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<mods:title id="33282E164EE52219A912F45DC62ECF28">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="537E186366405A99A5466C25D25637D8">Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EAE78F63FDBFC532873C537D47E78272">Lim, Kelvin K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="88502B73FFA2B84FFF6B424C78740B45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7967026" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209662613" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7967026" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FFA2B84FFF6B424C78740B45" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FFA2B84FFF6B424C78740B45" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFA2B84EFF6B424C7A700A7C" box="[151,894,1301,1328]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA2B84EFF6B424C7A700A7C" blockId="56.[151,1437,1301,2011]" box="[151,894,1301,1328]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<heading id="5B0E2D09FFA2B84EFF6B424C7A700A7C" box="[151,894,1301,1328]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA2B84EFF6B424C7A050A7C" ID-CoL="3TQYJ" authority="(Manthey &amp; Steiof, 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Manthey &amp; Steiof" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[151,779,1301,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Leptomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanopunctatus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFF6B424C78ED0A63" bold="true" box="[151,483,1301,1328]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Leptomantis cyanopunctatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFE0E424C7A0D0A7C" author="Manthey, U. &amp; Steiof, C." box="[498,771,1301,1327]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref329111" refString="Manthey, U. &amp; Steiof, C. (1998) Rhacophorus cyanopunctatus sp. n. (Anura: Rhacophoridae), ein neuer flugfrosch von der Malaiischen Halbinsel, Sumatra und Borneo. Sauria, 20 (3), 37 - 42." type="journal article" year="1998">Manthey &amp; Steiof, 1998</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
—
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFCD5424C7A700A7C" bold="true" box="[809,894,1301,1327]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Native.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFA2B84FFF0B42607AAF0D08" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="reference_group">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFFA2B84FFF0B42607AA00D64" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA2B84EFF0B42607BEA0AC8" blockId="56.[151,1437,1301,2011]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA2B84EFF0B42607A8F0A00" author="Manthey, U. &amp; Steiof, C." box="[247,897,1337,1363]" page="37" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="1998">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA2B84EFF0B42607A8F0A00" ID-CoL="4RXDK" authority="Manthey &amp; Steiof, 1998: 37" authorityName="Manthey &amp; Steiof" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="1998" box="[247,897,1337,1363]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanopunctatus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFF0B42607B4C0A00" box="[247,578,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Rhacophorus cyanopunctatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFDB442607A8F0A00" author="Manthey, U. &amp; Steiof, C." box="[584,897,1337,1363]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref329111" refString="Manthey, U. &amp; Steiof, C. (1998) Rhacophorus cyanopunctatus sp. n. (Anura: Rhacophoridae), ein neuer flugfrosch von der Malaiischen Halbinsel, Sumatra und Borneo. Sauria, 20 (3), 37 - 42." type="journal article" year="1998">Manthey &amp; Steiof, 1998: 37</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFA2B84EFC7742607AF60A00" box="[907,1016,1337,1363]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: ZMB 57895, by original designation. Type locality: “şdlichen Rand des Khao Sok National Parks (ca.
<quantity id="C7013780FFA2B84EFBAF42047D930A2B" box="[1107,1181,1373,1400]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
̧ NN), Provinz Surat Thani, Distrikt Phanom, Thailand”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA2B84EFF6B42FC78AD0A93" blockId="56.[151,1437,1301,2011]" box="[151,419,1445,1472]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Blue-spotted Bush Frog</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA2B84EFF6B429078140AB0" blockId="56.[151,1437,1301,2011]" box="[151,282,1481,1507]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
(
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FFA2B84EFF634290781D0AB0" box="[159,275,1481,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="351.[152,255,1936,1960]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-23@351.[151,1436,181,1915]" captionTargetPageId="351" captionText="FIGURE 7. A) Pulchrana laterimaculata, B) Sylvirana guentheri, C) Leptomantis cyanopunctatus, D) Nyctixalus pictus, E) Polypedates leucomystax, F) Theloderma horridum, G) Crocodylus porosus, and H) Caretta caretta. Photographs by: Alex Figueroa [A–B, D–F], Marcus A.H. Chua [C], Jensen G.H. Seah [G], and Kelvin K.P. Lim [H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960333/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Figure 7C</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA2B84EFF6B42B478760954" blockId="56.[151,1437,1301,2011]" box="[151,376,1517,1543]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFF6B42B478760954" bold="true" box="[151,376,1517,1543]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA2B84EFF6B42B4781E0954" box="[151,272,1517,1543]" name="Singapore" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Singapore</collectingCountry>
records.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA2B84EFF0B41487AD20978" blockId="56.[151,1437,1301,2011]" box="[247,988,1553,1580]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA2B84EFF0B414878FD0978" ID-CoL="779YG" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[247,499,1553,1579]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Philautus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFF0B414878FD0978" box="[247,499,1553,1579]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Philautus bimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(non Peters, 1867)—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA2B84EFD1F41487AD60978" author="Inger, R. F." box="[739,984,1553,1579]" page="344" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFD1F41487AD60978" author="Inger, R. F." box="[739,984,1553,1579]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 402" refId="ref315121" refString="Inger, R. F. (1966) The systematics and zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana: Zoology, 52, 1 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3147" type="journal article" year="1966">Inger, 1966: 344–346</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA2B84EFF0B416C7DE6098C" blockId="56.[151,1437,1301,2011]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA2B84EFF0B416C7B12091C" ID-CoL="4RXCJ" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[247,540,1589,1615]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFF0B416C7B12091C" box="[247,540,1589,1615]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Rhacophorus bimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(non Peters, 1867)—K.K.P. Lim &amp; L.M. Chou, 1990: 57.—K.K.P. Lim &amp; C.M. Yang, 1991: 228 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—K.K.P. Lim &amp; F.L.K.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA2B84EFBA641007C040920" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[1114,1290,1625,1651]" page="144" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFBA641007C040920" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[1114,1290,1625,1651]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim, 1992: 144</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—P.K.L. Ng &amp; K.K.P.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA2B84EFE3841247B7E09C4" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[452,624,1661,1687]" page="260" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFE3841247B7E09C4" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[452,624,1661,1687]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim, 1992: 260</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—L.M.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA2B84EFC0341247DE709C4" author="Chou L. M. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P." box="[1023,1257,1661,1688]" page="93" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFC0341247DE709C4" author="Chou L. M. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P." box="[1023,1257,1661,1688]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="70 - 106" refId="ref297613" refString="Chou L. M., Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P. (1994) Animalia. In: Wee, Y. C. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), A First Look at Biodiversity in Singapore. National Council on the Environment, Singapore, pp. 70 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1994">
Chou
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFBBE41277D7409C4" box="[1090,1146,1661,1687]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994: 93
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—R. Subaraj
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFA744127787A09E8" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
, 1995: 5 (Lorong Banir Stream [NSSF]).—Inger, 1996: 567.—R.C.H. Teo &amp; Rajathurai, 1997: 400 (Nee Soon East [NSSF]).—Chan-ard
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFCD2419F7A69098C" box="[814,871,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999: 19.—T.M.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA2B84EFBCB419F7DEA098C" author="Leong, T. M." box="[1079,1252,1733,1760]" page="6" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFBCB419F7DEA098C" author="Leong, T. M." box="[1079,1252,1733,1760]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="2 - 8" refId="ref323035" refString="Leong, T. M. (2000) Amphibian tales. Nature Watch, 8 (4), 2 - 8." type="journal article" year="2000">Leong, 2000: 6</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA2B84EFF0B41B078CF08C0" blockId="56.[151,1437,1301,2011]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA2B84EFF0B41B07A870850" author="Manthey, U. &amp; Steiof, C." box="[247,905,1769,1795]" page="40" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="1998">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA2B84EFF0B41B07A870850" ID-CoL="4RXDK" authority="Manthey &amp; Steiof, 1998: 40" authorityName="Manthey &amp; Steiof" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1998" box="[247,905,1769,1795]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanopunctatus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFF0B41B07B4A0850" box="[247,580,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Rhacophorus cyanopunctatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFDB741B07A870850" author="Manthey, U. &amp; Steiof, C." box="[587,905,1769,1795]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="37 - 42" refId="ref329111" refString="Manthey, U. &amp; Steiof, C. (1998) Rhacophorus cyanopunctatus sp. n. (Anura: Rhacophoridae), ein neuer flugfrosch von der Malaiischen Halbinsel, Sumatra und Borneo. Sauria, 20 (3), 37 - 42." type="journal article" year="1998">Manthey &amp; Steiof, 1998: 40</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.—K.P. Lim &amp; F.L.K.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA2B84EFB7D41B07C3F0850" author="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[1153,1329,1769,1795]" page="144" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFB7D41B07C3F0850" author="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[1153,1329,1769,1795]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref327168" refString="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (2002) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Revised Edition. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="2002">Lim, 2002: 144</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—K.K.P. Lim &amp; T.M. Leong, 2008: 158, 264.—N. Baker &amp; K.P. Lim, 2008: 61, 159.—P.K.L. Ng
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFAA740577C980874" box="[1371,1430,1805,1831]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011: 487.—T.M. Leong, 2011: 22.—N. Baker &amp; K.P. Lim, 2012: 61, 159.—N.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA2B84EFB024068787D083C" author="Baker, N." page="20" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFB024068787D083C" author="Baker, N." pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="20" refId="ref289433" refString="Baker, N. (2013 a) Blue-spotted bush frog at Nee Soon swamp-forest. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2013, 20." type="journal article" year="2013">Baker, 2013a: 20</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—K.Y. Chong
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFCA0400F7A98083C" box="[860,918,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
, 2013: 289.—E.K. Chua, 2015: 8.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA2B84EFAC4400C78B308C0" author="Dehling, J. M." page="10" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFAC4400C78B308C0" author="Dehling, J. M." pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref302557" refString="Dehling, J. M. (2015) A new species of Rhacophorus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Gunung Kinabalu, Borneo. Salamandra, 51 (1), 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2015">Dehling, 2015: 10</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA2B84FFF6B40C47AA00D64" blockId="56.[151,1437,1301,2011]" lastBlockId="57.[151,1437,150,816]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFF6B40C4780508E4" bold="true" box="[151,267,1949,1975]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Remarks.</emphasis>
Known from three fewer specimens than
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA2B84EFCF440C47D0808E4" ID-CoL="568HM" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[776,1030,1949,1975]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Theloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horridum">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFCF440C47D0808E4" box="[776,1030,1949,1975]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Theloderma horridum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA2B84EFBE540C77DE308E4" ID-CoL="4RXDK" authorityName="Manthey &amp; Steiof" authorityYear="1998" box="[1049,1261,1950,1975]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanopunctatus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA2B84EFBE540C77DE308E4" box="[1049,1261,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">L. cyanopunctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is Singapore’s rarest frog. It was first discovered in Singapore when
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA2B84EFCA940987AEC0888" author="Inger, R. F." box="[853,994,1985,2011]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 402" refId="ref315121" refString="Inger, R. F. (1966) The systematics and zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana: Zoology, 52, 1 - 402. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3147" type="journal article" year="1966">Inger (1966)</bibRefCitation>
first documented its presence based on specimen FMNH 100964. Hendrickson was believed to have collected the specimen between the 1950s and 1960s at NSSF (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA3B84FFE1747E37BCF0F87" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Yang, C. M." box="[491,705,186,213]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="215 - 233" refId="ref326464" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Yang, C. M. (1991) An annotated checklist of the amphibians of Singapore, with emphasis on material in the Zoological Reference Collection. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 39 (1), 215 - 233." type="journal article" year="1991">Lim &amp; Yang 1991</bibRefCitation>
), but examination of the specimen reveals that it was collected by Davis on
<date id="7447BCA5FFA3B84FFE7547877B460FAB" box="[393,584,221,248]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1959-01-23">23 January 1959</date>
.
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA3B84FFDA847877A980FA4" ID-CoL="3TQYJ" baseAuthorityName="Manthey &amp; Steiof" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[596,918,222,247]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Leptomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanopunctatus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFDA847877A980FA4" box="[596,918,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Leptomantis cyanopunctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not recorded again in Singapore until 35 years later (
<tableCitation id="4D7BAFDEFFA3B84FFE80465878DC0E48" box="[380,466,257,283]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="16.[152,254,432,458]" captionTargetBox="[207,1414,726,1982]" captionText="TABLE 2. Checklist of the 166 herpetofauna species of Singapore, the year the first specimen was reported or collected, status in Singapore, and number of years went unreported from Singapore prior to 1990. If the reference is from a museum collection, then the museum symbolic code is listed. Under status, IND = Indeterminate (possibly extirpated). Year in parentheses under the last column is the year the species was last reported from Singapore. The herpetofauna of Singapore comprises 31 amphibians and 135 reptiles consisting of two caecilians, 29 frogs (five non-native), 1 crocodilian, 17 turtles (four non-native), 40 lizards (6 non-native), and 77 snakes (two non-native). If the year collected is not specified, then the year reported is used in its place." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" tableUuid="5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95">Table 2</tableCitation>
) on
<date id="7447BCA5FFA3B84FFDFB46587BB50E48" box="[519,699,257,283]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1994-08-30">30 August 1994</date>
when one was photographed at the edge of NSSF (Subaraj
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFA9F465B7C930E48" box="[1379,1437,257,283]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
1995; Teo &amp; Rajathurai 1997). A photograph of this individual was published in
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA3B84FFB59467D7C960E6C" author="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P." box="[1189,1432,292,319]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref289875" refString="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P. (2008) Wild Animals of Singapore: A Photographic Guide to Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. Draco Publishing and Distribution, Singapore, 180 pp." type="book" year="2008">Baker &amp; Lim (2008)</bibRefCitation>
. After this observation, we know of only four additional sightings of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA3B84FFBF546107DD60E31" ID-CoL="3TQYJ" baseAuthorityName="Manthey &amp; Steiof" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1033,1240,329,354]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Leptomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanopunctatus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFBF546107DD60E31" box="[1033,1240,329,354]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">L. cyanopunctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: one from NSSF on
<date id="7447BCA5FFA3B84FFEE6463578E10ED5" box="[282,495,363,390]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2009-12-23">23 December 2009</date>
(
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FFA3B84FFE0246327B590ED5" box="[510,599,363,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="351.[152,255,1936,1960]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-23@351.[151,1436,181,1915]" captionTargetPageId="351" captionText="FIGURE 7. A) Pulchrana laterimaculata, B) Sylvirana guentheri, C) Leptomantis cyanopunctatus, D) Nyctixalus pictus, E) Polypedates leucomystax, F) Theloderma horridum, G) Crocodylus porosus, and H) Caretta caretta. Photographs by: Alex Figueroa [A–B, D–F], Marcus A.H. Chua [C], Jensen G.H. Seah [G], and Kelvin K.P. Lim [H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960333/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
); two other individuals seen on
<date id="7447BCA5FFA3B84FFC4046357D9F0ED5" box="[956,1169,363,390]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2009-12-29">29 December 2009</date>
and
<date id="7447BCA5FFA3B84FFB3B46357C920ED5" box="[1223,1436,363,390]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2010-12-21">21 December 2010</date>
at NSSF (N. Baker pers. comm.), and; the one featured in
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA3B84FFC7446D67D7F0EFA" author="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P." box="[904,1137,399,425]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref289917" refString="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P. (2012) Wild Animals of Singapore: A Photographic Guide to Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. Updated Edition. Draco Publishing and Distribution Pte Ltd and Nature Society, Singapore, 180 pp." type="book" year="2012">Baker &amp; Lim (2012)</bibRefCitation>
photographed at NSSF on
<date id="7447BCA5FFA3B84FFF0B46EB78DB0E9F" box="[247,469,434,460]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2010-11-20">20 November 2010</date>
. Previously a member of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA3B84FFD0446EB7D650E9F" ID-CoL="787M" authority=", Jiang et al. (2019)" authorityName="Jiang" authorityYear="2019" box="[760,1131,434,461]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFD0446EB7A830E9F" box="[760,909,434,460]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Rhacophorus</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA3B84FFC6046EB7D650E9F" author="Jiang, D. &amp; Jiang, K. &amp; Ren, J. &amp; Wu, J. &amp; Li, J." box="[924,1131,434,460]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref316444" refString="Jiang, D., Jiang, K., Ren, J., Wu, J. &amp; Li, J. (2019) Resurrection of the genus Leptomantis, with description of a new genus to the family Rhacophoridae (Amphibia: Anura). Asian Herpetological Research, 10, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2019">
Jiang
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFC2346EA7D160E9F" box="[991,1048,434,460]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
(2019)
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
moved
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA3B84FFB3B46EA7C9B0E9F" ID-CoL="3TQYJ" baseAuthorityName="Manthey &amp; Steiof" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1223,1429,435,460]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Leptomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanopunctatus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFB3B46EA7C9B0E9F" box="[1223,1429,435,460]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">L. cyanopunctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, along with 14 other species to
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA3B84FFDA7468E7BEB0EA3" ID-CoL="5D5K" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1867" box="[603,741,471,496]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Leptomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFDA7468E7BEB0EA3" box="[603,741,471,496]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Leptomantis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis by
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA3B84FFB36468F7C920EA3" author="Chan, K. O. &amp; Grismer, L. L. &amp; Brown, R. M." box="[1226,1436,470,496]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1010 - 1019" refId="ref295168" refString="Chan, K. O., Grismer, L. L. &amp; Brown, R. M. (2018) Comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny of Old World tree frogs (Anura: Rhacophoridae) reveals taxonomic uncertainties and potential cases of over- and underestimation of species diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 127, 1010 - 1019. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2018.07.005" type="journal article" year="2018">
Chan
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFAF2468E7C470EA3" box="[1294,1353,470,496]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated deep divergence between Peninsular Malaysia and Bornean populations suggesting two different species; however, no taxonomic changes were made.
</paragraph>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA3B84FFF6B45197AAF0D08" blockId="57.[151,1437,150,816]" box="[151,929,576,603]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFF6B451978240D09" bold="true" box="[151,298,576,602]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Occurrence.</emphasis>
Restricted, only known from six records at NSSF. Rare.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFA3B84FFF6B453A7D3F0CF8" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA3B84FFF6B453A7A070D2D" blockId="57.[151,1437,150,816]" box="[151,777,611,638]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFF6B453A7B0A0D2D" bold="true" box="[151,516,611,638]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA3B84FFF6B453A781E0D2E" box="[151,272,611,637]" name="Singapore" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Singapore</collectingCountry>
conservation status.
</emphasis>
Critically Endangered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA3B84FFF6B45DE7B090DF2" blockId="57.[151,1437,150,816]" box="[151,519,647,673]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFF6B45DE78AF0DF2" bold="true" box="[151,417,647,673]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
Highest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA3B84FFF6B45F37BDB0D96" blockId="57.[151,1437,150,816]" box="[151,725,682,709]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFF6B45F378DC0D96" bold="true" box="[151,466,682,709]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
Least Concern [2022].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA3B84FFF6B45977A410DBB" blockId="57.[151,1437,150,816]" box="[151,847,718,745]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFF6B45977BAD0DBB" bold="true" box="[151,675,718,744]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFA3B84FFF6B459778160DBB" box="[151,280,718,744]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFA3B84FFEC2459778A20DBB" box="[318,428,718,744]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
Museum specimens.
</emphasis>
No specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA3B84FFF6B45A87D060C5F" blockId="57.[151,1437,150,816]" box="[151,1032,753,780]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFF6B45A87AA60C58" bold="true" box="[151,936,753,780]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
Additional
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA3B84FFEE245A878990C58" box="[286,407,753,779]" name="Singapore" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Singapore</collectingCountry>
museum specimens.
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA3B84FFD6D45A87A040C58" box="[657,778,753,779]" name="Singapore" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(no locality):
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FFA3B84FFC4C45AB7D0B0C5F" box="[944,1029,754,780]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA3B84FFF6B444C7BA50C63" blockId="57.[151,1437,150,816]" box="[151,683,789,816]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFF6B444C78880C7C" bold="true" box="[151,390,789,815]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FFA3B84FFF6B444C781E0C7C" box="[151,272,789,815]" name="Singapore" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Singapore</collectingCountry>
localities.
</emphasis>
Nee Soon Swamp Forest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA3B84FFDFF44C87D3F0CF8" blockId="57.[515,1073,913,940]" box="[515,1073,913,940]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFDFF44C87D3F0CF8" bold="true" box="[515,1073,913,940]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA3B84FFDA644C87AA40CF8" authority="Boulenger, 1882" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[602,938,913,940]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Nyctixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFDA644C87BD50CFF" bold="true" box="[602,731,913,940]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Nyctixalus</emphasis>
Boulenger, 1882
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFFA3B84FFF6B448178740B45" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FFA3B84FFF6B448178740B45" blockId="57.[151,1436,984,1046]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFFA3B84FFF6B448178740B45" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FFA3B84FFF6B44817B1F0CA0" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[151,529,984,1011]" page="35" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" year="1882">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA3B84FFF6B44817B1F0CA0" ID-CoL="662C" authority="Boulenger, 1882 b: 35" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,529,984,1011]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Nyctixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFF6B448178030CA1" box="[151,269,984,1010]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Nyctixalus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FFA3B84FFEE444817B1F0CA0" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[280,529,984,1011]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref291904" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1882 b) Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia. s. Ecaudata in the collection of the British Museum. 2 nd Edition. Taylor and Francis, London, xvi + 503 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1882">Boulenger, 1882b: 35</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FFA3B84FFDDF44817B5B0CA1" box="[547,597,984,1010]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FFA3B84FFD3F44817D990CA1" ID-CoL="485V3" authority="Boulenger, 1882" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[707,1175,984,1010]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Nyctixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritifer">
<emphasis id="328D4677FFA3B84FFD3F44817AC20CA1" box="[707,972,984,1010]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Nyctixalus margaritifer</emphasis>
Boulenger, 1882
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy; gender masculine).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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