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<treatment id="88502B73FF56B8BBFF6B405D787408D1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7968031" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209662144" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7968031" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF56B8BBFF6B405D787408D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FF56B8BBFF6B405D787408D1" lastPageId="205" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF56B8BAFF6B405D7B79084D" box="[151,631,1796,1823]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF56B8BAFF6B405D7B79084D" blockId="204.[151,1437,1796,2039]" box="[151,631,1796,1823]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
<heading id="5B0E2D09FF56B8BAFF6B405D7B79084D" box="[151,631,1796,1823]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF56B8BAFF6B405D7B0A084C" ID-CoL="QPND" authority="Girard, 1858 a" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,516,1796,1823]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cantoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF56B8BAFF6B405D786A084C" bold="true" box="[151,356,1796,1823]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Cantoria violacea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF56B8BAFE97405D7B0A084C" author="Girard, C." box="[363,516,1796,1823]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="181 - 182" refId="ref307345" refString="Girard, C. (1858 a) Descriptions of some new Reptiles, collected by the US. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Third Part. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9, 181 - 182." type="journal article" year="1858">Girard, 1858a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—
<emphasis id="328D4677FF56B8BAFDDE405D7B79084D" bold="true" box="[546,631,1796,1822]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Native.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF56B8BAFF0B4070788508D9" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF56B8BAFF0B407078E70835" blockId="204.[151,1437,1796,2039]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF56B8BAFF0B407078E70835" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF56B8BAFF0B40707BBF0810" author="Girard, C." box="[247,689,1832,1859]" page="182" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" year="1858">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF56B8BAFF0B40707BBF0810" ID-CoL="QPND" authority="Girard, 1858 a: 182" authorityName="Girard" authorityPageNumber="182" authorityYear="1858" box="[247,689,1832,1859]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cantoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF56B8BAFF0B407078C80811" box="[247,454,1832,1859]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Cantoria violacea</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF56B8BAFE2D40717BBF0810" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687765" box="[465,689,1832,1859]" collectionCode="USNM" country="Singapore" location="Singapore" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" specimenCode="USNM 5523" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF56B8BAFE2D40717BBF0810" author="Girard, C." box="[465,689,1832,1859]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="181 - 182" refId="ref307345" refString="Girard, C. (1858 a) Descriptions of some new Reptiles, collected by the US. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Third Part. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9, 181 - 182." type="journal article" year="1858">Girard, 1858a: 182</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
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.
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FF56B8BAFD3C40717A230811" box="[704,813,1832,1858]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="505F321EFF56B8BAFCC740707ADC0810" box="[827,978,1832,1859]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="Museum">USNM 5523</specimenCode>
, by original designation. Type locality: “
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF56B8BAFE9D401578D40835" box="[353,474,1868,1894]" name="Singapore" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Singapore</collectingCountry>
”.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF56B8BAFF6B4028788508D9" blockId="204.[151,1437,1796,2039]" box="[151,395,1904,1931]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Cantor’s Water Snake</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF56B8BAFF6B40CD782408FC" box="[151,298,1940,1967]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="description">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF56B8BAFF6B40CD782408FC" blockId="204.[151,1437,1796,2039]" box="[151,298,1940,1967]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
(
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FF56B8BAFF6340CD782F08FC" box="[159,289,1940,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="367.[152,255,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-23@367.[151,1436,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="367" captionText="FIGURE 23. A) Hydrophis stokesii, B) Hydrophis stokesii, C) Laticauda colubrina, D) Naja sumatrana, E) Ophiophagus hannah, F) Bitia hydroides, G) Cantoria violacea, and H) Cerberus schneiderii. Photographs by: Kelvin K.P. Lim [A], Christopher J. Jolly [B], Philip Vogrinc [C], Alex Figueroa [D, G–H], Francis L.K. Lim [E], and Evan S.H. Quah [F]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960365/files/figure.png" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Figure 23G</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF56B8BAFF6B40E178760880" box="[151,376,1976,2003]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF56B8BAFF6B40E178760880" blockId="204.[151,1437,1796,2039]" box="[151,376,1976,2003]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF56B8BAFF6B40E178760880" bold="true" box="[151,376,1976,2003]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF56B8BAFF6B40E1781E0881" box="[151,272,1976,2002]" name="Singapore" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Singapore</collectingCountry>
records.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF56B8BBFF0B40847A490DA2" lastPageId="205" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF56B8BAFF0B40847ABD08A4" blockId="204.[151,1437,1796,2039]" box="[247,947,2012,2039]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF56B8BAFF0B40847ABD08A4" box="[247,947,2012,2039]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF56B8BAFF0B408478CC08A5" ID-CoL="QPND" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1858" box="[247,450,2012,2039]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cantoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF56B8BAFF0B408478CC08A5" box="[247,450,2012,2039]" italics="true" pageId="204" pageNumber="205">Cantoria violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF56B8BAFE2240857BBC08A4" author="Girard, C." box="[478,690,2012,2039]" page="182" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" year="1858">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF56B8BAFE2240857BBC08A4" author="Girard, C." box="[478,690,2012,2039]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" pagination="181 - 182" refId="ref307345" refString="Girard, C. (1858 a) Descriptions of some new Reptiles, collected by the US. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Third Part. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9, 181 - 182." type="journal article" year="1858">Girard, 1858a: 182</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF56B8BAFD2940857AA008A4" author="Girard, C." box="[725,942,2012,2039]" page="156" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" year="1858">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF56B8BAFD2940857AA008A4" author="Girard, C." box="[725,942,2012,2039]" pageId="204" pageNumber="205" refId="ref307400" refString="Girard, C. (1858 b) United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Vol. XX. Herpetology. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott and Company, xvii + 496 pp., 32 pls." type="book" year="1858">Girard, 1858b: 156</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFF0B47CE7AED0FE2" blockId="205.[151,1437,151,1689]" box="[247,995,151,179]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFF0B47CE7B7F0FE2" authority="Gnther, 1864" authorityName="Gnther" authorityYear="1864" box="[247,625,151,179]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cantoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFF0B47CE78CB0FE2" box="[247,453,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Cantoria elongata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFE3047C17B7F0FE2" author="Gnther, A. C. L. G." box="[460,625,151,179]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref311975" refString="Gnther, A. C. L. G. (1864) The Reptiles of British India. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, xxvii + 452 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Ģnther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: xx, 277.—Theobald, 1876: 229.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFF0B47E27A490DA2" blockId="205.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF57B8BBFF0B47E27A490DA2" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFF0B47E278CA0F86" ID-CoL="QPND" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1858" box="[247,452,187,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cantoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFF0B47E278CA0F86" box="[247,452,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Cantoria violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFE1D47E27BEE0F86" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[481,736,187,213]" page="381" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1890">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFE1D47E27BEE0F86" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[481,736,187,213]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="77 - 86" refId="ref292165" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1890 a) First report on additions to the lizard collection in the British Museum (Natural History). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1890 (1), 77 - 86." type="journal article" year="1890">Boulenger, 1890a: 381</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—Sclater, 1891a: 55.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFC0E47E37DD20F86" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1010,1244,186,213]" page="24" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFC0E47E37DD20F86" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1010,1244,186,213]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref292500" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III. Containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae and Viperidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + 727 pp., 25 pls." type="book" year="1896">Boulenger, 1896: 24</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFB0147E2788F0FAA" author="Flower, S. S." page="888" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFB0147E2788F0FAA" author="Flower, S. S." pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="856 - 914" refId="ref305802" refString="Flower, S. S. (1896) Notes on a collection of reptiles and batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895 - 96; with a list of the species recorded from that region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896 (4), 856 - 914, pls. 44 - 46." type="journal article" year="1896">Flower, 1896: 888</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFE5E47867B730FAA" author="Flower, S. S." box="[418,637,223,249]" page="679" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1899">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFE5E47867B730FAA" author="Flower, S. S." box="[418,637,223,249]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="600 - 696" refId="ref305863" refString="Flower, S. S. (1899 b) Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November 1896 - September 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899 (4), 600 - 696, pls. 36 - 37." type="journal article" year="1899">Flower, 1899: 679</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFD6247867A710FAA" author="Hanitsch, R." box="[670,895,223,249]" page="12" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1899">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFD6247867A710FAA" author="Hanitsch, R." box="[670,895,223,249]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="7 - 16" refId="ref312380" refString="Hanitsch, R. (1899) Annual report of the curator and librarian on the Raffles Library and Museum, for the Year Ending 31 st December, 1898. In: Straits Settlements, Annual Reports for the Year 1898. Published by Authority, Singapore, pp. 7 - 16." type="book chapter" year="1899">Hanitsch, 1899: 12</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(“near
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF57B8BBFC2347867D110FAA" box="[991,1055,223,249]" country="Nigeria" name="Cross River" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Cross</collectingRegion>
Street School”).—Ridley, 1899: 208.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFE5E465A7BAF0E4E" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[418,673,258,285]" page="165" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1912">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFE5E465A7BAF0E4E" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[418,673,258,285]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref292615" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10813" type="book" year="1912">Boulenger, 1912: 165</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFD3E465B7ABD0E4E" author="Hanitsch, R." box="[706,947,258,285]" page="16" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1912">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFD3E465B7ABD0E4E" author="Hanitsch, R." box="[706,947,258,285]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref312636" refString="Hanitsch, R. (1912 b) List of the Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians in the Raffles Museum, Singapore. Raffles Library and Museum, Singapore, 19 pp." type="book" year="1912">Hanitsch, 1912b: 16</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFC29465A7DCB0E4E" author="de Rooij, N." box="[981,1221,259,285]" page="191" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1917">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFC29465A7DCB0E4E" author="de Rooij, N." box="[981,1221,259,285]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref303264" refString="de Rooij, N. (1917) The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. II. Ophidia. E. J. Brill, Leiden, xiv + 334 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10610" type="book" year="1917">de Rooij, 1917: 191</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—Sworder, 1923: 66.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFE69467E7B560E12" author="Buddle, R." box="[405,600,295,321]" page="36" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1929">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFE69467E7B560E12" author="Buddle, R." box="[405,600,295,321]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref293589" refString="Buddle, R. (1929) Snakes of Singapore Island. Kelly &amp; Walsh, Limited, Singapore, 48 pp." type="book" year="1929">Buddle, 1929: 36</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Sembawang Naval Base [= SML]).—
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF57B8BBFBF0467E7D5B0E12" box="[1036,1109,295,321]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Smith</collectingRegion>
, 1943: 399.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFB08467E788C0E36" author="de Haas, C. P. J." page="579" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1950">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFB08467E788C0E36" author="de Haas, C. P. J." pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="511 - 625" refId="ref302520" refString="de Haas, C. P. J. (1950) Checklist of the snakes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (Reptiles, Ophidia). Treubia, 20 (3), 511 - 625." type="journal article" year="1950">de Haas, 1950: 579</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFE5846127B5F0E36" author="Gyi, K. K." box="[420,593,331,357]" page="186" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1970">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFE5846127B5F0E36" author="Gyi, K. K." box="[420,593,331,357]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="47 - 223" refId="ref312023" refString="Gyi, K. K. (1970) A revision of colubrid snakes of the subfamily Homalopsinae. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 20 (2), 47 - 223." type="journal article" year="1970">Gyi, 1970: 186</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—K.K.P. Lim &amp; L.M. Chou, 1990: 54.—K.K.P. Lim &amp; F.L.K.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFAE34612788F0EDA" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." page="147" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFAE34612788F0EDA" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref326515" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="1992">Lim, 1992: 147</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—L.M.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFE1F46367BD50EDA" author="Chou L. M. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P." box="[483,731,366,393]" page="105" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFE1F46367BD50EDA" author="Chou L. M. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P." box="[483,731,366,393]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="70 - 106" refId="ref297613" refString="Chou L. M., Ng, P. K. L. &amp; Lim, K. K. P. (1994) Animalia. In: Wee, Y. C. &amp; Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), A First Look at Biodiversity in Singapore. National Council on the Environment, Singapore, pp. 70 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1994">
Chou
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFDDA46367B510EDA" box="[550,607,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
, 1994: 105
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFD0046377D2A0EDA" author="David, P. &amp; Vogel, G." box="[764,1060,366,393]" page="112" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFD0046377D2A0EDA" author="David, P. &amp; Vogel, G." box="[764,1060,366,393]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref301675" refString="David, P. &amp; Vogel, G. (1996) The Snakes of Sumatra: An Annotated Checklist and Key with Natural History Notes. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt-am-Main, 260 pp." type="book" year="1996">David &amp; Vogel, 1996: 112</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFBB94636788F0EFE" author="Manthey, U. &amp; Grossmann, W." page="330" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFBB94636788F0EFE" author="Manthey, U. &amp; Grossmann, W." pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref329083" refString="Manthey, U. &amp; Grossmann, W. (1997) Amphibien und Reptilian Sudostasien. Natur und Tier, M ¸ nster, 512 pp." type="book" year="1997">Manthey &amp; Grossmann, 1997: 330</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—Chan-ard
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFDEF46CA7B450EFE" box="[531,587,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999: 31.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFD2546CA7D180EFE" author="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E." box="[729,1046,403,429]" page="87" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFD2546CA7D180EFE" author="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E." box="[729,1046,403,429]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref315641" refString="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E. (2001) A Checklist of Southeast Asian and New Guinean Reptiles. Part I. Serpentes. Biodiversity Conservation Project (Indonesian Institute of Sciences - Japan International Cooperation Agency - The Ministry of Forestry). The Gibbon Foundation and Institute of Technology, Bandung, 195 pp." type="book" year="2001">Iskandar &amp; Colijn, 2001: 87</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFBC446CA7C3A0EFE" author="Jayne, B. C. &amp; Voris, H. K. &amp; Ng, P. K." box="[1080,1332,403,429]" page="143" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFBC446CA7C3A0EFE" author="Jayne, B. C. &amp; Voris, H. K. &amp; Ng, P. K." box="[1080,1332,403,429]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="143 - 143" refId="ref316336" refString="Jayne, B. C., Voris, H. K. &amp; Ng, P. K. (2002) Snake circumvents constraints on prey size. Nature, 418 (6894), 143 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 418143 a" type="journal article" year="2002">
Jayne
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFB7D46CA7DB70EFE" box="[1153,1209,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
, 2002: 143
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFAAA46CA7B020E82" author="Karns, D. R. &amp; Voris, H. K. &amp; Goodwin, T. G." page="488" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFAAA46CA7B020E82" author="Karns, D. R. &amp; Voris, H. K. &amp; Goodwin, T. G." pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="487 - 498" refId="ref317473" refString="Karns, D. R., Voris, H. K. &amp; Goodwin, T. G. (2002) Ecology of Oriental-Australian rear-fanged water snakes (Colubridae: Homalopsinae) in the Pasir Ris Park mangrove forest, Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 50 (2), 487 - 498." type="journal article" year="2002">
Karns
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFEAB46EE78810E82" box="[343,399,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
, 2002: 488
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Pasir Ris Park Mangroves).—K.P. Lim &amp; F.L.K.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFBC146EE7DE90E82" author="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[1085,1255,439,465]" page="147" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFBC146EE7DE90E82" author="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K." box="[1085,1255,439,465]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref327168" refString="Lim, K. P. &amp; Lim, F. L. K. (2002) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Revised Edition. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp." type="book" year="2002">Lim, 2002: 147</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFAF546EE78B70EA6" author="Anonymous" page="92" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFAF546EE78B70EA6" author="Anonymous" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref288767" refString="Anonymous (2003) Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve - A Decade of Wetland Conservation. National Parks Board, Singapore, 98 pp." type="book" year="2003">Anonymous, 2003: 92</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFCAC46827D4D0EA6" author="Karns, D. R. &amp; Murphy, J. C. &amp; Voris, H. K. &amp; Suddeth, J. S." box="[848,1091,474,501]" page="86" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFCAC46827D4D0EA6" author="Karns, D. R. &amp; Murphy, J. C. &amp; Voris, H. K. &amp; Suddeth, J. S." box="[848,1091,474,501]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="73 - 90" refId="ref317531" refString="Karns, D. R., Murphy, J. C., Voris, H. K. &amp; Suddeth, J. S. (2005) Comparison of semi-aquatic snake communities associated with the Khorat Basin, Thailand. Tropical Natural History, 5 (2), 73 - 90." type="journal article" year="2005">
Karns
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFC6646827ADC0EA6" box="[922,978,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005: 86
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—J.C. Murphy, 2007: 59.—N. Baker &amp; K.P. Lim, 2008: 109, 161.—K.K.P. Lim
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFC7446A67ACF0D4A" box="[904,961,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008: 165, 265.—P.K.L. Ng
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFAE946A67C400D4A" box="[1301,1358,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008: 167.—P.Z.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFE2A457A7B800D6E" author="Chen, P. Z." box="[470,654,546,573]" page="195" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFE2A457A7B800D6E" author="Chen, P. Z." box="[470,654,546,573]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="195 - 197" refId="ref296100" refString="Chen, P. Z. (2010) An observation of crab predation by a Gerard's water snake, Gerarda prevostiana (Reptilia: Squamata: Homalopsidae) in the wild at Sungei Buloh, Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 3, 195 - 197." type="journal article" year="2010">Chen, 2010: 195</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFD4C457B7A530D6E" author="Das, I." box="[688,861,546,573]" page="325" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFD4C457B7A530D6E" author="Das, I." box="[688,861,546,573]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref300845" refString="Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia. New Holland, London, 376 pp." type="book" year="2010">Das, 2010: 325</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—J.C. Murphy, 2011: 233.—P.K.L. Ng
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFAE6457A7C5F0D6E" box="[1306,1361,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011: 502.—N. Baker &amp; K.P. Lim, 2012: 109, 161.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFC80451E7D360D32" author="Das, I." box="[892,1080,582,609]" page="105" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFC80451E7D360D32" author="Das, I." box="[892,1080,582,609]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref300872" refString="Das, I. (2012 a) A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of South-East Asia. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 160 pp." type="book" year="2012">Das, 2012a: 105</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—Voris &amp; J.C. Murphy, 2012: 195.—J.C. Murphy &amp; Voris, 2014: 11.—Wallach
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFC8345327AB80DD6" box="[895,950,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014: 148.—Chan-ard
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFB3945327DF20DD6" box="[1221,1276,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015: 246.— Vogrinc, 2017: 205 (Pasir Ris Park Mangroves).—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFC5C45D67D420DFA" author="Das, I." box="[928,1100,655,681]" page="123" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFC5C45D67D420DFA" author="Das, I." box="[928,1100,655,681]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref300966" refString="Das, I. (2018) A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of Southeast Asia. 2 nd Edition. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford, 176 pp." type="book" year="2018">Das, 2018: 123</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—Jayne
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFB4645D67DFB0DFA" box="[1210,1269,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018: 638.— O’Shea, 2018: 538.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF57B8BBFDB345EB7A290D9E" author="Charlton, T." box="[591,807,690,717]" page="95" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFDB345EB7A290D9E" author="Charlton, T." box="[591,807,690,717]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref295882" refString="Charlton, T. (2020) A Guide to Snakes of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, viii + 299 pp." type="book" year="2020">Charlton, 2020: 95</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Pasir Ris Park Mangroves).—S.J.M. Yau &amp; Kamisan, 2020: 143 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF57B8BBFF6B45A27AC00A06" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFF6B45A27BDC0A62" blockId="205.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFF6B45A278050C46" bold="true" box="[151,267,763,789]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFEE945A278EC0C46" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1858" box="[277,482,763,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cantoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFEE945A278EC0C46" box="[277,482,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Cantoria violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described as a new species by
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFC7945A27D260C46" author="Girard, C." box="[901,1064,762,789]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="181 - 182" refId="ref307345" refString="Girard, C. (1858 a) Descriptions of some new Reptiles, collected by the US. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Third Part. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9, 181 - 182." type="journal article" year="1858">Girard (1858a</bibRefCitation>
, b) from specimen USNM 5523 collected in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF57B8BBFE87444678E30C6A" box="[379,493,799,825]" name="Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Singapore</collectingCountry>
some time around 1842 by the
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF57B8BBFCC044467A600C6A" box="[828,878,799,825]" name="United States of America" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">U.S.</collectingCountry>
Exploring Expedition (
<tableCitation id="4D7BAFDEFF57B8BBFB9144467DB00C6A" box="[1133,1214,799,825]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[144,246,465,494]" captionTargetBox="[162,2007,508,1694]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Checklist of 39 taxa with Singapore as type locality." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5486CAEDFF9FB873FF6C46887AAA0EBD" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" tableUuid="5486CAEDFF9FB873FF6C46887AAA0EBD">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Shortly thereafter,
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFF0B441D78A80C0E" author="Gnther, A. C. L. G." box="[247,422,835,863]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref311975" refString="Gnther, A. C. L. G. (1864) The Reptiles of British India. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, xxvii + 452 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Ģnther (1864)</bibRefCitation>
redescribed the specimen as a new species, ‘
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFC57441A7D3E0C0E" authorityName="Gnther" authorityYear="1864" box="[939,1072,835,861]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cantoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongata">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFC57441A7D3E0C0E" box="[939,1072,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">C. elongata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’, because
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFB56441A7C5C0C0E" author="Girard, C." box="[1194,1362,834,861]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="181 - 182" refId="ref307345" refString="Girard, C. (1858 a) Descriptions of some new Reptiles, collected by the US. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Third Part. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 9, 181 - 182." type="journal article" year="1858">Girard (1858a)</bibRefCitation>
stated that
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFED6443E78A20CD2" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1858" box="[298,428,871,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cantoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFED6443E78A20CD2" box="[298,428,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">C. violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was identical to ‘
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFD87443E7A5A0CD2" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1839" box="[635,852,871,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coronella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFD87443E7A5A0CD2" box="[635,852,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Coronella violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ [=
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFC7A443E7D560CD2" baseAuthorityName="Cantor" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[902,1112,871,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Oligodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyclurus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFC7A443E7D560CD2" box="[902,1112,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Oligodon cyclurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
], which is incorrect. Sclater (1891) reported the second specimen of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFD5344D27A230CF6" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1839" box="[687,813,907,933]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coronella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFD5344D27A230CF6" box="[687,813,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">C. violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a specimen deposited at ZSI. Later, Hanitsch sent a specimen (ZRC.2.3316) collected on
<date id="7447BCA5FF57B8BBFD6844F67A4C0C9A" box="[660,834,943,969]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="1898-08-29">29 August 1898</date>
by Hellier near Cross Street Primary School (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFACB44F6783E0CBE" author="Hanitsch, R." pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="7 - 16" refId="ref312380" refString="Hanitsch, R. (1899) Annual report of the curator and librarian on the Raffles Library and Museum, for the Year Ending 31 st December, 1898. In: Straits Settlements, Annual Reports for the Year 1898. Published by Authority, Singapore, pp. 7 - 16." type="book chapter" year="1899">Hanitsch 1899</bibRefCitation>
) to Flower for identification (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFD80448A7A1E0CBE" author="Flower, S. S." box="[636,784,979,1005]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="600 - 696" refId="ref305863" refString="Flower, S. S. (1899 b) Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November 1896 - September 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899 (4), 600 - 696, pls. 36 - 37." type="journal article" year="1899">Flower 1899</bibRefCitation>
). This area was previously surrounded by mangrove forest (Yee
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFEC944AE787E0B42" box="[309,368,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
2011). After
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFDF144AE7BBC0B42" author="Buddle, R." box="[525,690,1015,1041]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" refId="ref293589" refString="Buddle, R. (1929) Snakes of Singapore Island. Kelly &amp; Walsh, Limited, Singapore, 48 pp." type="book" year="1929">Buddle (1929)</bibRefCitation>
collected
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF57B8BBFCD744AE7AEC0B42" box="[811,994,1015,1041]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
at SNB,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFBAC44AE7DDD0B42" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1839" box="[1104,1235,1015,1041]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coronella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFBAC44AE7DDD0B42" box="[1104,1235,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">C. violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not reported again from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF57B8BBFE82434278FE0B66" box="[382,496,1051,1077]" name="Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Singapore</collectingCountry>
until 82 years later (
<tableCitation id="4D7BAFDEFF57B8BBFD1943427A330B66" box="[741,829,1051,1077]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="16.[152,254,432,458]" captionTargetBox="[207,1414,726,1982]" captionText="TABLE 2. Checklist of the 166 herpetofauna species of Singapore, the year the first specimen was reported or collected, status in Singapore, and number of years went unreported from Singapore prior to 1990. If the reference is from a museum collection, then the museum symbolic code is listed. Under status, IND = Indeterminate (possibly extirpated). Year in parentheses under the last column is the year the species was last reported from Singapore. The herpetofauna of Singapore comprises 31 amphibians and 135 reptiles consisting of two caecilians, 29 frogs (five non-native), 1 crocodilian, 17 turtles (four non-native), 40 lizards (6 non-native), and 77 snakes (two non-native). If the year collected is not specified, then the year reported is used in its place." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" tableUuid="5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95">Table 2</tableCitation>
) during
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFC5F43427D710B66" author="Karns, D. R. &amp; Voris, H. K. &amp; Goodwin, T. G." box="[931,1151,1051,1077]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="487 - 498" refId="ref317473" refString="Karns, D. R., Voris, H. K. &amp; Goodwin, T. G. (2002) Ecology of Oriental-Australian rear-fanged water snakes (Colubridae: Homalopsinae) in the Pasir Ris Park mangrove forest, Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 50 (2), 487 - 498." type="journal article" year="2002">
Karns
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFC1343427D250B66" box="[1007,1067,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
study of homalopsids at PRPM. The only other records of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFD8C43667BFE0B0A" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1839" box="[624,752,1087,1113]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coronella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFD8C43667BFE0B0A" box="[624,752,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">C. violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF57B8BBFCCF43667AAB0B0A" box="[819,933,1087,1113]" name="Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Singapore</collectingCountry>
comes from Vogrinc (2017) who published a note on the largest
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFE36433A7B470B2E" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1839" box="[458,585,1123,1149]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coronella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFE36433A7B470B2E" box="[458,585,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">C. violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
measured, and from Yau &amp; Kamisan (2020) who found a dead one on a trail at SBWR on
<date id="7447BCA5FF57B8BBFE6C43DE7B170BF2" box="[400,537,1159,1185]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="2020-07-08">8 July 2020</date>
. LKCNHM has specimens from 1929, 1967, 1977, and 2001, and BPBM 7203 was collected on
<date id="7447BCA5FF57B8BBFE4643F27B9C0B96" box="[442,658,1194,1221]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="1955-12-12">12 December 1955</date>
. The individual shown in
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FF57B8BBFC4B43F27D390B96" box="[951,1079,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="367.[152,255,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-23@367.[151,1436,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="367" captionText="FIGURE 23. A) Hydrophis stokesii, B) Hydrophis stokesii, C) Laticauda colubrina, D) Naja sumatrana, E) Ophiophagus hannah, F) Bitia hydroides, G) Cantoria violacea, and H) Cerberus schneiderii. Photographs by: Kelvin K.P. Lim [A], Christopher J. Jolly [B], Philip Vogrinc [C], Alex Figueroa [D, G–H], Francis L.K. Lim [E], and Evan S.H. Quah [F]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960365/files/figure.png" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Figure 23G</figureCitation>
was photographed at PRPM on
<date id="7447BCA5FF57B8BBFF0B439678DA0BBA" box="[247,468,1231,1257]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="2014-11-23">23 November 2014</date>
(A. Figueroa pers. obs.). After
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFCBD43967ADE0BBA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[833,976,1231,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Bitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hydroides">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFCBD43967ADE0BBA" box="[833,976,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">B. hydroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFC1C43967D6C0BBA" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1839" box="[992,1122,1231,1257]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coronella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFC1C43967D6C0BBA" box="[992,1122,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">C. violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the rarest homalopsid in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF57B8BBFF0B43AA78620A5E" box="[247,364,1267,1293]" name="Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Singapore</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF57B8BBFE8A43AA7B490A5E" author="Karns, D. R. &amp; Voris, H. K. &amp; Goodwin, T. G." box="[374,583,1267,1293]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" pagination="487 - 498" refId="ref317473" refString="Karns, D. R., Voris, H. K. &amp; Goodwin, T. G. (2002) Ecology of Oriental-Australian rear-fanged water snakes (Colubridae: Homalopsinae) in the Pasir Ris Park mangrove forest, Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 50 (2), 487 - 498." type="journal article" year="2002">
Karns
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFE4343AA78F80A5E" box="[447,502,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
only found four
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFCFD43AA7A8E0A5E" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1839" box="[769,896,1267,1293]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coronella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFCFD43AA7A8E0A5E" box="[769,896,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">C. violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
during their study compared to
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF57B8BBFB1E43AA7C140A5F" box="[1250,1306,1267,1293]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" type="generic">
19
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFAF843AA7C140A5F" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[1284,1306,1267,1292]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Fordonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucobalia">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFAF843AA7C140A5F" box="[1284,1306,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">F.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</specimenCount>
leucobalia, 31
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFEE6424E78B10A63" baseAuthorityName="Eydoux &amp; Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[282,447,1303,1329]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Gerarda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prevostiana">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFEE6424E78B10A63" box="[282,447,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">G. prevostiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 156
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFDD2424E7BC50A62" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[558,715,1303,1329]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cerberus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schneiderii">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFDD2424E7BC50A62" box="[558,715,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">C. schneiderii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFF6B42637AC00A06" blockId="205.[151,1437,151,1689]" box="[151,974,1338,1365]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFF6B426378240A07" bold="true" box="[151,298,1338,1364]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Occurrence.</emphasis>
Restricted to mangroves of LCK, PRPM, and SBWR. Rare.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF57B8BBFF6B4207787408D1" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFF6B42077B960A2A" blockId="205.[151,1437,151,1689]" box="[151,664,1374,1401]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFF6B42077B0A0A2A" bold="true" box="[151,516,1374,1401]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF57B8BBFF6B4207781E0A2B" box="[151,272,1374,1400]" name="Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Singapore</collectingCountry>
conservation status.
</emphasis>
Endangered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFF6B42DB7B090ACE" blockId="205.[151,1437,151,1689]" box="[151,519,1410,1437]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFF6B42DB78AF0ACF" bold="true" box="[151,417,1410,1436]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
Highest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFF6B42FF7BDB0A92" blockId="205.[151,1437,151,1689]" box="[151,725,1446,1473]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFF6B42FF78DC0A92" bold="true" box="[151,466,1446,1473]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
Least Concern [2010].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFF6B42937C1F097E" blockId="205.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFF6B42937A0E0AB7" bold="true" box="[151,768,1482,1509]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF57B8BBFF6B42937BF40AB7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687864" box="[151,762,1482,1509]" collectionCode="LKCNHM, NHMUK" collectorName="Changi" location="Museum" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF57B8BBFF6B429378160AB7" box="[151,280,1482,1508]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF57B8BBFEC5429278A90AB6" box="[313,423,1483,1509]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
<location id="0526CCBEFF57B8BBFE5142927B1B0AB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF56B8BBFF6B405D787408D1:0526CCBEFF57B8BBFE5142927B1B0AB6" box="[429,533,1483,1509]" name="Museum" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Museum</location>
specimens.
<collectorName id="AD0CFFB3FF57B8BBFD6342937BF40AB7" box="[671,762,1482,1508]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Changi</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
:
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF57B8BBFCF842927D320AB6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688821" box="[772,1084,1483,1509]" collectingDate="1967-04-28" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF57B8BBFCF842927A330AB6" box="[772,829,1483,1509]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.6481 (
<date id="7447BCA5FF57B8BBFC6042927D3A0AB6" box="[924,1076,1483,1509]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="1967-04-28">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF57B8BBFC6042927D3A0AB6" box="[924,1076,1483,1509]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="1967-04-28">28-Apr-1967</collectingDate>
</date>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFBB942937C920AB7" bold="true" box="[1093,1436,1482,1508]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF57B8BBFBB942937D870AB7" box="[1093,1161,1482,1508]" country="Nigeria" name="Cross River" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Cross</collectingRegion>
Street Primary School:
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF57B8BBFF0B42B67B38095A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120687851" box="[247,566,1519,1545]" collectingDate="1898-08-29" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF57B8BBFF0B42B67821095A" box="[247,303,1519,1545]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.3316 (
<date id="7447BCA5FF57B8BBFE6D42B67B20095A" box="[401,558,1519,1545]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="1898-08-29">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF57B8BBFE6D42B67B20095A" box="[401,558,1519,1545]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="1898-08-29">29-Aug-1898</collectingDate>
</date>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFDBD42B77A82095A" bold="true" box="[577,908,1518,1545]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Lim Chu Kang Mangroves:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF57B8BBFC6F42B67DDE095A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120689407" box="[915,1232,1519,1545]" collectingDate="1977-08-18" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF57B8BBFC6F42B67AC5095A" box="[915,971,1519,1545]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.3672 (
<date id="7447BCA5FF57B8BBFBD042B67DC6095A" box="[1068,1224,1519,1545]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="1977-08-18">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF57B8BBFBD042B67DC6095A" box="[1068,1224,1519,1545]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="1977-08-18">18-Aug-1977</collectingDate>
</date>
)
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF57B8BBFB2042B6787E097E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688619" collectingDate="2001-04-19" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF57B8BBFB2042B67C1B095A" box="[1244,1301,1519,1545]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.4991 (
<date id="7447BCA5FF57B8BBFA8A42B67866097E" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="2001-04-19">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF57B8BBFA8A42B67866097E" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="2001-04-19">19- Apr-2001</collectingDate>
</date>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFE80414B7B49097E" bold="true" box="[380,583,1554,1581]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF57B8BBFE80414B7B4F097E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688404" box="[380,577,1554,1581]" collectionCode="PPM" location="Pasir Ris" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" specimenCount="1">
<location id="0526CCBEFF57B8BBFE80414B78E9097F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF56B8BBFF6B405D787408D1:0526CCBEFF57B8BBFE80414B78E9097F" box="[380,487,1554,1580]" name="Pasir Ris" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Pasir Ris</location>
[
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF57B8BBFE04414A7B35097E" box="[504,571,1555,1581]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">PPM</collectionCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
:
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF57B8BBFDB2414B7A84097E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120689049" box="[590,906,1554,1581]" collectingDate="2001-03-30" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF57B8BBFDB2414B7B88097E" box="[590,646,1554,1581]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.5000 (
<date id="7447BCA5FF57B8BBFD1B414A7A8C097E" box="[743,898,1555,1581]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="2001-03-30">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF57B8BBFD1B414A7A8C097E" box="[743,898,1555,1581]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="2001-03-30">30-Mar-2001</collectingDate>
</date>
)
</materialsCitation>
;
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFC69414B7AFD097F" bold="true" box="[917,1011,1554,1580]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF57B8BBFC69414B7AE3097F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688438" box="[917,1005,1554,1580]" location="Seletar" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" specimenCount="1">
<location id="0526CCBEFF57B8BBFC69414B7AE3097F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF56B8BBFF6B405D787408D1:0526CCBEFF57B8BBFC69414B7AE3097F" box="[917,1005,1554,1580]" name="Seletar" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Seletar</location>
</materialsCitation>
:
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF57B8BBFC06414A7C03097E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688116" box="[1018,1293,1555,1581]" collectingDate="1929-02" collectionCode="ZRC" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF57B8BBFC06414A7D3C097E" box="[1018,1074,1555,1581]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">ZRC</collectionCode>
.2.3317 (
<date id="7447BCA5FF57B8BBFB6F414A7C0B097E" box="[1171,1285,1555,1581]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="1929-02">
<collectingDate id="6403454DFF57B8BBFB6F414A7C0B097E" box="[1171,1285,1555,1581]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" value="1929-02">Feb-1929</collectingDate>
</date>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFF6B416F7D6A0902" blockId="205.[151,1437,151,1689]" box="[151,1124,1590,1617]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFF6B416F7AA60903" bold="true" box="[151,936,1590,1617]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
Additional
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF57B8BBFEE2416F78990903" box="[286,407,1590,1616]" name="Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Singapore</collectingCountry>
museum specimens.
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF57B8BBFD6D416F7A040903" box="[657,778,1590,1616]" name="Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(no locality):
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF57B8BBFC4C416E7D0F0902" box="[944,1025,1591,1617]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF57B8BBFBF7416E7D6E0902" box="[1035,1120,1591,1617]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFF6B41037D0109CA" blockId="205.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFF6B4103788B0927" bold="true" box="[151,389,1626,1652]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF57B8BBFF6B4103781E0927" box="[151,272,1626,1652]" name="Singapore" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Singapore</collectingCountry>
localities.
</emphasis>
Changi—Cross Street—Lim Chu Kang Mangroves—Pasir Ris Park Mangroves—Seletar (not specified)—Sembcorp Marine Ltd.*—Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFDDD41A57D1D0845" blockId="205.[545,1043,1787,1814]" box="[545,1043,1787,1814]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFDDD41A57D1D0845" bold="true" box="[545,1043,1787,1814]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFD8441A27A820845" authority="Cuvier, 1829" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1829" box="[632,908,1787,1814]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cerberus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFD8441A27BE90845" bold="true" box="[632,743,1787,1814]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Cerberus</emphasis>
Cuvier, 1829
</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF57B8BBFF6B401D787408D1" blockId="205.[151,1436,1860,1922]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFF6B401D78DF080D" authority="Cuvier, 1829: 2" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityPageNumber="2" authorityYear="1829" box="[151,465,1860,1886]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Cerberus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFF6B401D79F1080D" box="[151,255,1860,1886]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Cerberus</emphasis>
Cuvier, 1829: 2
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FF57B8BBFE15401D7B15080D" box="[489,539,1860,1886]" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF57B8BBFD68401D7D16080D" authority="Daudin, 1803" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" box="[660,1048,1860,1886]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="205" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cerberus">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF57B8BBFD68401D7A6C080D" box="[660,866,1860,1886]" italics="true" pageId="205" pageNumber="206">Coluber cerberus</emphasis>
Daudin, 1803
</taxonomicName>
, by absolute monotypy; gender masculine).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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