511 lines
60 KiB
XML
511 lines
60 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="82D8EF4DE0BE97433E485F7FDB07AECF">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EAC1854065CA5BF0D67966E47C2A5568">Figueroa, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7F4C444604AF2A92B0CDAAEBBC1AC2CA">Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="1AF99F3277A9C06674C78BC98C94AD8B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="91B426974B0C01A9CEFB2347201AE23C">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="88502B73FFD7B838FF6B42C77AFF088E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7967756" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209662511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7967756" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FFD7B838FF6B42C77AFF088E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FFD7B838FF6B42C77AFF088E" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFD7B83BFF6B42C77B7F0AE4" box="[151,625,1437,1464]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FFD7B83BFF6B42C77B7F0AE4" blockId="77.[151,1437,1437,2040]" box="[151,625,1437,1464]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
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<heading id="5B0E2D09FFD7B83BFF6B42C77B7F0AE4" box="[151,625,1437,1464]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD7B83BFF6B42C778F30AE4" ID-CoL="3KVXC" authority="(Gray, 1831)" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[151,509,1437,1464]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FFD7B83BFF6B42C778640AE4" bold="true" box="[151,362,1437,1464]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Heosemys spinosa</emphasis>
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(Gray, 1831)
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<emphasis id="328D4677FFD7B83BFDE042C47B7F0AE4" bold="true" box="[540,625,1437,1463]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Native.</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFD7B83BFF0B429B7C7F0970" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FFD7B83BFF0B429B7C7F0970" blockId="77.[151,1437,1437,2040]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
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<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD7B83BFF0B429B7B280A88" authority="Gray, 1830" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1830" box="[247,550,1473,1499]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Emys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosae">
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<emphasis id="328D4677FFD7B83BFF0B429B78910A88" box="[247,415,1474,1499]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Emys spinosae</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD7B83BFE5442987B280A88" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120689648" box="[424,550,1473,1499]" collectionCode="BMNH, OUM" collectorName="Nowak-Kemp & Fritz" country="Malaysia" location="Penang" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" specimenCode="BMNH 1862.8, OUM 8517" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pulau Pinang" typeStatus="syntype">Gray, 1830</materialsCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
[in 1830–1832]: pl. 77, figs. 1, 2, caption.
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<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFD7B83BFBE542987D8E0A88" box="[1049,1152,1473,1499]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
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(2):
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<specimenCode id="505F321EFFD7B83BFB46429B7C690A88" box="[1210,1383,1473,1500]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">BMNH 1862.8</specimenCode>
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.28.1 (specimen “c” in Boulenger [1889: 138]), according to
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<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFC1F42BF7DC00953" author="Bourret, R." box="[995,1230,1509,1536]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="1 - 235" refId="ref292849" refString="Bourret, R. (1941) Les Tortues de l'Indochine. Notes Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, 38, 1 - 235." type="journal article" year="1941">Bourret (1941: 159)</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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||
<specimenCode id="505F321EFFD7B83BFAED42BC7C960953" box="[1297,1432,1509,1536]" collectionCode="OUM" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/g6yf-wft0" name="Oxford University Museum of Natural History" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">OUM 8517</specimenCode>
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, according to
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<collectorName id="AD0CFFB3FFD7B83BFE1541507B860970" box="[489,648,1545,1571]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Nowak-Kemp</collectorName>
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&
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<collectorName id="AD0CFFB3FFD7B83BFD5041507BEF0970" box="[684,737,1545,1571]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fritz</collectorName>
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(2010: 12). Type locality: “
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<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FFD7B83BFBEA41507D610970" box="[1046,1135,1545,1571]" country="Malaysia" name="Pulau Pinang" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Penang</collectingRegion>
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”, Peninsular
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<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFD7B83BFAFE41507C620970" box="[1282,1388,1545,1571]" name="Malaysia" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFD7B83BFF6B417478F50938" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="description">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FFD7B83BFF6B417478330914" blockId="77.[151,1437,1437,2040]" box="[151,317,1581,1607]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Spiny Terrapin</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD7B83BFF6B410878F50938" blockId="77.[151,1437,1437,2040]" box="[151,507,1617,1644]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
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||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FFD7B83BFF634108781D0938" box="[159,275,1617,1643]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="353.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-23@353.[154,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="353" captionText="FIGURE 9. A) Batagur borneoensis, B) Cuora amboinensis, C) Cyclemys dentata, D) Heosemys grandis, E) Heosemys spinosa, F) Notochelys platynota, G) Siebenrockiella crassicollis, and H) Amyda cartilaginea. Photographs by: Marjorie Chong [A], Law Ing Sind [B], Nick Baker [C, F], Joys Tan [D], Kelvin K.P. Lim [E], Marcus A.H. Chua [G], and Alex Figueroa [H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960337/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Figure 9E</figureCitation>
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; Rifle Range Forest)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFD7B83BFF6B412C787609DC" box="[151,376,1653,1679]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FFD7B83BFF6B412C787609DC" blockId="77.[151,1437,1437,2040]" box="[151,376,1653,1679]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
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||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD7B83BFF6B412C787609DC" bold="true" box="[151,376,1653,1679]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
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||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFD7B83BFF6B412C781E09DC" box="[151,272,1653,1679]" name="Singapore" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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records.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFD7B838FF0B41C07BC80C0E" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="00469A65FFD7B83BFF0B41C07BBE0810" blockId="77.[151,1437,1437,2040]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFFD7B83BFF0B41C07BBE0810" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
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||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD7B83BFF0B41C078DD09E0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1873" box="[247,467,1689,1715]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Geoemyda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
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||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD7B83BFF0B41C078DD09E0" box="[247,467,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Geoemyda spinosa</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFE1341C07BC109E0" author="Gray, J. E." box="[495,719,1689,1716]" page="16" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1855">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFE1341C07BC109E0" author="Gray, J. E." box="[495,719,1689,1716]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref309176" refString="Gray, J. E. (1855) Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises). Trustees [of the British Museum], London, pp. 1 - 79, 42 pls." type="book chapter" year="1855">Gray, 1855: 16–17</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFD0D41C27AC209E0" author="Gnther, A. C. L. G." box="[753,972,1689,1718]" page="10" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1864">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFD0D41C27AC209E0" author="Gnther, A. C. L. G." box="[753,972,1689,1718]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref311975" refString="Gnther, A. C. L. G. (1864) The Reptiles of British India. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, xxvii + 452 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Ģnther, 1864: 10</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFC1341C07DAD09E7" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1007,1187,1689,1716]" page="25" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1873">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFC1341C07DAD09E7" author="Gray, J. E." box="[1007,1187,1689,1716]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref309522" refString="Gray, J. E. (1873) Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. Eighth Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, iv + 124 pp." type="book" year="1873">Gray, 1873: 25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFB3941C0788E0984" author="Boulenger, G. A." page="137" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1889">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFB3941C0788E0984" author="Boulenger, G. A." pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref292062" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1889 a) Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New edition. Taylor and Francis, London, x + 311 pp." type="book" year="1889">Boulenger, 1889a: 137</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFE5D41E47B77098B" author="Flower, S. S." box="[417,633,1725,1752]" page="859" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1896">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFE5D41E47B77098B" author="Flower, S. S." box="[417,633,1725,1752]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="856 - 914" refId="ref305802" refString="Flower, S. S. (1896) Notes on a collection of reptiles and batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895 - 96; with a list of the species recorded from that region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896 (4), 856 - 914, pls. 44 - 46." type="journal article" year="1896">Flower, 1896: 859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(Bukit Timah [BTNR]).—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFC5241E47D8E0984" author="Hanitsch, R." box="[942,1152,1725,1751]" page="9" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1898">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFC5241E47D8E0984" author="Hanitsch, R." box="[942,1152,1725,1751]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="11 - 22" refId="ref312325" refString="Hanitsch, R. (1898) Annual report of the curator and librarian on the Raffles Library and Museum, for the Year Ending 31 st December, 1897. In: Straits Settlements, Annual Reports for the Year 1898. Published by Authority, Singapore, pp. 11 - 22." type="book chapter" year="1898">Hanitsch, 1898: 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFB5E41E47C740984" author="Flower, S. S." box="[1186,1402,1725,1751]" page="614" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1899">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFB5E41E47C740984" author="Flower, S. S." box="[1186,1402,1725,1751]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="600 - 696" refId="ref305863" refString="Flower, S. S. (1899 b) Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November 1896 - September 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899 (4), 600 - 696, pls. 36 - 37." type="journal article" year="1899">Flower, 1899: 614</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.— Ridley, 1899: 185, 205 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]).—Hanitsch, 1908: 39.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFB7241B87C7609A8" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1166,1400,1761,1787]" page="17" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1912">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFB7241B87C7609A8" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1166,1400,1761,1787]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref292615" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10813" type="book" year="1912">Boulenger, 1912: 17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFEAB405C7B32084C" author="Hanitsch, R." box="[343,572,1797,1823]" page="14" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1912">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFEAB405C7B32084C" author="Hanitsch, R." box="[343,572,1797,1823]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref312636" refString="Hanitsch, R. (1912 b) List of the Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians in the Raffles Museum, Singapore. Raffles Library and Museum, Singapore, 19 pp." type="book" year="1912">Hanitsch, 1912b: 14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFDA3405C7A8F084C" author="de Rooij, N." box="[607,897,1797,1824]" page="300" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1915">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFDA3405C7A8F084C" author="de Rooij, N." box="[607,897,1797,1824]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref303228" refString="de Rooij, N. (1915) The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. I. Lacertilia, Chelonia, Emydosaura. E. J. Brill, Leiden, xiv + 384 pp." type="book" year="1915">de Rooij, 1915: 300–301</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.—D.H. Murphy, 1973: 59.—K. Lim & F.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFA9B405C78C80817" author="Lim, K. & Lim, F." page="77" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1988">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFA9B405C78C80817" author="Lim, K. & Lim, F." pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="74 - 77" refId="ref325357" refString="Lim, K. & Lim, F. (1988 c) Reptiles. The Pangolin, 1 (4), 74 - 77." type="journal article" year="1988">Lim, 1988c: 77</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(Sime Road Forest).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD7B83BFF0B40147A070834" blockId="77.[151,1437,1437,2040]" box="[247,777,1869,1896]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFFD7B83BFF0B40147A070834" box="[247,777,1869,1896]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD7B83BFF0B401478F60834" authorityName="Gray, 1831: 57 (Non Agama Spinosa Duméril & Bibron" authorityYear="1837" box="[247,504,1869,1895]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Geodyma" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD7B83BFF0B4014786C0834" box="[247,354,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Geodyma</emphasis>
|
||
[sic]
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD7B83BFE5E401778F60834" box="[418,504,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—F.L.K.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFD9E40147A0B0834" author="Lim, F. L. K." box="[610,773,1869,1895]" page="18" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1984">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFD9E40147A0B0834" author="Lim, F. L. K." box="[610,773,1869,1895]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="17 - 19" refId="ref324614" refString="Lim, F. L. K. (1984) Reptile and amphibian encounters. In: Wee, Y. - C. (Ed.), Nature in an Urban Singapore. Proceedings of the Seminar on Nature in an Urban Singapore. Singapore Branch of the Malayan Nature Society, Singapore, pp. 17 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1984">Lim, 1984: 18</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD7B83BFF0B402B7D6708D8" blockId="77.[151,1437,1437,2040]" box="[247,1129,1905,1932]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFFD7B83BFF0B402B7D6708D8" box="[247,1129,1905,1932]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD7B83BFF0B402B7B5908D8" ID-CoL="3KVXC" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[247,599,1905,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa" subGenus="Geoemyda">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD7B83BFF0B402B786708D8" box="[247,361,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Heosemys</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD7B83BFE85402878FF08D8" box="[377,497,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Geoemyda</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD7B83BFDFD402B7B5908D8" box="[513,599,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—K.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFD7B83BFD6940287A4F08D8" author="Lim, K." box="[661,833,1905,1931]" page="39" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" year="1989">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFD6940287A4F08D8" author="Lim, K." box="[661,833,1905,1931]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="38 - 39" refId="ref325097" refString="Lim, K. (1989 e) Reptiles - Snakes & Lizards. The Pangolin, 2 (3), 38 - 39." type="journal article" year="1989">Lim, 1989e: 39</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(Upper Peirce Reservoir).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD7B838FF0B40CF7BC80C0E" blockId="77.[151,1437,1437,2040]" lastBlockId="78.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD7B83BFF0B40CF78CA08FC" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[247,452,1942,1967]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD7B83BFF0B40CF78CA08FC" box="[247,452,1942,1967]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Heosemys spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—K.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFDFC40CC7BA408E3" author="Lim, K." box="[512,682,1941,1968]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="63 - 66" refId="ref325173" refString="Lim, K. (1989 h) Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. The Pangolin, 2 (4), 63 - 66." type="journal article" year="1989">Lim, 1989h: 65</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Sime Road Forest).—K.K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 56.—K.K.P.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFEAB40E07B7C0887" author="Lim, K. K. P. & Subharaj, R." box="[343,626,1977,2004]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref326362" refString="Lim, K. K. P. & Subharaj, R. (1991) Reptiles & Amphibians. The Pangolin, 4 (2), 4 - 5." type="journal article" year="1991">Lim & Subharaj, 1991: 5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Upper Peirce Reservoir Park).—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFB1B40E07C990880" author="Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K." box="[1255,1431,1977,2003]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim, 1992: 127</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 151.—K.K.P.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD7B83BFE0A40847A1E08A4" author="Lim, K. K. P. & Subharaj, R." box="[502,784,2013,2039]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="5 - 9" refId="ref326394" refString="Lim, K. K. P. & Subharaj, R. (1992) Reptiles & Amphibians. The Pangolin, 5 (1 - 4), 5 - 9." type="journal article" year="1992">Lim & Subharaj, 1992: 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MacRitchie Reservoir; Rifle Range Road).—Wee, 1992: 74 (Lower Peirce Reservoir Park).—E.K.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FCC847CE7AEC0FE2" author="Chua, E. K." box="[820,994,150,177]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref297976" refString="Chua, E. K. (1993) Nature in Singapore, Ours to Protect. The Nature Society, Singapore, 132 pp." type="book" year="1993">Chua, 1993: 25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).—L.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FEAB47E27B5D0F86" author="Chou L. M. & Ng, P. K. L. & Lim, K. K. P." box="[343,595,186,213]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="70 - 106" refId="ref297613" refString="Chou L. M., Ng, P. K. L. & Lim, K. K. P. (1994) Animalia. In: Wee, Y. C. & Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), A First Look at Biodiversity in Singapore. National Council on the Environment, Singapore, pp. 70 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1994">
|
||
Chou
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FE6747E278DA0F86" box="[411,468,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994: 105
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—K.K.P.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FD3A47E27ADC0F86" author="Lim, K. K. P. & Subaraj, R." box="[710,978,186,213]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref326428" refString="Lim, K. K. P. & Subaraj, R. (1994) Recent records (1994) - herptiles. The Pangolin, 7 (1 - 4), 5." type="journal article" year="1994">Lim & Subaraj, 1994: 5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Rifle Range Road).—R. Subaraj, 1994: 12 (Rifle Range Road Pipeline; Sime Road Forest; Thomson Ridge Trail [TRF]; Upper Peirce West Forest).—K.K.P.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FDE2465A7BEA0E4E" author="Lim, K. K. P." box="[542,740,258,285]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="213 - 227" refId="ref325841" refString="Lim, K. K. P. (1994 b) Reptiles. In: Ng, P. K. L. & Wee, Y. C. (Eds.), The Singapore Red Data Book: Threatened Plants and Animals of Singapore. Nature Society, Singapore, pp. 213 - 227." type="book chapter" year="1994">Lim, 1994b: 225</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 231.—L.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FC7E465A7D480E4E" author="Chou, L. M." box="[898,1094,258,285]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="145 - 150" refId="ref297324" refString="Chou, L. M. (1995) Amphibians and reptiles. In: Chin, S. C., Corlett, R. T., Wee, Y. C. & Geh, S. Y. (Eds.), Rain Forest in the City: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve Singapore. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore, Supplement 3, pp. 145 - 150." type="journal article" year="1995">Chou, 1995: 146</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—K. Lim, 1995: 18 (Gangsa Track [GF]; MacRitchie Nature Trail [TRF]; Nee Soon Swamp Forest; Seletar North Peninsula [USNF]; Ulu Sembawang Forest).—K.K.P.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FCB046127AE10E36" author="Lim, K. K. P." box="[844,1007,330,357]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="50 - 51" refId="ref325901" refString="Lim, K. K. P. (1996) Hop, slither and glide. In: Lum, S. & Sharp, I. (Eds.), A View from the Summit: The Story of Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. Nanyang Technological University, National University of Singapore and National Parks Board, Singapore, pp. 50 - 51." type="book chapter" year="1996">Lim, 1996: 50</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FBEC46137DF70E36" author="Metcalfe, D." box="[1040,1273,330,357]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="106 - 107" refId="ref331136" refString="Metcalfe, D. (1996) A researcher's forest idyll. In: Lum, S. & Sharp, I. (Eds.), A View from the Summit: The Story of Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. Nanyang Technological University, National University of Singapore and National Parks Board, Singapore, pp. 106 - 107." type="book chapter" year="1996">Metcalfe, 1996: 106</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—R.C.H. Teo & Rajathurai, 1997: 392 (Bukit Timah [BTNR]; Lower Peirce [LPF]; MacRitchie; Mandai; Nee Soon [NSSF]; Upper Seletar).—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FD4246CA7D4C0EFE" author="Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W." box="[702,1090,403,429]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref329083" refString="Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. (1997) Amphibien und Reptilian Sudostasien. Natur und Tier, M ¸ nster, 512 pp." type="book" year="1997">Manthey & Grossmann, 1997: 448</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—Chan-ard
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FB2F46CA7C050EFE" box="[1235,1291,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999: 40.— B.L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FE6D46EE7B8A0E82" author="Lim B. L. & Das, I." box="[401,644,439,465]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref324514" refString="Lim B. L. & Das, I. (1999) Turtles of Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, 151 pp." type="book" year="1999">Lim & Das, 1999: 73</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FD2446EE7A750E82" author="Dijk, P. P. van" box="[728,891,439,465]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="15 - 23" refId="ref303646" refString="Dijk, P. P. van. (2000) The status of turtles in Asia. Chelonian Research Monographs, 2, 15 - 23." type="journal article" year="2000">Dijk, 2000: 21</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—Iskandar, 2000: 115.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FB6346EF788D0EA6" author="Malkmus, R. & Manthey, U. & Vogel, G. & Hoffmann, P. & Kosuch, J." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref328992" refString="Malkmus, R., Manthey, U., Vogel, G., Hoffmann, P. & Kosuch, J. (2002) Amphibians and Reptiles of Mount Kinabalu (North Borneo). A. R. G. Gantner Verlag K. G., Ruggell, Liechtenstein, 424 pp." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Malkmus
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FAE846EE7C400E82" box="[1300,1358,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002: 398
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—T.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FE1C46827BAB0EA6" author="Leong, T. M." box="[480,677,474,501]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref323172" refString="Leong, T. M. (2005 b) Tree Top Trail @ MacRitchie. National Parks Board, Singapore, 63 pp." type="book" year="2005">Leong, 2005b: 44</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FD3A46827AA30EA6" author="Auliya, M." box="[710,941,474,501]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref289112" refString="Auliya, M. (2007) An Identification Guide to the Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles of Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, and Timor Leste. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, s. n., 99 pp." type="book" year="2007">Auliya, 2007: 54–55</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—Ramsay
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FBD246827D6B0EA6" box="[1070,1125,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007: 165.—K.K.P. Lim
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FA744682787A0D4A" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008: 174, 266.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 123, 159.—P.K.A. Ng, 2009: 18, 21, 26.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FA9646A678C90D6E" author="Das, I." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref300845" refString="Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia. New Holland, London, 376 pp." type="book" year="2010">Das, 2010: 171</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—T.H. Ng & K.K.P. Lim, 2010: 119.—T.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FC3C457A7DC60D6E" author="Leong, T. M. & Gan, J. W. M." box="[960,1224,547,573]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref323534" refString="Leong, T. M. & Gan, J. W. M. (2011) Our Fragile Rainforest. National Parks Board, Singapore, 103 pp." type="book" year="2011">Leong & Gan, 2011: 26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—P.K.L. Ng
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FAA2457A7C980D6E" box="[1374,1430,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2011: 479.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 123, 159.—L.K. Wang
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FBCD451E7D670D32" box="[1073,1129,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012: 168.—Spinks
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FAA1451E7C980D32" box="[1373,1430,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012: 812.—M.A.H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FDBB45327A030DD6" author="Chua, M. A. H." box="[583,781,619,645]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="142" refId="ref298446" refString="Chua, M. A. H. (2014 c) Juvenile spiny terrapin at MacRitchie forest. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2014, 142." type="journal article" year="2014">Chua, 2014c: 142</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MacRitchie Reservoir).—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FBC245327C040DD6" author="Flotow, H." box="[1086,1290,618,645]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="250" refId="ref306010" refString="Flotow, H. (2014) Spiny terrapin scavenging on a bat carcass. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2014, 250." type="journal article" year="2014">Flotow, 2014: 250</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MacRitchie Reservoir).—K.K.P.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FDB945D67BF90DFA" author="Lim, K. K. P." box="[581,759,655,681]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="73" refId="ref326078" refString="Lim, K. K. P. (2014 a) Dead juvenile spiny terrapin at Sime forest. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2014, 73." type="journal article" year="2014">Lim, 2014a: 73</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Sime Track [SRF]).—Platt
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FBBB45D67D8D0DFA" box="[1095,1155,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014: 257.—H.H. Tan, 2014f: 181 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest; Sime Forest [SRF]).—Chan-ard
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FB6F45EA7DC00D9E" box="[1171,1230,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015: 37.—E.K. Chua, 2015: 87.—W. Wong, 2017: 51.—M.E.Y. Low
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FC3E458E7AF20DA2" box="[962,1020,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019: frontispiece.—R.C.H, Teo & Thomas, 2019: 148, 154, 179 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FBE645A27C270C46" author="Andersen, S. K. & Staerk, J. & Kalhor, E. & Natusch, D. J. D. & Silva, R. da & Pfau, B. & Conde, D. A." box="[1050,1321,763,789]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref287943" refString="Andersen, S. K., Staerk, J., Kalhor, E., Natusch, D. J. D., Silva, R. da, Pfau, B. & Conde, D. A. (2021) Economics, life history and international trade data for seven turtle species in Indonesian and Malaysian farms. Data in Brief, 34, 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dib. 2020.106708" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Andersen
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FB7345A27DC90C46" box="[1167,1223,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2021: 3
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—M.E.Y.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FEAB44467B4C0C6A" author="Low, M. E. Y. & Lim, K. K. P. & Ng, P. K. L." box="[343,578,799,825]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="36 - 51" refId="ref328063" refString="Low, M. E. Y., Lim, K. K. P. & Ng, P. K. L. (2021) The first Singapore Biodiversity Expedition: the legacy of Pierre-Medard Diard and Alfred Duvaucel. In: Dorai, F. & Low, M. E. Y. (Eds.), Diard and Duvaucel: French Natural History Drawings of Singapore and Southeast Asia. Embassy of France in Singapore and National Library Board, Singapore, pp. 36 - 51." type="book chapter" year="2021">
|
||
Low
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FE68444678C00C6A" box="[404,462,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2021: 38
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.—Roomaaker, 2021: 161.—TTWG, 2021: 227.—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FB7C44467C740C6A" author="Jusoh, W. F. A. & Chua, M. A. H. & Bakker, P. A. J. & Kamminga, P. & Weiler, D. & Rookmaaker, K. & Low, M. E. Y." box="[1152,1402,799,825]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="43 - 53" refId="ref316970" refString="Jusoh, W. F. A., Chua, M. A. H., Bakker, P. A. J., Kamminga, P., Weiler, D., Rookmaaker, K. & Low, M. E. Y. (2022) A historical specimen of the Fishing Cat, Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833) (Carnivora, Felidae) from Singapore in the zoological collection of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 98 (1), 43 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 98.76940" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Jusoh
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FB3644467C0B0C6A" box="[1226,1285,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2022: 44
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.— M.L. Kwak & A. Ng, 2022: 929.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFD4B838FF6B443E7D7F095A" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD4B838FF6B443E7A460AB6" blockId="78.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FF6B443E78050CD2" bold="true" box="[151,267,871,897]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
An illustration of a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD4B838FDBB443E7BB00CD3" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[583,702,871,896]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FDBB443E7BB00CD3" box="[583,702,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFD4B838FCFA443E7A700CD2" box="[774,894,871,897]" name="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Singapour</collectingCountry>
|
||
” written in the upper left corner was deposited at MNHN by Duvaucel (Low
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FDD644D27B6C0CF6" box="[554,610,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019; Tham
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FD0944D27A230CF6" box="[757,813,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FC8544D27D220CF6" author="Low, M. E. Y. & Lim, K. K. P. & Ng, P. K. L." box="[889,1068,907,933]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="36 - 51" refId="ref328063" refString="Low, M. E. Y., Lim, K. K. P. & Ng, P. K. L. (2021) The first Singapore Biodiversity Expedition: the legacy of Pierre-Medard Diard and Alfred Duvaucel. In: Dorai, F. & Low, M. E. Y. (Eds.), Diard and Duvaucel: French Natural History Drawings of Singapore and Southeast Asia. Embassy of France in Singapore and National Library Board, Singapore, pp. 36 - 51." type="book chapter" year="2021">
|
||
Low
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FC4F44D27AE50CF6" box="[947,1003,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Roomaaker 2021). As Duvaucel accompanied Raffles on the first natural history collecting expedition of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFD4B838FBDF44F67D9B0C9A" box="[1059,1173,943,969]" name="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
in 1819, the painting is presumed to have originated that year (Low 2019). Thus, this painting represents the second earliest record for any herpetofauna from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFD4B838FDCE44AE7BAA0B42" box="[562,676,1015,1041]" name="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
after
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD4B838FD1044AE7A660B43" authorityName="Schneider" authorityYear="1801" box="[748,872,1015,1041]" class="Reptilia" family="Crocodylidae" genus="Crocodylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FD1044AE7A660B43" box="[748,872,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">C. porosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Pocklington 2019). The first two published records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD4B838FE8E434278E20B67" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[370,492,1051,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FE8E434278E20B67" box="[370,492,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFD4B838FDC843427BA80B66" box="[564,678,1051,1077]" name="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
were from specimens deposited at NHMUK by Wallace that were reported in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FE85436678F20B0A" author="Gray, J. E." box="[377,508,1086,1113]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref309176" refString="Gray, J. E. (1855) Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises). Trustees [of the British Museum], London, pp. 1 - 79, 42 pls." type="book chapter" year="1855">Gray (1855</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FDF543667B4B0B0A" author="Gray, J. E." box="[521,581,1087,1113]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref309522" refString="Gray, J. E. (1873) Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. Eighth Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, iv + 124 pp." type="book" year="1873">1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No localities were provided, but given that Wallace spent most of his time around BTNR and DFNP, the turtles were most likely taken at one of these two locations. Shortly thereafter,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FF0B43DE78940BF2" author="Flower, S. S." box="[247,410,1159,1185]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="856 - 914" refId="ref305802" refString="Flower, S. S. (1896) Notes on a collection of reptiles and batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895 - 96; with a list of the species recorded from that region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896 (4), 856 - 914, pls. 44 - 46." type="journal article" year="1896">Flower (1896)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recounted two individuals he found in streams at BTNR in
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FFD4B838FBBB43DE7DEC0BF2" box="[1095,1250,1159,1185]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="1896-01">January 1896</date>
|
||
, and that Ridley has also seen several at BTNR. Ridley (1899) and Hanitsch (1908) expressed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD4B838FB5043F27C290B97" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1196,1319,1195,1220]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FB5043F27C290B97" box="[1196,1319,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was quite common at BTNR.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD4B838FE2A43967BAB0BBB" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[470,677,1231,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FE2A43967BAB0BBB" box="[470,677,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Heosemys spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was only known from these accounts and from BTNR until
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FAAC4396788A0A5E" author="Lim, K. & Lim, F." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="74 - 77" refId="ref325357" refString="Lim, K. & Lim, F. (1988 c) Reptiles. The Pangolin, 1 (4), 74 - 77." type="journal article" year="1988">Lim & Lim (1988c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported one from SRF 80 years later on
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FFD4B838FCA743AA7D170A5E" box="[859,1049,1267,1293]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="1988-10-16">16 October 1988</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="4D7BAFDEFFD4B838FBD443AA7D8E0A5E" box="[1064,1152,1267,1293]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="16.[152,254,432,458]" captionTargetBox="[207,1414,726,1982]" captionText="TABLE 2. Checklist of the 166 herpetofauna species of Singapore, the year the first specimen was reported or collected, status in Singapore, and number of years went unreported from Singapore prior to 1990. If the reference is from a museum collection, then the museum symbolic code is listed. Under status, IND = Indeterminate (possibly extirpated). Year in parentheses under the last column is the year the species was last reported from Singapore. The herpetofauna of Singapore comprises 31 amphibians and 135 reptiles consisting of two caecilians, 29 frogs (five non-native), 1 crocodilian, 17 turtles (four non-native), 40 lizards (6 non-native), and 77 snakes (two non-native). If the year collected is not specified, then the year reported is used in its place." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" tableUuid="5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). However, there are
|
||
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFFD4B838FA8E43AA78620A62" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
at LKCNHM collected in 1923. Afterwards,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD4B838FC99424E7AD30A63" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[869,989,1303,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FC99424E7AD30A63" box="[869,989,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported from a variety of different locations (see records above). Most records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD4B838FCF342627A870A07" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[783,905,1339,1364]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FCF342627A870A07" box="[783,905,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are concentrated between 1988 and 1997, and there are four records from 2014 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FD9642067BFA0A2A" author="Chua, M. A. H." box="[618,756,1375,1401]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="142" refId="ref298446" refString="Chua, M. A. H. (2014 c) Juvenile spiny terrapin at MacRitchie forest. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2014, 142." type="journal article" year="2014">Chua 2014c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FD0242067A810A2A" author="Flotow, H." box="[766,911,1375,1401]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="250" refId="ref306010" refString="Flotow, H. (2014) Spiny terrapin scavenging on a bat carcass. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2014, 250." type="journal article" year="2014">Flotow 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FC6442067D1A0A2A" author="Lim, K. K. P." box="[920,1044,1375,1401]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="73" refId="ref326078" refString="Lim, K. K. P. (2014 a) Dead juvenile spiny terrapin at Sime forest. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2014, 73." type="journal article" year="2014">Lim 2014a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Tan 2014f). Previously a haven for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD4B838FF0B42DA7B160ACE" authority="(Ridley 1899)" baseAuthorityName="Ridley" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[247,536,1411,1437]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FF0B42DA787F0ACF" box="[247,369,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Ridley 1899)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, only two individuals were recorded during the BTNR comprehensive surveys, opportunely caught in small mammal traps (Teo & Thomas 2019). Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFD4B838FBD842FE7D950A93" baseAuthorityName="Ridley" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1060,1179,1447,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Geoemydidae" genus="Heosemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FBD842FE7D950A93" box="[1060,1179,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H. spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is now considered rare (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFD4B838FF03429278D90AB6" author="Baker, N. & Lim, K. P." box="[255,471,1483,1509]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref289917" refString="Baker, N. & Lim, K. P. (2012) Wild Animals of Singapore: A Photographic Guide to Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. Updated Edition. Draco Publishing and Distribution Pte Ltd and Nature Society, Singapore, 180 pp." type="book" year="2012">Baker & Lim 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and endangered (NParks 2021).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD4B838FF6B42B77D7F095A" blockId="78.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[151,1137,1518,1545]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FF6B42B77824095B" bold="true" box="[151,298,1518,1544]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Occurrence.</emphasis>
|
||
Restricted to CNR and surrounding Nature Parks and forests. Uncommon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFD4B838FF6B414B7B090902" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD4B838FF6B414B7B96097E" blockId="78.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[151,664,1554,1581]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FF6B414B7B0A097E" bold="true" box="[151,516,1554,1581]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFD4B838FF6B414B781E097F" box="[151,272,1554,1580]" name="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
conservation status.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Endangered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD4B838FF6B416F7B090902" blockId="78.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[151,519,1590,1617]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FF6B416F78AF0903" bold="true" box="[151,417,1590,1616]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
|
||
Highest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFD4B838FF6B41037BB60926" box="[151,696,1626,1653]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD4B838FF6B41037BB60926" blockId="78.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[151,696,1626,1653]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FF6B410378DC0926" bold="true" box="[151,466,1626,1653]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
|
||
Endangered [2021].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFD4B838FF6B41277AFF088E" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD4B838FF6B41277D220856" blockId="78.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FF6B41277AC109CB" bold="true" box="[151,975,1662,1689]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD4B838FF6B41277AC509CB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688500" box="[151,971,1662,1689]" collectionCode="LKCNHM, NHMUK" country="Singapore" location="Museum" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFD4B838FF6B4127781609CB" box="[151,280,1662,1688]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFD4B838FEBE412678BE09CA" box="[322,432,1663,1689]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
<location id="0526CCBEFFD4B838FE4541267B2F09CA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FFD7B838FF6B42C77AFF088E:0526CCBEFFD4B838FE4541267B2F09CA" box="[441,545,1663,1689]" country="Singapore" name="Museum" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Museum</location>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFD4B838FD4841277A2309CB" box="[692,813,1662,1688]" name="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
(no locality)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD4B838FC25412678E709EE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687351" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCode="BMNH 1896.6" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFD4B838FC2541267D2309CA" box="[985,1069,1663,1689]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
1855.5.3.1–2 (no date),
|
||
<specimenCode id="505F321EFFD4B838FAB44126784909EE" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">BMNH 1896.6</specimenCode>
|
||
.25.1 (no date)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD4B838FE0841FA7A3C09EE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688859" box="[500,818,1699,1725]" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCode="BMNH 1898.2" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCode id="505F321EFFD4B838FE0841FA7B9009EE" box="[500,670,1699,1725]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">BMNH 1898.2</specimenCode>
|
||
.4.6 (no date)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD4B838FCC141FB7D5509EE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688046" box="[829,1115,1698,1725]" collectingDate="1903-12-24" collectionCode="ZRC" country="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFD4B838FCC141FB7A7809EE" box="[829,886,1698,1725]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">ZRC</collectionCode>
|
||
.2.52 (
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FFD4B838FC4641FA7D5D09EE" box="[954,1107,1699,1725]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="1903-12-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="6403454DFFD4B838FC4641FA7D5D09EE" box="[954,1107,1699,1725]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="1903-12-24">24-Dec-1903</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD4B838FB9A41FA7C9909EF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688395" box="[1126,1431,1698,1725]" collectionCode="ZRC" collectorName="Kranji" country="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFD4B838FB9A41FA7D9009EE" box="[1126,1182,1699,1725]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">ZRC</collectionCode>
|
||
.2.164 (1923);
|
||
<collectorName id="AD0CFFB3FFD4B838FABE41FB7C9909EF" box="[1346,1431,1698,1724]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FABE41FB7C9909EF" bold="true" box="[1346,1431,1698,1724]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Kranji</emphasis>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FA6B41FB7C9209EF" bold="true" box="[1431,1436,1698,1724]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD4B838FF0B419F7BA509B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687981" box="[247,683,1734,1761]" collectionCode="ZRC" collectorName="Rifle Range Road" country="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFD4B838FF0B419F782109B2" box="[247,303,1734,1761]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">ZRC</collectionCode>
|
||
.2.156 (1923);
|
||
<collectorName id="AD0CFFB3FFD4B838FE28419F7BA509B2" box="[468,683,1734,1761]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FE28419F7BA509B2" bold="true" box="[468,683,1734,1761]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Rifle Range Road</emphasis>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FD57419E7BBE09B2" bold="true" box="[683,688,1735,1761]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD4B838FD4B419E7AE209B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688862" box="[695,1004,1735,1761]" collectingDate="1992-06-24" collectionCode="ZRC" country="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFD4B838FD4B419E7BE109B2" box="[695,751,1735,1761]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">ZRC</collectionCode>
|
||
.2.3367 (
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FFD4B838FCAD419E7AEB09B2" box="[849,997,1735,1761]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="1992-06-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="6403454DFFD4B838FCAD419E7AEB09B2" box="[849,997,1735,1761]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="1992-06-24">24-Jun-1992</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FC04419F7DDB09B2" bold="true" box="[1016,1237,1734,1761]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD4B838FC04419F7DDE09B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688228" box="[1016,1232,1734,1761]" country="Singapore" location="Sime Road Forest" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="0526CCBEFFD4B838FC04419F7DDE09B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FFD7B838FF6B42C77AFF088E:0526CCBEFFD4B838FC04419F7DDE09B2" box="[1016,1232,1734,1761]" country="Singapore" name="Sime Road Forest" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Sime Road Forest</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD4B838FB20419E78780856" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688246" collectingDate="2005-08-19" collectionCode="ZRC" country="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFD4B838FB20419E7C1A09B2" box="[1244,1300,1735,1761]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">ZRC</collectionCode>
|
||
.2.6142 (
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FFD4B838FA8A419E78600856" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="2005-08-19">
|
||
<collectingDate id="6403454DFFD4B838FA8A419E78600856" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="2005-08-19">19- Aug-2005</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FE7D41B27BEA0856" bold="true" box="[385,740,1770,1797]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD4B838FE7D41B27BD10856" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688886" box="[385,735,1770,1797]" country="Singapore" location="Upper Peirce Reservoir Park" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="0526CCBEFFD4B838FE7D41B27BD10856" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FFD7B838FF6B42C77AFF088E:0526CCBEFFD4B838FE7D41B27BD10856" box="[385,735,1770,1797]" country="Singapore" name="Upper Peirce Reservoir Park" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Upper Peirce Reservoir Park</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FFD4B838FD1741B27D260856" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688448" box="[747,1064,1771,1797]" collectingDate="2019-03-01" collectionCode="ZRC" country="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFD4B838FD1741B27A2A0856" box="[747,804,1771,1797]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">ZRC</collectionCode>
|
||
.2.7401 (
|
||
<date id="7447BCA5FFD4B838FC7941B27D110856" box="[901,1055,1771,1797]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="2019-03-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="6403454DFFD4B838FC7941B27D110856" box="[901,1055,1771,1797]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="2019-03-01">01-Mar-2019</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD4B838FF6B40577D5E087A" blockId="78.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[151,1104,1806,1833]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FF6B40577AA6087B" bold="true" box="[151,936,1806,1833]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
Additional
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFD4B838FEE240577899087B" box="[286,407,1806,1832]" name="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
museum specimens.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFD4B838FD6D40577A04087B" box="[657,778,1806,1832]" name="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
(no locality):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
CAS, RMNH.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00469A65FFD4B838FF6B406B7AFF088E" blockId="78.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="328D4677FFD4B838FF6B406B7880081F" bold="true" box="[151,398,1842,1868]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFD4B838FF6B406B781E081F" box="[151,272,1842,1868]" name="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
localities.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve—Gangsa Forest—Kranji*—Lower Peirce Forest—Lower Peirce Reservoir Park—MacRitchie—MacRitchie Reservoir—Mandai (not specified)—Nee Soon Swamp Forest—Rifle Range Forest—Rifle Range Road—Rifle Range Road Pipeline—Sime Road Forest— Thomson Ridge Forest—Ulu Sembawang Forest—Upper Peirce Reservoir Park—Upper Peirce West Forest—Upper Seletar (not specified)—Upper Seletar North Forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |