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<mods:title id="2E3080BFD421E3D1EDAA699CC7E8BEB0">Singapore’s herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8AFAF6B6174B96029FAABFE724DAD324">Figueroa, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1B15C7546A238074FE8B0C7F14366E0C">Low, Martyn E. Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5F94FB73FBBCFA8C43BEC8F286A68640">Lim, Kelvin K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="88502B73FF4FB8A0FF6B41487D410A71" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7968050" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209662129" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7968050" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF4FB8A0FF6B41487D410A71" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88502B73FF4FB8A0FF6B41487D410A71" lastPageId="214" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF4FB8A3FF6B41487B3A0978" box="[151,564,1553,1580]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4FB8A3FF6B41487B3A0978" blockId="213.[151,1437,1553,2012]" box="[151,564,1553,1580]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
<heading id="5B0E2D09FF4FB8A3FF6B41487B3A0978" box="[151,564,1553,1580]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4FB8A3FF6B414878CC097F" ID-CoL="4R8KR" authority="Gray, 1842" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,450,1553,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Raclitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4FB8A3FF6B4148784E097F" bold="true" box="[151,320,1553,1580]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Raclitia indica</emphasis>
Gray, 1842
</taxonomicName>
—
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4FB8A3FE2341487B3A0978" bold="true" box="[479,564,1553,1579]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Native.</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF4FB8A3FF0B416F7C7008C7" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4FB8A3FF0B416F7B6A09CB" blockId="213.[151,1437,1553,2012]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4FB8A3FF0B416F7B440903" authority="Gray, 1842: 67" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="67" authorityYear="1842" box="[247,586,1590,1616]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Raclitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4FB8A3FF0B416F78920903" box="[247,412,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Raclitia indica</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF4FB8A3FE5E416F7B440903" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688870" box="[418,586,1590,1616]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" specimenCode="BMNH 1946.1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">Gray, 1842: 67</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF4FB8A3FDA8416F7D800903" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688790" box="[596,1166,1590,1616]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" specimenCode="BMNH 1946.1" typeStatus="syntype">
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FF4FB8A3FDA8416F7BB50903" box="[596,699,1590,1616]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
(2):
<specimenCode id="505F321EFF4FB8A3FD13416F7A990903" box="[751,919,1590,1616]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">BMNH 1946.1</specimenCode>
.2.36 and 1946.1.2.46,
</materialsCitation>
by original designation.
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF4FB8A3FEAB41037BB70927" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120688194" box="[343,697,1626,1652]" country="India" location="Peninsular" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="DF4224C7FF4FB8A3FEAB410378810927" box="[343,399,1626,1652]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Type</typeStatus>
locality: “
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4FB8A3FDFA41037B480927" box="[518,582,1626,1652]" name="India" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">India</collectingCountry>
”, in error;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="B0919038FF4FB8A3FD3D41037C930927" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4120689174" box="[705,1437,1626,1652]" country="India" location="Peninsular" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
later designated as “Malay Peninsula?” (=
<location id="0526CCBEFF4FB8A3FB5241037C2A0927" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88502B73FF4FB8A0FF6B41487D410A71:0526CCBEFF4FB8A3FB5241037C2A0927" box="[1198,1316,1626,1652]" country="India" name="Peninsular" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Peninsular</location>
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4FB8A3FAD041037C9A0927" box="[1324,1428,1626,1652]" name="Malaysia" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
)
</materialsCitation>
by
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4FB8A3FE8641277B6E09CB" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[378,608,1662,1688]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" refId="ref292500" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III. Containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae and Viperidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + 727 pp., 25 pls." type="book" year="1896">Boulenger (1896: 4)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4FB8A3FF6B41FB782809B3" blockId="213.[151,1437,1553,2012]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
West Malaysia Water Snake (
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FF4FB8A3FF63419F781309B3" box="[159,285,1734,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="368.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-34@368.[155,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="368" captionText="FIGURE 24. A) Enhydris enhydris, B) Fordonia leucobalia, C) Gerarda prevostiana, D) Homalopsis buccata, E) Phytolopsis punctata, F) Raclitia indica, G) Psammodynastes pictus, and H) Asthenodipsas laevis. Photographs by: Joan Lee [A], Alex Figueroa [B–D], Holly Siow [E], Dennis Nathaniel Chan [F], Nick Baker [G], and Kelvin K.P. Lim [H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960367/files/figure.png" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Figure 24F</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4FB8A3FF6B41B078760857" blockId="213.[151,1437,1553,2012]" box="[151,376,1769,1796]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4FB8A3FF6B41B078760857" bold="true" box="[151,376,1769,1796]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4FB8A3FF6B41B0781E0850" box="[151,272,1769,1795]" name="Singapore" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Singapore</collectingCountry>
records.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4FB8A3FF0B40577C7008C7" blockId="213.[151,1437,1553,2012]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4FB8A3FF0B405778A6087B" authorityName="Tweedie" authorityYear="1953" box="[247,424,1806,1832]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Enhydris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4FB8A3FF0B405778A6087B" box="[247,424,1806,1832]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Enhydris indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Smith, 1930: 60.—Tweedie, 1953: 86.—Tweedie, 1961: 89.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4FB8A3FB8740577C1A087B" author="Gyi, K. K." box="[1147,1300,1806,1832]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" pagination="47 - 223" refId="ref312023" refString="Gyi, K. K. (1970) A revision of colubrid snakes of the subfamily Homalopsinae. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 20 (2), 47 - 223." type="journal article" year="1970">Gyi, 1970: 77</bibRefCitation>
.—Tweedie, 1983: 102.—B.L. Lim
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4FB8A3FDA2406A7B96081F" box="[606,664,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">et al.</emphasis>
, 1995: 360.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4FB8A3FCC6406B7D8E081F" author="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E." box="[826,1152,1842,1868]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" refId="ref315641" refString="Iskandar, D. T. &amp; Colijn, E. (2001) A Checklist of Southeast Asian and New Guinean Reptiles. Part I. Serpentes. Biodiversity Conservation Project (Indonesian Institute of Sciences - Japan International Cooperation Agency - The Ministry of Forestry). The Gibbon Foundation and Institute of Technology, Bandung, 195 pp." type="book" year="2001">Iskandar &amp; Colijn, 2001: 90</bibRefCitation>
.—N. Baker &amp; K.P. Lim, 2008: 169.—K.K.P.
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4FB8A3FDC7400F7A7F0823" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; D'Rozario, V." box="[571,881,1878,1904]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" pagination="9 - 12" refId="ref326668" refString="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; D'Rozario, V. (2009) The rainbow mud snake, Enhydris enhydris (Schneider) [Reptilia: Squamata: Homalopsidae] in Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 2, 9 - 12." type="journal article" year="2009">Lim &amp; D’Rozario, 2009: 11</bibRefCitation>
.—
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4FB8A3FC69400F7D4C0823" author="Das, I." box="[917,1090,1878,1904]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" refId="ref300845" refString="Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia. New Holland, London, 376 pp." type="book" year="2010">Das, 2010: 327</bibRefCitation>
.—N. Baker &amp; K.P. Lim, 2012: 169.—J.C. Murphy &amp; Voris, 2014: 33.—Thomas
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4FB8A3FC7840227AB208C7" box="[900,956,1914,1940]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014: 309.—Wallach
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4FB8A3FB3C40227DF608C7" box="[1216,1272,1914,1940]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014: 269.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF4FB8A3FF0B40C778B8088F" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4FB8A3FF0B40C778B8088F" blockId="213.[151,1437,1553,2012]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20E9BD4BFF4FB8A3FF0B40C77C9208EB" box="[247,1436,1950,1977]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4FB8A3FF0B40C778AE08EB" ID-CoL="4R8KR" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[247,416,1950,1976]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Raclitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4FB8A3FF0B40C778AE08EB" box="[247,416,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">Raclitia indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Quah
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4FB8A3FDFE40C67B3308EB" box="[514,573,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">et al.</emphasis>
, 2018b: 53–64.—
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF4FB8A3FCF140C77AF708EB" author="Charlton, T." box="[781,1017,1950,1977]" page="106" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4FB8A3FCF140C77AF708EB" author="Charlton, T." box="[781,1017,1950,1977]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" refId="ref295882" refString="Charlton, T. (2020) A Guide to Snakes of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, viii + 299 pp." type="book" year="2020">Charlton, 2020: 106</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—I.S.
<treatmentCitation id="8158BC74FF4FB8A3FBB440C77C4D08EA" author="Law, I. S. &amp; Neo, X. &amp; Chan, D. N. &amp; Shivaram, R." box="[1096,1347,1950,1977]" page="165" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4FB8A3FBB440C77C4D08EA" author="Law, I. S. &amp; Neo, X. &amp; Chan, D. N. &amp; Shivaram, R." box="[1096,1347,1950,1977]" pageId="213" pageNumber="214" pagination="165 - 167" refId="ref321558" refString="Law, I. S., Neo, X., Chan, D. N. &amp; Shivaram, R. (2020) Rediscovery of the Selangor mud snake, Raclitia indica, in Singapore. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2020, 165 - 167." type="journal article" year="2020">
Law
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4FB8A3FB7840C67DB108EB" box="[1156,1215,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="213" pageNumber="214">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020: 165
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Upper
</treatmentCitationGroup>
Seletar).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF4CB8A0FF6B47CE7DFE0CBE" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4CB8A0FF6B47CE786D0EA6" blockId="214.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FF6B47CE78050FE2" bold="true" box="[151,267,151,177]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4CB8A0FEE947CE78B30FE2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[277,445,151,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Raclitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FEE947CE78B30FE2" box="[277,445,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Raclitia indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is Singapore’s most recent rediscovery, the presence of this species on the island was previously represented by only
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF4CB8A0FDA147E27BF60F86" box="[605,760,187,213]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
deposited at the Dublin Museum (NMI) that was identified by Boulenger and first brought to attention by Smith (1930). Many researchers found the
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FB2047867C400FAA" box="[1244,1358,223,249]" name="Singapore" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Singapore</collectingCountry>
record doubtful (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4CB8A0FE94465A78D80E4E" author="Gyi, K. K." box="[360,470,259,285]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" pagination="47 - 223" refId="ref312023" refString="Gyi, K. K. (1970) A revision of colubrid snakes of the subfamily Homalopsinae. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 20 (2), 47 - 223." type="journal article" year="1970">Gyi 1970</bibRefCitation>
; Tweedie 1983;
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4CB8A0FD6F465A7A7E0E4E" author="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P." box="[659,880,259,285]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" refId="ref289875" refString="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P. (2008) Wild Animals of Singapore: A Photographic Guide to Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. Draco Publishing and Distribution, Singapore, 180 pp." type="book" year="2008">Baker &amp; Lim 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4CB8A0FC81465A7AB70E4E" author="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P." box="[893,953,259,285]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" refId="ref289917" refString="Baker, N. &amp; Lim, K. P. (2012) Wild Animals of Singapore: A Photographic Guide to Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. Updated Edition. Draco Publishing and Distribution Pte Ltd and Nature Society, Singapore, 180 pp." type="book" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
; Wallach
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FBD5465A7D6D0E4E" box="[1065,1123,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
2014), and Murphy (2007) stated that “[t]he
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FE3F467E7B3B0E12" box="[451,565,295,321]" name="Singapore" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Singapore</collectingCountry>
locality is highly problematic”. Despite the uncertainty, the presence of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4CB8A0FA78467E78330E36" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Raclitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FA78467E78330E36" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">R. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FE9D461278DD0E36" box="[353,467,331,357]" name="Singapore" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Singapore</collectingCountry>
was substantiated on
<date id="7447BCA5FF4CB8A0FD3546127AAD0E36" box="[713,931,331,357]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" value="2020-09-19">19 September 2020</date>
when a live individual was found swimming in a drain at
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FE76463678A00EDA" box="[394,430,367,393]" name="United States of America" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">US</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4CB8A0FE3C46367B790EDA" author="Law, I. S. &amp; Neo, X. &amp; Chan, D. N. &amp; Shivaram, R." box="[448,631,367,393]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" pagination="165 - 167" refId="ref321558" refString="Law, I. S., Neo, X., Chan, D. N. &amp; Shivaram, R. (2020) Rediscovery of the Selangor mud snake, Raclitia indica, in Singapore. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2020, 165 - 167." type="journal article" year="2020">
Law
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FE0746367B3B0EDA" box="[507,565,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="98C286E0FF4CB8A0FD7346367BFB0EDA" box="[655,757,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="368.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-34@368.[155,1433,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="368" captionText="FIGURE 24. A) Enhydris enhydris, B) Fordonia leucobalia, C) Gerarda prevostiana, D) Homalopsis buccata, E) Phytolopsis punctata, F) Raclitia indica, G) Psammodynastes pictus, and H) Asthenodipsas laevis. Photographs by: Joan Lee [A], Alex Figueroa [B–D], Holly Siow [E], Dennis Nathaniel Chan [F], Nick Baker [G], and Kelvin K.P. Lim [H]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7960367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7960367/files/figure.png" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Fig. 24F</figureCitation>
). Prior to this rediscovery, nothing much was known of the specimen at NMI, but
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4CB8A0FE0946CA7BB40EFE" author="Law, I. S. &amp; Neo, X. &amp; Chan, D. N. &amp; Shivaram, R." box="[501,698,403,429]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" pagination="165 - 167" refId="ref321558" refString="Law, I. S., Neo, X., Chan, D. N. &amp; Shivaram, R. (2020) Rediscovery of the Selangor mud snake, Raclitia indica, in Singapore. Singapore Biodiversity Records, 2020, 165 - 167." type="journal article" year="2020">
Law
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FDD246CA7B690EFE" box="[558,615,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
(2020)
</bibRefCitation>
discussed that it was collected in 1914 at a rubber estate at Bukit Sembawang by a Professor Johnson. Thus,
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4CB8A0FD1946EE7A450E82" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[741,843,439,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Raclitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FD1946EE7A450E82" box="[741,843,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">R. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
went undetected a period of 106 years in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FAD746EE7C930E82" box="[1323,1437,439,465]" name="Singapore" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Singapore</collectingCountry>
(
<tableCitation id="4D7BAFDEFF4CB8A0FF03468278580EA6" box="[255,342,475,501]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="16.[152,254,432,458]" captionTargetBox="[207,1414,726,1982]" captionText="TABLE 2. Checklist of the 166 herpetofauna species of Singapore, the year the first specimen was reported or collected, status in Singapore, and number of years went unreported from Singapore prior to 1990. If the reference is from a museum collection, then the museum symbolic code is listed. Under status, IND = Indeterminate (possibly extirpated). Year in parentheses under the last column is the year the species was last reported from Singapore. The herpetofauna of Singapore comprises 31 amphibians and 135 reptiles consisting of two caecilians, 29 frogs (five non-native), 1 crocodilian, 17 turtles (four non-native), 40 lizards (6 non-native), and 77 snakes (two non-native). If the year collected is not specified, then the year reported is used in its place." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" tableUuid="5486CAEDFF8AB866FF6446E978550D95">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4CB8A0FEAB46A67D4B0C9A" blockId="214.[151,1437,151,1221]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4CB8A0FEAB46A67B0F0D4A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[343,513,511,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Raclitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FEAB46A67B0F0D4A" box="[343,513,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Raclitia indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an extremely rare snake (Quah
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FC5D46A67AD00D4A" box="[929,990,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
2018b). For a long time, it was only known from five records including the NMI specimen (Tweedie 1983), until one was collected at Belum-Temengor, Peninsular
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FE09451E7B520D32" box="[501,604,583,609]" name="Malaysia" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(Lim
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FD5F451E7BD30D32" box="[675,733,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
1995). More recently, Quah
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FBDA451E7D6E0D32" box="[1062,1120,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
(2018b) reported three new findings, bringing the total number of records to eight, and contributed the first photographs of a live specimen.
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4CB8A0FE9345D67B1B0DFA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[367,533,655,681]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Raclitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FE9345D67B1B0DFA" box="[367,533,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Raclitia indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was first described by Gray (1842) who gave “
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FBDB45D67DB70DFA" box="[1063,1209,655,681]" name="India" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">British India</collectingCountry>
” as the origin of the
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF4CB8A0FF0B45EA78830D9E" box="[247,397,691,717]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">two syntypes</specimenCount>
from Hardwicke’s collection (
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4CB8A0FD1245EA7A650D9E" author="Gray, J. E." box="[750,875,691,717]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" refId="ref309100" refString="Gray, J. E. (1849) Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees [of the British Museum], London. xv + 125 pp." type="book" year="1849">Gray 1849</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4CB8A0FC7D45EA7D470D9E" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[897,1097,691,717]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" refId="ref292500" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III. Containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphae and Proteroglyphae), Amblycephalidae and Viperidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiv + 727 pp., 25 pls." type="book" year="1896">Boulenger (1896)</bibRefCitation>
then corrected the locality to “Malay Peninsula?”, which was accepted by
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4CB8A0FD07458E7AAE0DA2" author="Flower, S. S." box="[763,928,727,753]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" pagination="856 - 914" refId="ref305802" refString="Flower, S. S. (1896) Notes on a collection of reptiles and batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895 - 96; with a list of the species recorded from that region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896 (4), 856 - 914, pls. 44 - 46." type="journal article" year="1896">Flower (1896)</bibRefCitation>
. Smith (1930) discussed that sometime after
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4CB8A0FF0B45A278CC0C46" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[247,450,763,789]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" refId="ref292615" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10813" type="book" year="1912">Boulenger (1912)</bibRefCitation>
, Boulenger identified two additional specimens of
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4CB8A0FBEE45A27D740C46" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[1042,1146,763,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Raclitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FBEE45A27D740C46" box="[1042,1146,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">R. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one from Taiping at the
<collectingRegion id="C23D5487FF4CB8A0FF0B444678550C6A" box="[247,347,799,825]" country="Malaysia" name="Selangor" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Selangor</collectingRegion>
Museum and the NMI specimen. The fifth historic record was of a live individual collected at Bukit Mandol Forest Reserve in Klang, Peninsular
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FCD1441A7A9A0C0E" box="[813,916,835,861]" name="Malaysia" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6468E794FF4CB8A0FC5F441A7DBD0C0E" author="Lim, B. L. &amp; Kamarudin, M. S. B." box="[931,1203,834,861]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" pagination="23 - 27" refId="ref324549" refString="Lim, B. L. &amp; Kamarudin, M. S. B. (1975) Notes on new locality records of some rare snakes in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 29 (1), 23 - 27." type="journal article" year="1975">Lim &amp; Kamarudin 1975</bibRefCitation>
). The recent findings reported by Quah
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FE38443E78F30CD2" box="[452,509,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
(2018b) were of
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF4CB8A0FD3E443E7A670CD2" box="[706,873,871,897]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
taken at Lubuk Yu and one photographed at Lake Chini. The recent rediscovery in
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FD8D44D27BED0CF6" box="[625,739,907,933]" name="Singapore" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Singapore</collectingCountry>
brings the total number of records for
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4CB8A0FB5944D27C020CF6" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[1189,1292,907,933]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Raclitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FB5944D27C020CF6" box="[1189,1292,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">R. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to nine, and contributes additional photographic documentation and morphometric data.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4CB8A0FF6B448B7DFE0CBE" blockId="214.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[151,1264,978,1005]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FF6B448B78240CBF" bold="true" box="[151,298,978,1004]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Occurrence.</emphasis>
Known only from
<specimenCount id="16FF51ECFF4CB8A0FDFC448A7B940CBE" box="[512,666,979,1005]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
predating 1930 and on specimen discovered in 2020.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E3C9EEFF4CB8A0FF6B44AF7D410A71" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4CB8A0FF6B44AF7A070B42" blockId="214.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[151,777,1014,1041]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FF6B44AF7B0A0B42" bold="true" box="[151,516,1014,1041]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FF6B44AF781E0B43" box="[151,272,1014,1040]" name="Singapore" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Singapore</collectingCountry>
conservation status.
</emphasis>
Critically Endangered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4CB8A0FF6B43437B090B66" blockId="214.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[151,519,1050,1077]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FF6B434378AF0B67" bold="true" box="[151,417,1050,1076]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Conservation priority.</emphasis>
Highest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4CB8A0FF6B43677BD80B0A" blockId="214.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[151,726,1086,1113]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FF6B436778DC0B0A" bold="true" box="[151,466,1086,1113]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">IUCN conservation status.</emphasis>
Data Deficient [2010].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4CB8A0FF6B433B7A410B2E" blockId="214.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[151,847,1122,1149]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FF6B433B7BAD0B2F" bold="true" box="[151,675,1122,1149]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF4CB8A0FF6B433B78160B2F" box="[151,280,1122,1148]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">LKCNHM</collectionCode>
&amp;
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF4CB8A0FEC2433A78A20B2E" box="[318,428,1123,1149]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
Museum specimens.
</emphasis>
No specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4CB8A0FF6B43DF7AB40BF2" blockId="214.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[151,954,1158,1185]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FF6B43DF7A7B0BF3" bold="true" box="[151,885,1158,1185]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
Additional
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FEE243DF78990BF3" box="[286,407,1158,1184]" name="Singapore" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Singapore</collectingCountry>
museum specimens. Bukit Sembawang:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="66E802A0FF4CB8A0FC8043DE7AB80BF2" box="[892,950,1159,1185]" country="Poland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/s9ds-6ng7" name="Bacteria collection of National Institute of Public Health, National Medicines Institute, Poland" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">NMI</collectionCode>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4CB8A0FF6B43F37ADF0B96" blockId="214.[151,1437,151,1221]" box="[151,977,1194,1221]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FF6B43F378880B97" bold="true" box="[151,390,1194,1220]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<collectingCountry id="78EEDAF5FF4CB8A0FF6B43F3781E0B97" box="[151,272,1194,1220]" name="Singapore" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">Singapore</collectingCountry>
localities.
</emphasis>
Bukit Sembawang*—Upper Seletar (not specified).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00469A65FF4CB8A0FE1942517D410A71" blockId="214.[485,1103,1288,1314]" box="[485,1103,1288,1314]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
<emphasis id="328D4677FF4CB8A0FE1942517D410A71" bold="true" box="[485,1103,1288,1314]" pageId="214" pageNumber="215">
Family
<taxonomicName id="C7F9E1E6FF4CB8A0FDB842517AC60A71" authority="Fitzinger, 1843" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[580,968,1288,1314]" class="Reptilia" family="Lamprophiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="214" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843</taxonomicName>
(1 species)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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