2016">34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="229B9061D00200184F73A273FA00063A" box="[123,1464,1041,1118]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<th id="614AF91DD00200184F73A273FF43063A" box="[123,251,1041,1118]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54F74A27DFF5D0634" authority="Administration" authorityName="Administration" box="[124,251,1055,1104]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niloticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54F74A27DFF5D0634" box="[124,251,1055,1104]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Oreochromis niloticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A273FE54063A" box="[280,492,1041,1118]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Administration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED8A270FEE70626" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED8A270FEE70626" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaf aqueous extract by injection.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184D01A273FC48063A" box="[521,1008,1041,1118]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Infecting fish by injection with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54C56A27DFCBD0634" authorityName="Stanier" authorityYear="1943" baseAuthorityName="Chester" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Aeromonadaceae" genus="Aeromonas" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Aeromonadales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="hydrophila">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54C56A27DFCBD0634" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Aeromonas hydrophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bacteria.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184B19A273FACC063A" box="[1041,1396,1041,1118]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">The concentration of 50 mg significantly resulted in the highest survival, which was 76.7%.</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184A9CA273FA00063A" box="[1428,1464,1041,1118]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D002FFE54A95A248FA17065D" author="Wulandari R." box="[1437,1455,1066,1081]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" refId="ref4475" refString="35. Wulandari R. Effectiveness of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) Leaf Extract by injection for the prevention of bacterial infection (Aeromonas hydrophila) in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Bachelor Thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto; c 2014." type="book" year="2014">35</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="229B9061D00200184F73A201FA0006D6" box="[123,1464,1123,1202]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<th id="614AF91DD00200184F73A201FF4306D6" box="[123,251,1123,1202]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54F87A211FF6306C0" authority="Giving" authorityName="Giving" box="[143,231,1139,1188]" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cyprinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carpio">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54F87A211FF6306C0" box="[143,231,1139,1188]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">Cyprinus carpio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184E10A201FE5406D6" box="[280,492,1123,1202]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Giving water extract of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54E4DA2E3FE2006F2" box="[325,408,1153,1174]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E4DA2E3FE2006F2" box="[325,408,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves through feed.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184D01A201FC4806D6" box="[521,1008,1123,1202]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Infection of fish with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DE3A207FCD7061F" authorityName="Stanier" authorityYear="1943" baseAuthorityName="Chester" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[747,879,1125,1147]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Aeromonadaceae" genus="Aeromonas" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Aeromonadales" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="hydrophila">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DE3A207FCD7061F" box="[747,879,1125,1147]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">A. hydrophila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
103 CFU in cohabitation through water media in rearing aquariums.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184B19A201FACC06D6" box="[1041,1396,1123,1202]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">The concentration of 2% (10 g/500 g of feed) resulted in the highest fish survival, namely 100%.</td>
|
||
<td id="614AF91DD00200184A9CA201FA0006D6" box="[1428,1464,1123,1202]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D002FFE54A95A21CFA1706E9" author="Sunitha C & Mettilda S & Vinoliya J." box="[1437,1455,1150,1165]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="352 - 359" refId="ref4518" refString="36. Sunitha C, Mettilda S, Vinoliya J. Effect of dietary intake of Phyllanthus niruri L. on fingerlings of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio L. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 2017; 5 (1): 352 - 359." type="journal article" year="2017">36</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D002FFE54F68A2BBFDE50460" blockId="2.[96,763,1240,2093]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
In
|
||
<tableCitation id="D129A798D002FFE54F88A2BAFF6C0694" box="[128,212,1240,1264]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[440,498,717,738]" captionTargetId="graphics-403@2.[108,1479,754,1203]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1: Applications of Phyllanthus niruri L. Sebagai Immunostimulant" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C8D4C2ABD002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="C8D4C2ABD002FFE54EB0A4AFFBC30086">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
it can be seen that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54ED6A2BBFD850694" box="[478,573,1241,1264]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54ED6A2BBFD850694" box="[478,573,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plant used as an immunostimulant is the leaf part, in the form of extract or powder (flour) and the method of administration is also by injection or through feed. Testing the ability of these plants as immunostimulants in fish can be carried out using various challenge test methods and various observational indicators, among others by looking at antibody levels, neurophil levels and survival of fish after being challenged with pathogenic bacteria. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="43102C81D002FFE54FFAA3ACFE980782" box="[242,288,1486,1510]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of fish tested, the challenge test method and the dosage used influenced the results obtained.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C149223D002FFE54F68A069FBB1057C" blockId="2.[96,763,1240,2093]" lastBlockId="2.[824,1491,1240,1816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Based on the results of several studies above, it proves that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DECA06EFF260425" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DECA06EFF260425" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be used as an immunomodulator that can induce fish resistance to pathogenic bacteria. As according to the POM Agency (2006)
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD002FFE54E9DA007FE090417" attach="right" box="[405,433,1637,1651]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D002FFE54E91A007FE140417" author="Food" box="[409,428,1637,1651]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" refId="ref4641" refString="39. Food and Drug Supervisory Agency of the Republic of Indonesia. Meniran; The Latest Scientific Data Series on Medicinal Plants. Directorate of Native Indonesian Medicines Deputy for Supervision of Traditional Medicines, Cosmetics and Complementary Products. Jakarta; c 2006." type="book" year="2006">39</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54D12A00AFD37041B" box="[538,655,1640,1663]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54D12A00AFD37041B" box="[538,655,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an immunomodulator, which can improve or enhance the immune system. The main component and is an active compound as an immunostimulant which is contained in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54DE2A0A6FF26049D" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54DE2A0A6FF26049D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
flavonoids. The mechanism of flavonoids as an immunostimulant is to activate the body's cells by sending intracellular signals to cell receptors, so that the body's cells work optimally. Apart from flavonoids, other compounds contained in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54E14A13FFE280510" box="[284,400,1885,1908]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54E14A13FFE280510" box="[284,400,1885,1908]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including phyllanthin and hyphophyllanthin are two compounds that have antiinflammatory activity so that they can strengthen immunity. Another opinion states that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54EAEA1DBFDB105B4" box="[422,521,1977,2000]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54EAEA1DBFDB105B4" box="[422,521,1977,2000]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an effect as an immunomodulator through activation and augmentation of the cellular immune system. Specifically
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54D00A195FDD20A6A" box="[520,618,2039,2062]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54D00A195FDD20A6A" box="[520,618,2039,2062]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can activate neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, T and B lymphocytes. The increase in phagocytosis by neutrophils indicates an accelerated process of eradicating pathogenic microbes, especially for extracellular pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria or fungi.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B12A357FB3A0728" box="[1050,1154,1333,1356]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54B12A357FB3A0728" box="[1050,1154,1333,1356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can induce an increase in monocytes and macrophages, which are able to lyse infecting intracellular pathogenic cells and expose these pathogenic cells to other immune components in the extracellular compartment. In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54B62A3CDFB7B07A3" box="[1130,1219,1455,1479]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">P niruri</taxonomicName>
|
||
can modulate cytokine secretion, including stimulating IFN-γ, TNF- α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12 and suppression of IL-10. This shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54A4BA38FFA1A0460" box="[1347,1442,1517,1540]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54A4BA38FFA1A0460" box="[1347,1442,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can induce the body's defense, by engaging the cellular immune system against foreign pathogens
|
||
<superScript id="6BDE3F6BD002FFE54BB6A04AFB620452" attach="right" box="[1214,1242,1576,1590]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F83AEFD2D002FFE54BCAA04AFB6E0452" author="Tjandrawinata RR & Maat S & Dan Noviarnya D." box="[1218,1238,1576,1590]" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" pagination="367 - 371" refId="ref4687" refString="40. Tjandrawinata RR, Maat S, Dan Noviarnya D. Effec of Standardized Phyllanthus niruri. L Extract on Changes In Immunologic Parameter: Correlation Between Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Medika. 2005; 31 (6): 367 - 371." type="journal article" year="2005">40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. On the basis of the immunostimulatory properties possessed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BABE9A0D002FFE54A28A02BFAC70404" box="[1312,1407,1609,1632]" class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niruri">
|
||
<emphasis id="AEDF4E31D002FFE54A28A02BFAC70404" box="[1312,1407,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="28">P. niruri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from a series of non-specific (neutrophil), specific (antibody) parameter tests and other tests, namely the survival rate of fish challenged with pathogenic bacteria can be used either as a routine feed supplement to activate the immune system of cultivated fish, other than that it can be used as an adjuvant in the use of vaccines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |