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<document id="EA43B584BA742C00D16DBEBEFC97ADF8" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.207177" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1be74a8a-037b-4f57-be1d-15f8b76d27e8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="207177" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460233734899" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rius, Marc &amp; Teske, Peter R." docDate="2011" docId="0384547FFFEEEF010EE5F9AFFC96FA36" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02754p040.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2754" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pyura dalbyi Rius &amp; Teske, 2011, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="FFBD2C07FFE8EF080E72FFACFFA7FFEA" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Pyura stolonifera species complex (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), with a description of a new species from Australia" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="33" updateTime="1698239166743" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="328DB231E2381878823D2EE5B0C89701">A revision of the Pyura stolonifera species complex (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), with a description of a new species from Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="613881ADE1B1B3AC5CF324E92699F240">Rius, Marc</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F4A0750514A7DA431A0231E5E76B1A5E">Teske, Peter R.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0384547FFFEEEF010EE5F9AFFC96FA36" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689099" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119387646" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689099" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0384547FFFEEEF010EE5F9AFFC96FA36" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0384547FFFEEEF010EE5F9AFFC96FA36" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<subSubSection id="C337B6E2FFEEEF0E0EE5F9AFFF58F9D4" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFEEEF0E0EE5F9AFFEDDF9F7" blockId="6.[151,378,1539,1598]" box="[151,378,1539,1565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<heading id="D0DA5205FFEEEF0E0EE5F9AFFEDDF9F7" bold="true" box="[151,378,1539,1565]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFEEEF0E0EE5F9AFFEDDF9F7" bold="true" box="[151,378,1539,1565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFEEEF0E0EE5F9AFFE97F9F7" box="[151,304,1539,1565]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalbyi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFEEEF0E0EE5F9AFFE97F9F7" bold="true" box="[151,304,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Pyura dalbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26A8400FFEEEF0E0F4AF9AFFEDDF9F7" box="[312,378,1539,1565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFEEEF0E0EE5F98AFF58F9D4" blockId="6.[151,378,1539,1598]" box="[151,255,1574,1598]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFEEEF0E0EE5F98AFF58F9D4" box="[151,255,1574,1598]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStart-3="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionStartId-3="11.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1156]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,190,1154]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,193,1156]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[151,1436,190,1154]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetId-3="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Lateral view of a preserved specimen; B. Top view of another preserved specimen; C. Aggregated and separated live specimens photographed immediately upon collection. Scale bars: A. 10 mm; B. 10 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Siphonal spines as seen from the outer surface; B. Detail of the shape of the siphonal spines; C. Siphonal spines showing the entire siphonal lining, from the external surface (top) to near the base of the siphon (bottom), where it is iridescent. D. and E. Siphonal tentacles of two different specimens. Scale bars: A. 500 µm; B. 100 µm; C. 500 µm; D. 2 mm; E. 1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 7. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Branchial sac between folds, showing straight stigmata; B. Branchial sac with six marked branchial folds; C. and D. Dorsal tubercle in a small and large individual, respectively; E. and F. Dorsal lamina with languets in a small and a large individual, respectively; Abbreviations: DL—dorsal lamina, DT—dorsal tubercle, AA—atrial (excurrent) aperture. Scale bars: A. 500 µm; B. 5 mm; C. 1 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm; F. 2 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 8. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Two rows of lobed gonadic sacs without endocarps on the right of the body; B. Gut forming a sharply curved first loop enclosing the two rows of gonadic sacs on the left side of the body; C. Internal structure detailing the position of the gonoducts, hepatic gland, dorsal tubercle, gonad on the right side of the body and the gut and gonad on the left side; D. Rectal opening (view from the top) showing the irregular, rounded lobes. The gonoduct openings of the left gonad can be observed next to the rectal opening; E. Rectal opening (view from the side). Abbreviations: LG—left gonad, HG—hepatic gland, GO—gonoduct opening, AB—anal border. Scale bars: A. 5 mm; B. 10 mm; C. 10 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/207182/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/207183/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/207184/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/207185/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Figs. 5–8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C337B6E2FFEEEF0E0EE5F9C2FD5DF940" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFEEEF0E0EE5F9C2FD5DF940" blockId="6.[151,1437,1646,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFEEEF0E0EE5F9C2FE25F96D" bold="true" box="[151,386,1646,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Material examined.</emphasis>
Specimens were found subtidally under a jetty in Albany harbour, Western
<collectingCountry id="F33AA5F9FFEEEF0E0A97F9C2FAECF96C" box="[1253,1355,1646,1670]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<tableCitation id="C6AFD0D2FFEEEF0E0B2EF9C2FF03F940" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[119,198,647,668]" captionText="TABLE 1. Specimens of the Pyura stolonifera species complex examined in the present study. Sampling locations and their characteristics, collection date, morphological characters examined, species name and museum reference number are indicated." pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
<typeStatus id="54965BCBFFEEEF0E0ECEF93EFE8EF940" box="[188,297,1682,1706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: SAM-A25988,
<typeStatus id="54965BCBFFEEEF0E0F93F93FFDE0F941" box="[481,583,1683,1707]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
: SAM-A25989.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C337B6E2FFEEEF000EB7F91AFB03F9E5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFEEEF0E0EB7F91AFBEDF84C" blockId="6.[151,1437,1646,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFEEEF0E0EB7F91AFEF0F925" bold="true" box="[197,343,1718,1743]" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Description.</emphasis>
Individuals are squat with an extended base (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFEEEF0E0D26F91AFC31F924" box="[852,918,1718,1742]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Lateral view of a preserved specimen; B. Top view of another preserved specimen; C. Aggregated and separated live specimens photographed immediately upon collection. Scale bars: A. 10 mm; B. 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207182/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A). Their maximum dorsal length ranges from
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, their height (measured from the base to the top of the siphonal area) from
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, and their width (measured in contracted individuals) from
<quantity id="4CD5488CFFEEEF0E0CBFF952FCC0F8FC" box="[717,871,1790,1814]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="37.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="25.0">25 to 50 mm</quantity>
. The tunic is smooth (no pointed papillae on the tunic) (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFEEEF0E0E9AF88EFE91F8D0" box="[232,310,1826,1850]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Lateral view of a preserved specimen; B. Top view of another preserved specimen; C. Aggregated and separated live specimens photographed immediately upon collection. Scale bars: A. 10 mm; B. 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207182/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
A, B, C), with few epibionts, and not as thick and tough as that of the African representatives of the
<emphasis id="B959397BFFEEEF0E0EE5F8E4FE80F8B5" box="[151,295,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">P. s t o l o n i f e r a</emphasis>
species complex. The individuals examined were attached to one another, forming a dense aggregate. Siphonal spines are long and pointed, and their bases are slightly expanded (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFEEEF0E0A79F8C6FBFCF868" box="[1035,1115,1898,1922]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1154]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,190,1154]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Siphonal spines as seen from the outer surface; B. Detail of the shape of the siphonal spines; C. Siphonal spines showing the entire siphonal lining, from the external surface (top) to near the base of the siphon (bottom), where it is iridescent. D. and E. Siphonal tentacles of two different specimens. Scale bars: A. 500 µm; B. 100 µm; C. 500 µm; D. 2 mm; E. 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207183/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
A, B). The inner half of the siphonal lining is iridescent when observed under a dissecting microscope (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFEEEF0E0D96F822FB80F84C" box="[996,1063,1934,1958]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1154]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,190,1154]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Siphonal spines as seen from the outer surface; B. Detail of the shape of the siphonal spines; C. Siphonal spines showing the entire siphonal lining, from the external surface (top) to near the base of the siphon (bottom), where it is iridescent. D. and E. Siphonal tentacles of two different specimens. Scale bars: A. 500 µm; B. 100 µm; C. 500 µm; D. 2 mm; E. 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207183/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="33">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF52B5E1FFEFEF0F0EE5FB36FC9FFAC1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207181/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1156]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFEFEF0F0EE5FB36FC9FFAC1" blockId="7.[151,1436,1178,1323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFEFEF0F0EE5FB36FEB4FB5A" bold="true" box="[151,275,1178,1201]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
A. A dense mat of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFEFEF0F0FA8FB37FDC9FB5A" box="[474,622,1178,1200]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeputialis">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFEFEF0F0FA8FB37FDC9FB5A" box="[474,622,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P. praeputialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
covering a rock platform in Balmoral Beach, Sydney; B. Individuals displaying the characteristic upright stance. Photograph: Craig Styan; C. An aggregate in the lower intertidal area at Point Cartwright, Queensland; D. An individual specimen collected at Balmoral Beach, Sydney, showing the elongated shape characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFEFEF0F0BFBFB75FEB6FAE6" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeputialis">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFEFEF0F0BFBFB75FEB6FAE6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P. praeputialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Australian east coast; E. and F. Aggregates growing in tidal pools in Newcastle, New South Wales, and Stradbroke Island, Queensland, respectively. Scale bar: D. 20 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFEFEF0F0EB7FAFBFBECFA5D" blockId="7.[151,1437,1367,1859]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
The animal has a fleshy body wall that is light orange in colour. The body size ranges in maximum length from
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and in width from
<quantity id="4CD5488CFFEFEF0F0F8BFAD7FD2FFA79" box="[505,648,1403,1427]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="20.0">20 to 45 mm</quantity>
. There are circular muscular bands around the siphons and the anterior longitudinal bands are present across the body wall and do not cross over each other.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFEFEF0F0EB7FA6FFC57F9C9" blockId="7.[151,1437,1367,1859]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
There are 17 to 32 ramified oral tentacles of different sizes (alternating between large and small, with more tentacles in larger individuals than in smaller ones) (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFEFEF0F0CCDFA4BFCABFA15" box="[703,780,1511,1535]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1154]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,190,1154]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Siphonal spines as seen from the outer surface; B. Detail of the shape of the siphonal spines; C. Siphonal spines showing the entire siphonal lining, from the external surface (top) to near the base of the siphon (bottom), where it is iridescent. D. and E. Siphonal tentacles of two different specimens. Scale bars: A. 500 µm; B. 100 µm; C. 500 µm; D. 2 mm; E. 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207183/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
D, E), and the ramification complexity is of the third order branches. There are no atrial tentacles at the entrance of the exhalant siphon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFEFEF0F0EB7F983FB94F8A9" blockId="7.[151,1437,1367,1859]" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">
The branchial stigmata are straight (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFEFEF0F0C25F983FD3EF9AD" box="[599,665,1583,1607]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Branchial sac between folds, showing straight stigmata; B. Branchial sac with six marked branchial folds; C. and D. Dorsal tubercle in a small and large individual, respectively; E. and F. Dorsal lamina with languets in a small and a large individual, respectively; Abbreviations: DL—dorsal lamina, DT—dorsal tubercle, AA—atrial (excurrent) aperture. Scale bars: A. 500 µm; B. 5 mm; C. 1 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm; F. 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207184/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A) and between nine and 11 are present per mesh (i.e. between longitudinal vessels in the space between folds). There are six complete branchial folds (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFEFEF0F0A39F9FFFB37F981" box="[1099,1168,1619,1643]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Branchial sac between folds, showing straight stigmata; B. Branchial sac with six marked branchial folds; C. and D. Dorsal tubercle in a small and large individual, respectively; E. and F. Dorsal lamina with languets in a small and a large individual, respectively; Abbreviations: DL—dorsal lamina, DT—dorsal tubercle, AA—atrial (excurrent) aperture. Scale bars: A. 500 µm; B. 5 mm; C. 1 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm; F. 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207184/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
B), with around 20 vessels per fold. The branchial formula of two individuals is: R.E. 5 (14) 4 (19) 3 (20) 3 (22) 3 (22) 3 (22) 6 D.L. 7 (22) 4 (25) 3 (25) 3 (22) 3 (20) 3 (16) 8 E.L., and R.E. 11 (20) 3 (25) 4 (26) 4 (27) 4 (30) 4 (37) 7 D.L. 9 (29) 3 (31) 3 (30) 3 (28) 4 (22) 4 (19) 10 E.L. The large sponge-like dorsal tubercle is not arranged as a double spiral cone as in
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFEFEF0F0EE5F949FE9EF916" box="[151,313,1764,1788]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeputialis">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFEFEF0F0EE5F949FE9EF916" box="[151,313,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P. praeputialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B959397BFFEFEF0F0F1DF949FDA7F916" box="[367,512,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">P. s to l on if er a</emphasis>
, but instead is largely spherical with two distinct bulges (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFEFEF0F0AF6F94FFB75F911" box="[1156,1234,1763,1787]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Branchial sac between folds, showing straight stigmata; B. Branchial sac with six marked branchial folds; C. and D. Dorsal tubercle in a small and large individual, respectively; E. and F. Dorsal lamina with languets in a small and a large individual, respectively; Abbreviations: DL—dorsal lamina, DT—dorsal tubercle, AA—atrial (excurrent) aperture. Scale bars: A. 500 µm; B. 5 mm; C. 1 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm; F. 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207184/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
C, D). We found a less complex and convoluted dorsal tubercle in smaller individuals than in larger ones (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFEFEF0F0AF1F8A4FB75F8CA" box="[1155,1234,1800,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Branchial sac between folds, showing straight stigmata; B. Branchial sac with six marked branchial folds; C. and D. Dorsal tubercle in a small and large individual, respectively; E. and F. Dorsal lamina with languets in a small and a large individual, respectively; Abbreviations: DL—dorsal lamina, DT—dorsal tubercle, AA—atrial (excurrent) aperture. Scale bars: A. 500 µm; B. 5 mm; C. 1 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm; F. 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207184/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
C, D). The dorsal lamina, which is always present, is short and contains small languets (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFEFEF0F0DD4F887FC53F8A9" box="[934,1012,1835,1859]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1180,1203]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,195,1159]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Branchial sac between folds, showing straight stigmata; B. Branchial sac with six marked branchial folds; C. and D. Dorsal tubercle in a small and large individual, respectively; E. and F. Dorsal lamina with languets in a small and a large individual, respectively; Abbreviations: DL—dorsal lamina, DT—dorsal tubercle, AA—atrial (excurrent) aperture. Scale bars: A. 500 µm; B. 5 mm; C. 1 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm; F. 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207184/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="34">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
E, F).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF52B5E1FFE0EF000EE5FB36FAF3FB25" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207182/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1156]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFE0EF000EE5FB36FAF3FB25" blockId="8.[151,1436,1178,1231]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000EE5FB36FEB2FB5A" bold="true" box="[151,277,1178,1201]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE0EF000F6CFB37FE02FB5A" box="[286,421,1178,1200]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalbyi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000F6CFB37FE02FB5A" box="[286,421,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Pyura dalbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26A8400FFE0EF000FDFFB37FE4EFB5A" box="[429,489,1179,1200]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000FDFFB37FE4EFB5A" bold="true" box="[429,489,1179,1200]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
A. Lateral view of a preserved specimen; B. Top view of another preserved specimen; C. Aggregated and separated live specimens photographed immediately upon collection. Scale bars: A. 10 mm; B. 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFE0EF000EB7FB57FB03F9E5" blockId="8.[151,1437,1275,2021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
The gonads are attached to the body wall and form two rows of lobes on the right side of the body (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFE0EF000B41FB57FA27FAF9" box="[1331,1408,1275,1299]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Two rows of lobed gonadic sacs without endocarps on the right of the body; B. Gut forming a sharply curved first loop enclosing the two rows of gonadic sacs on the left side of the body; C. Internal structure detailing the position of the gonoducts, hepatic gland, dorsal tubercle, gonad on the right side of the body and the gut and gonad on the left side; D. Rectal opening (view from the top) showing the irregular, rounded lobes. The gonoduct openings of the left gonad can be observed next to the rectal opening; E. Rectal opening (view from the side). Abbreviations: LG—left gonad, HG—hepatic gland, GO—gonoduct opening, AB—anal border. Scale bars: A. 5 mm; B. 10 mm; C. 10 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207185/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
A, C). The left gonad is inside the gut loop and also forms two rows of lobes (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFE0EF000D92FAB3FB89FADD" box="[992,1070,1311,1335]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Two rows of lobed gonadic sacs without endocarps on the right of the body; B. Gut forming a sharply curved first loop enclosing the two rows of gonadic sacs on the left side of the body; C. Internal structure detailing the position of the gonoducts, hepatic gland, dorsal tubercle, gonad on the right side of the body and the gut and gonad on the left side; D. Rectal opening (view from the top) showing the irregular, rounded lobes. The gonoduct openings of the left gonad can be observed next to the rectal opening; E. Rectal opening (view from the side). Abbreviations: LG—left gonad, HG—hepatic gland, GO—gonoduct opening, AB—anal border. Scale bars: A. 5 mm; B. 10 mm; C. 10 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207185/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
B, C). The gonoduct on the right side of the body is short (extending
<quantity id="4CD5488CFFE0EF000C5CFAEFFDD7FAB1" box="[558,624,1347,1371]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
away from the first gonadic block) and is located just below the gonad, whereas the one on the left side of the body is long (opening approximately
<quantity id="4CD5488CFFE0EF000A74FACBFBF0FA95" box="[1030,1111,1383,1407]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
away from the first gonadic block), and it crosses below the gut and opens next to the anus (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFE0EF000D1EFA27FC08FA49" box="[876,943,1419,1443]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Two rows of lobed gonadic sacs without endocarps on the right of the body; B. Gut forming a sharply curved first loop enclosing the two rows of gonadic sacs on the left side of the body; C. Internal structure detailing the position of the gonoducts, hepatic gland, dorsal tubercle, gonad on the right side of the body and the gut and gonad on the left side; D. Rectal opening (view from the top) showing the irregular, rounded lobes. The gonoduct openings of the left gonad can be observed next to the rectal opening; E. Rectal opening (view from the side). Abbreviations: LG—left gonad, HG—hepatic gland, GO—gonoduct opening, AB—anal border. Scale bars: A. 5 mm; B. 10 mm; C. 10 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207185/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
D). The gut forms a sharply curved loop on the left side of the body, followed by a secondary loop that is not as sharply curved (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFE0EF000A4CFA03FB2CFA2D" box="[1086,1163,1455,1479]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Two rows of lobed gonadic sacs without endocarps on the right of the body; B. Gut forming a sharply curved first loop enclosing the two rows of gonadic sacs on the left side of the body; C. Internal structure detailing the position of the gonoducts, hepatic gland, dorsal tubercle, gonad on the right side of the body and the gut and gonad on the left side; D. Rectal opening (view from the top) showing the irregular, rounded lobes. The gonoduct openings of the left gonad can be observed next to the rectal opening; E. Rectal opening (view from the side). Abbreviations: LG—left gonad, HG—hepatic gland, GO—gonoduct opening, AB—anal border. Scale bars: A. 5 mm; B. 10 mm; C. 10 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207185/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
B, C). The hepatic gland is large and branched (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFE0EF000FE6FA7FFE45FA01" box="[404,482,1491,1515]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Two rows of lobed gonadic sacs without endocarps on the right of the body; B. Gut forming a sharply curved first loop enclosing the two rows of gonadic sacs on the left side of the body; C. Internal structure detailing the position of the gonoducts, hepatic gland, dorsal tubercle, gonad on the right side of the body and the gut and gonad on the left side; D. Rectal opening (view from the top) showing the irregular, rounded lobes. The gonoduct openings of the left gonad can be observed next to the rectal opening; E. Rectal opening (view from the side). Abbreviations: LG—left gonad, HG—hepatic gland, GO—gonoduct opening, AB—anal border. Scale bars: A. 5 mm; B. 10 mm; C. 10 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207185/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
B, C) and contains 3 or 4 hepatic lobes. Endocarps are absent both around and on top of the gonads and the gut. The anal border has 6 to 10 irregular, rounded lobes (
<figureCitation id="1316F9ECFFE0EF000A60FA5BFBF8F9E5" box="[1042,1119,1527,1551]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1178,1201]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1156]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Pyura dalbyi n. sp. A. Two rows of lobed gonadic sacs without endocarps on the right of the body; B. Gut forming a sharply curved first loop enclosing the two rows of gonadic sacs on the left side of the body; C. Internal structure detailing the position of the gonoducts, hepatic gland, dorsal tubercle, gonad on the right side of the body and the gut and gonad on the left side; D. Rectal opening (view from the top) showing the irregular, rounded lobes. The gonoduct openings of the left gonad can be observed next to the rectal opening; E. Rectal opening (view from the side). Abbreviations: LG—left gonad, HG—hepatic gland, GO—gonoduct opening, AB—anal border. Scale bars: A. 5 mm; B. 10 mm; C. 10 mm; D. 2 mm; E. 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/207185/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
D, E).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C337B6E2FFE0EF000EB5F9B7FD28F94A" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFE0EF000EB5F9B7FD28F94A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1275,2021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000EB5F9B7FEC7F9DE" bold="true" box="[199,352,1563,1588]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Distribution.</emphasis>
This species has been found in several localities in Victoria, on the southeast coast of
<collectingCountry id="F33AA5F9FFE0EF000B47F9B7FA3CF9D9" box="[1333,1435,1563,1587]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC9898FFE0EF000EECF993FE93F9BD" author="Dalby" box="[158,308,1599,1623]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Dalby, J. E., Jr. (1997 a) Dimorphism in the ascidian Pyura stolonifera near Melbourne, Australia, and its evaluation through field transplant experiments. Marine Ecology, 18, 253 - 271." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">Dalby 1997a</bibRefCitation>
). It has also been found in Albany, Western
<collectingCountry id="F33AA5F9FFE0EF000D50F993FC2EF9BD" box="[802,905,1599,1623]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Australia</collectingCountry>
(this study). Unlike its South African and Australasian sister taxa, whose distributions extend from the subtidal to the lower intertidal,
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE0EF000AF7F9C9FB4FF996" box="[1157,1256,1636,1660]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalbyi">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000AF7F9C9FB4FF996" box="[1157,1256,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">P. dalbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found almost exclusively subtidally (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC9898FFE0EF000F9EF924FD25F94A" author="Dalby" box="[492,642,1672,1696]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Dalby, J. E., Jr. (1997 a) Dimorphism in the ascidian Pyura stolonifera near Melbourne, Australia, and its evaluation through field transplant experiments. Marine Ecology, 18, 253 - 271." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">Dalby 1997a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C337B6E2FFE0EF000EB5F900FC71F902" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFE0EF000EB5F900FC71F902" blockId="8.[151,1437,1275,2021]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000EB5F900FEE9F92E" bold="true" box="[199,334,1708,1732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species is named
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE0EF000C22F901FD45F92E" box="[592,738,1708,1732]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalbyi">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000C22F901FD45F92E" box="[592,738,1708,1732]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Pyura dalbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
after Dr. J. E. Dalby Jr. who reported distributional, morphometric and ecological differences between this species and
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE0EF000D5EF97DFC77F902" box="[812,976,1744,1768]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeputialis">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000D5EF97DFC77F902" box="[812,976,1744,1768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">P. praeputialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C337B6E2FFE0EF010EB5F958FC96FA36" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B92E569FFE0EF010EB5F958FC96FA36" blockId="8.[151,1437,1275,2021]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,1332,1500]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000EB5F958FE9CF8E6" bold="true" box="[199,315,1780,1804]" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Remarks.</emphasis>
The yellow and sand-free tunic easily differentiates specimens of
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000A6DF959FBDBF8E6" box="[1055,1148,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">P. d a l b y i</emphasis>
from the other species of the
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000EB2F8B5FEF6F8DA" box="[192,337,1816,1840]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">P. s t o l o n i f e r a</emphasis>
species complex. Internally, the shape of the dorsal tubercle is one of the most conspicuous characteristics, as it is quite irregular when compared to the cone-like dorsal tubercle found in
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE0EF000ADAF891FAEAF8BE" box="[1192,1357,1852,1876]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeputialis">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000ADAF891FAEAF8BE" box="[1192,1357,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">P. praeputialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE0EF000BF5F891FEB7F892" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stolonifera">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000BF5F891FEB7F892" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">P. stolonifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This is especially evident in smaller individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE0EF000D28F8CDFC1BF892" box="[858,956,1888,1912]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalbyi">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000D28F8CDFC1BF892" box="[858,956,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">P. dalbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While the sponge-like shape of the dorsal tubercle in
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE0EF000F6AF829FE07F876" box="[280,416,1924,1948]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="herdmani">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000F6AF829FE07F876" box="[280,416,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">P. herdmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be quite similar to that of
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000D76F829FCC3F876" box="[772,868,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">P. d a l b y i</emphasis>
, it lacks the two distinct bulges of the latter. The double row of gonadic blocks on the left side of the body inside the gut is a unique character of this species. All African species and
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE0EF000F09F861FDBAF80E" box="[379,541,1996,2020]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praeputialis">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE0EF000F09F861FDBAF80E" box="[379,541,1996,2020]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">P. praeputialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have just one row of gonadic blocks surrounded by the gut. The long siphonal spines of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE1EF010F76FA99FEC1FAA6" box="[260,358,1332,1356]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalbyi">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE1EF010F76FA99FEC1FAA6" box="[260,358,1332,1356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">P. dalbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are also unique, because in the other species the spines are shorter or less pointy.
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE1EF010B78FA99FA3BFAA6" box="[1290,1436,1332,1356]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalbyi">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE1EF010B78FA99FA3BFAA6" box="[1290,1436,1332,1356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Pyura dalbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks endocarps on top of the gonads and gut, which is uncommon in this group. None of the descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE1EF010B25FAF5FA3BFA9A" box="[1367,1436,1369,1392]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE1EF010B25FAF5FA3BFA9A" box="[1367,1436,1369,1392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Pyura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species included in the extensive monograph of Australian ascidians by
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC9898FFE1EF010DB4FAD1FBEDFA7E" author="Kott" box="[966,1098,1404,1428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="40" refString="Kott, P. (1985) The Australian Ascidiacea, Part 1. Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 23, 1 - 438." type="journal article" year="1985">Kott (1985)</bibRefCitation>
corresponds to
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE1EF010A8DFAD1FAF9FA7E" box="[1279,1374,1404,1428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">P. d al b yi</emphasis>
. The presence of a picture of a large aggregate of
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE1EF010CE0FA0DFD52FA52" box="[658,757,1440,1464]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalbyi">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE1EF010CE0FA0DFD52FA52" box="[658,757,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">P. dalbyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C2D9EEAFFE1EF010DE2FA0DFB81FA52" box="[912,1062,1440,1464]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stolonifera">
<emphasis id="B959397BFFE1EF010DE2FA0DFB81FA52" box="[912,1062,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">P. stolonifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Plate VIIIa, page 420) indicates that both species were included under the same name.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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