234 lines
29 KiB
XML
234 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="E352B56484297B663551A3C3AFA4E060" ID-CLB-Dataset="38790" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.273190" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e32af43c-074d-481f-b7be-68422c336931" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="273190" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1466266284053" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sangster, George" docDate="2005" docId="039687F3FFE42D6DFEFF8B4CFDC91F32" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00799.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 799" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Aves Sangster, 2005, new clade name" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="FFAFFF8BFFE52D6EFFF78E48FFE61D44" masterDocTitle="A name for the clade formed by owletnightjars, swifts and hummingbirds (Aves)" masterLastPageNumber="6" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698663023530" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BC163EF8798422CD28826CD9BC32A18F">
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<mods:title id="2E1B9A9DDBDFB4B217FF93EDBD9323F9">A name for the clade formed by owletnightjars, swifts and hummingbirds (Aves)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="78E06E40DA031240AC36DC5E496CD662" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0DD7DE4767AB5787669D439B1C8B5C51">Sangster, George</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FACAA5337F71EC985302AF99E94FF330">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D832D63EF6BFFBCA06DCDB6AC52948E4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="38FA2179760619C46BC10DA9D02E1FDA">
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<mods:date id="A5D0F86B1734903EF20E208F2E953696">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="E04B94FC3C3C6D8BCFD116B444ACEA4B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.273190</mods:identifier>
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<subSection id="E2B02F0EFFE42D6DFEFF8B4CFDC91F32" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="multiple">
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<treatment id="039687F3FFE42D6DFEFF8B4CFDC91F32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6269049" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120829143" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6269049" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687F3FFE42D6DFEFF8B4CFDC91F32" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039687F3FFE42D6DFEFF8B4CFDC91F32" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="C325656EFFE42D6FFEFF8B4CFD7A185A" box="[264,668,1284,1310]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8036E5FFE42D6FFEFF8B4CFD7A185A" blockId="1.[264,668,1284,1310]" box="[264,668,1284,1310]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="D0C88189FFE42D6FFEFF8B4CFD7A185A" bold="true" box="[264,668,1284,1310]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE42D6FFEFF8B4CFD7A185A" bold="true" box="[264,668,1284,1310]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFEFF8B4CFE2E185A" box="[264,456,1284,1310]" clade="Daedalorinthes" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="clade" status="new clade name">Daedalornithes</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A278578CFFE42D6FFE228B4CFD7A185A" box="[469,668,1284,1310]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">new clade name</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C325656EFFE42D6FFEFF8B06FDD91A65" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B8036E5FFE42D6FFEFF8B06FDD91A65" blockId="1.[264,1324,1358,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE42D6FFEFF8B06FE63182C" bold="true" box="[264,389,1358,1384]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Definition</emphasis>
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: The name Daedalornithes, as defined here, refers to the least inclusive clade comprising
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFE628B3FFD0F18D5" authority="White" authorityName="White" box="[405,745,1399,1425]" class="Aves" family="Aegothelidae" genus="Aegotheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE42D6FFE628B3FFD6518D4" box="[405,643,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Aegotheles cristatus</emphasis>
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(White)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFCD08B3FFBC818D5" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[807,1070,1399,1425]" class="Aves" family="Apodidae" genus="Apus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE42D6FFCD08B3FFC4418D4" box="[807,930,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Apus apus</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFBCB8B3FFACC18D4" box="[1084,1322,1399,1424]" class="Aves" family="Aegothelidae" genus="Aegotheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE42D6FFBCB8B3FFACC18D4" box="[1084,1322,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Aegotheles cristatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFECD8BD7FE5518FC" box="[314,435,1439,1464]" class="Aves" family="Apodidae" genus="Apus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE42D6FFECD8BD7FE5518FC" box="[314,435,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Apus apus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are selected as reference taxa because these are the
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<typeStatus id="54848847FFE42D6FFBE18BD7FBAE18FD" box="[1046,1096,1439,1465]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
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species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFB398BD7FED318A4" class="Aves" family="Aegothelidae" genus="Aegotheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE42D6FFB398BD7FED318A4" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Aegotheles</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFE868B8FFE4A18A4" box="[369,428,1479,1504]" class="Aves" family="Apodidae" genus="Apus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE42D6FFE868B8FFE4A18A4" box="[369,428,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Apus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, respectively, on which the names
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFCBB8B8FFC0D18A5" box="[844,1003,1479,1505]" class="Aves" family="Aegothelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aegothelidae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFBDC8B8FFB7B18A5" box="[1067,1181,1479,1505]" class="Aves" family="Apodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Apodidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFB2F8B8FFEBA1B4D" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Apodiformes</taxonomicName>
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, respectively, are based. The definition is based on the principles of phylogenetic taxonomy (de
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE42D6FFE46885FFD051B75" author="Queiroz" box="[433,739,1559,1585]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="de Queiroz, K. & Gauthier, J. (1992) Phylogenetic taxonomy. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, 23, 449 - 480." type="journal article" year="1992">Queiroz & Gauthier 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). Use of two reference taxa, an owletnightjar and a swift, guarantees that the name always refers to a monophyletic group that minimally includes
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFE84882FFE121BC4" box="[371,500,1639,1664]" class="Aves" family="Aegothelidae" genus="Aegotheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE42D6FFE84882FFE121BC4" box="[371,500,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Aegotheles</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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owletnightjars and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE42D6FFD1B882FFCC11BC4" box="[748,807,1639,1664]" class="Aves" family="Apodidae" genus="Apus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE42D6FFD1B882FFCC11BC4" box="[748,807,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Apus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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swifts. Because the definition refers to the least inclusive (i.e. smallest) monophyletic group specified by these two taxa, it excludes all taxa that are placed outside this clade. A node rather than a stembased definition of Daedalornithes is selected because its sistertaxon is not resolved (see below), as recommended by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE42D6FFE66894FFDDD1A65" author="Sereno" box="[401,571,1799,1825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Sereno, P. C. (1999) Definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy: critique and rationale. Systematic Biology, 48, 329 - 351." type="journal article" year="1999">Sereno (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C325656EFFE42D6CFECF8966FC2A1F32" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8036E5FFE42D6CFECF8966FC2A1F32" blockId="1.[264,1324,1358,1905]" lastBlockId="2.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE42D6FFECF8966FE341A0C" bold="true" box="[312,466,1838,1864]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Description:</emphasis>
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Mayr (2002) identified six morphological synapomorphies of Daedalornithes: (i) os palatinum with greatly protruding angulus caudolateralis; (ii) processus basipterygoidei reduced; (iii) pneumatic foramina on the caudal surface of the processus oticus; (iv) extremitas omalis of coracoid hooked and processus lateralis greatly reduced; (v) musculus splenius capitis with cruciform origin; (vi) caeca absent. Mayr et al. (2003) identified two additional morphological synapomorphies: (vii) processus terminalis ischii of pelvis very narrow and slender, touching pubis at an angle of 45–90°, fenestra ischiopubica very wide; (viii) musculus fibularis longus absent. They identified character (v) as an unambiguous synapomorphy and characters (iii), (iv) and (vi) to (viii) as synapomorphies that, although not unique to Daedalornithes, are optimized in their phylogenetic analysis as independently derived in the common ancestor of this clade.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C325656EFFE72D6DFECF8CCCFDF11C92" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B8036E5FFE72D6CFECF8CCCFD081E52" blockId="2.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE72D6CFECF8CCCFDD21FDA" bold="true" box="[312,564,644,670]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Taxonomic content:</emphasis>
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Based on current knowledge (Mayr 2002; Mayr et al. 2003;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE72D6CFEFF8CE4FE101F82" author="Cracraft" box="[264,502,684,710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Cracraft, J., Barker, F. K., Braun, M., Harshman, J., Dyke, G. J., Feinstein, J., Stanley, S., Cibois, A., Schikler, P., Beresford, P., Garcia-Moreno, J., Sorenson, M. D., Yuri, T. & Mindell, D. P. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): towards an avian tree of life. In: Cracraft, J. & Donoghue, M. (Eds.), Reconstructing the Tree of Life, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 468 - 489." type="book chapter" year="2004">Cracraft et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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), the name Daedalornithes refers to a clade that, among extant taxa, only includes
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFE498C9CFDBC1FAA" box="[446,602,724,750]" class="Aves" family="Aegothelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aegothelidae</taxonomicName>
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(owletnightjars),
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFCB18C9CFC1D1FAA" box="[838,1019,724,750]" class="Aves" family="Hemiprocnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hemiprocnidae</taxonomicName>
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(tree swifts),
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFB4F8C9CFACC1FAA" box="[1208,1322,724,750]" class="Aves" family="Apodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Apodidae</taxonomicName>
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(swifts) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFE6D8CB4FDC61E52" box="[410,544,764,790]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Trochilidae</taxonomicName>
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(hummingbirds).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8036E5FFE72D6CFECF8D6CFCFB193A" blockId="2.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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The extinct
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFE3B8D6CFD991E79" box="[460,639,804,829]" class="Aves" family="Apodidae" genus="Scaniacypselus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE72D6CFE3B8D6CFD991E79" box="[460,639,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Scaniacypselus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFD648D6CFCEE1E79" box="[659,776,804,829]" class="Aves" family="Jungornithidae" genus="Jungornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE72D6CFD648D6CFCEE1E79" box="[659,776,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Jungornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFCEC8D6CFC641E79" box="[795,898,804,829]" class="Aves" family="Jungornithidae" genus="Argornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE72D6CFCEC8D6CFC641E79" box="[795,898,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Argornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFC338D6CFBB21E79" box="[964,1108,804,829]" class="Aves" family="Jungornithidae" genus="Parargornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE72D6CFC338D6CFBB21E79" box="[964,1108,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Parargornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are not currently regarded as (crowngroup) members of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFD118D04FC631E22" box="[742,901,844,870]" class="Aves" family="Aegothelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aegothelidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFC658D04FBAF1E22" box="[914,1097,844,870]" class="Aves" family="Hemiprocnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hemiprocnidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFBAF8D04FB2C1E22" box="[1112,1226,844,870]" class="Aves" family="Apodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Apodidae</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFB028D04FE821ECA" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Trochilidae</taxonomicName>
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but are part of Daedalornithes based on phylogenetic analysis or the possession of shared derived characters (see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE72D6CFD998DD4FC681EF2" author="Mayr" box="[622,910,924,950]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Mayr, G. & Manegold, A. (2002) Eozane Stammlinienvertreter von Schwalmvogeln und Seglern aus der Grube Messel bei Darmstadt. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 41, 21 - 35." type="journal article" year="2002">Mayr & Manegold 2002</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE72D6CFC6E8DD4FBCC1EF2" author="Mayr" box="[921,1066,924,950]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Mayr, G. (2003 a). Phylogeny of early Tertiary swifts and hummingbirds (Aves: Apodiformes). Auk, 120, 145 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Mayr 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE72D6CFBC18DD4FB621EF2" author="Mayr" box="[1078,1156,924,950]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Mayr, G. (2003 b). A new Eocene swift-like bird with a peculiar feathering. Ibis, 145, 382 - 391." type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="b">2003b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The position of the extinct
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFE4A8D8CFDA01E99" box="[445,582,964,989]" class="Aves" family="Aegialornithidae" genus="Aegialornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE72D6CFE4A8D8CFDA01E99" box="[445,582,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Aegialornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFD7C8D8CFCE91E99" box="[651,783,964,989]" class="Aves" family="Eocypselidae" genus="Eocypselus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE72D6CFD7C8D8CFCE91E99" box="[651,783,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Eocypselus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFC508D8CFBA11E9A" box="[935,1095,964,990]" class="Aves" family="Aegothelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aegothelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFBAF8D8CFB151E9A" box="[1112,1267,964,990]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Apodiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFEFF8DA4FE6D1942" box="[264,395,1004,1030]" class="Aves" family="Podargidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Podargidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, hence their inclusion in Daedalornithes, is unresolved (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE72D6CFBB98DA4FB041942" author="Mayr" box="[1102,1250,1004,1030]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Mayr, G. (2003 a). Phylogeny of early Tertiary swifts and hummingbirds (Aves: Apodiformes). Auk, 120, 145 - 151." type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Mayr 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two other extinct taxa,
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE72D6CFE018A5CFD8F1969" box="[502,617,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Laputavis</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFD468A5CFCC51969" box="[689,803,1044,1069]" class="Aves" family="Aegialornithidae" genus="Primapus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE72D6CFD468A5CFCC51969" box="[689,803,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Primapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFBE08A5CFB57196A" box="[1047,1201,1044,1070]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Apodiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE72D6CFB1D8A5CFEB01912" author="Dyke" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Dyke, G. J. (2001) A primitive swift from the London Clay and the relationships of fossil apodiform birds. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21, 195 - 200." type="journal article" year="2001">Dyke (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but the relationships suggested in this study are considered to be doubtful due to problems with character coding (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE72D6CFD7F8A2CFCF6193A" author="Mayr" box="[648,784,1124,1150]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Mayr, G. (2001) The relationships of fossil apodiform birds - a comment on Dyke (2001). Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 81, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="2001">Mayr 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036E5FFE72D6CFECF8AC4FB971A62" blockId="2.[264,1324,284,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE72D6CFECF8AC4FD6C19E2" bold="true" box="[312,650,1164,1190]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Phylogenetic relationships:</emphasis>
|
||
The relationships of Daedalornithes with other birds are as yet unresolved. A morphological study (Mayr 2002) suggested that Daedalornithes is the sistergroup of (Nyctibiiidae +
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFD698A94FCB419B2" box="[670,850,1244,1270]" class="Aves" family="Caprimulgidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Caprimulgidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This study included only eight ingroup taxa and was therefore not designed to exclude other taxa as potential sistergroups of Daedalornithes. Analysis of an expanded data set (Mayr et al. 2003) also identified (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFEE78B1CFE7D182A" box="[272,411,1364,1390]" class="Aves" family="Nyctibiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nyctibiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFE4C8B1CFD8D182A" box="[443,619,1364,1390]" class="Aves" family="Caprimulgidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Caprimulgidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as the sister taxon of Daedalornithes but bootstrap support for this grouping was less than 50%. Maximum Parsimony analysis of DNA sequences of three nuclear genes placed Daedalornithes in an unresolved polytomy with Passeriformes and numerous nonpasserine groups. Bayesian analysis of the same molecular data set identified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFE888BBCFDE41B4A" box="[383,514,1524,1550]" class="Aves" family="Podargidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Podargidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister taxon of Daedalornithes but with low posterior probability (58%). Combined analysis of morphological and molecular data sets placed Daedalornithes in an unresolved trichotomy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFD06880CFC9C1B1A" box="[753,890,1604,1630]" class="Aves" family="Nyctibiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nyctibiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFC4F880CFB8F1B1A" box="[952,1129,1604,1630]" class="Aves" family="Caprimulgidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Caprimulgidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, again with low support (50%). A study based on the nuclear gene cmyc (Harshman, Braun & Huddleston in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE72D6CFED188DCFDEC1BEA" author="Cracraft" box="[294,522,1684,1710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Cracraft, J., Barker, F. K., Braun, M., Harshman, J., Dyke, G. J., Feinstein, J., Stanley, S., Cibois, A., Schikler, P., Beresford, P., Garcia-Moreno, J., Sorenson, M. D., Yuri, T. & Mindell, D. P. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): towards an avian tree of life. In: Cracraft, J. & Donoghue, M. (Eds.), Reconstructing the Tree of Life, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 468 - 489." type="book chapter" year="2004">Cracraft et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE72D6CFD3088DCFCAB1BEA" box="[711,845,1684,1710]" class="Aves" family="Trogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trogoniformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Trogonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the sistergroup of Daedalornithes but bootstrap support was not indicated. Two other studies (summarized in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE72D6CFB7788F4FEA21BBA" author="Cracraft" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Cracraft, J., Barker, F. K., Braun, M., Harshman, J., Dyke, G. J., Feinstein, J., Stanley, S., Cibois, A., Schikler, P., Beresford, P., Garcia-Moreno, J., Sorenson, M. D., Yuri, T. & Mindell, D. P. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): towards an avian tree of life. In: Cracraft, J. & Donoghue, M. (Eds.), Reconstructing the Tree of Life, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 468 - 489." type="book chapter" year="2004">Cracraft et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) could not resolve the sistergroup of Daedalornithes. Daedalornithes is therefore best considered as incertae sedis among the ‘higher land bird’ assemblage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036E5FFE72D6DFECF897CFDF11C92" blockId="2.[264,1324,284,1870]" lastBlockId="3.[264,1324,284,630]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE72D6CFECF897CFDDF1A0A" bold="true" box="[312,569,1844,1870]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Taxonomic sequence</emphasis>
|
||
: Due to the unresolved relationships among ‘higher land birds’, no changes are warranted in the position of Daedalornithes in linear sequences. Thus, I suggest that Daedalornithes is listed after
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE62D6DFD0F8F0CFC4A1C1A" box="[760,940,324,350]" class="Aves" family="Steatornithidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Steatornithidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE62D6DFC4E8F0CFBA41C1A" box="[953,1090,324,350]" class="Aves" family="Nyctibiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nyctibiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE62D6DFB8A8F0CFACD1C1A" box="[1149,1323,324,350]" class="Aves" family="Caprimulgidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Caprimulgidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cf
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B14FFE62D6DFED88F24FE091CC2" author="Dickinson" box="[303,495,364,390]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Dickinson, E. C. (Ed.) 2003. The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Third Edition. Chistopher Helm, London." type="book" year="2003">Dickinson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). To reflect their phylogenetic relationships, the taxa included in Daedalornithes are best arranged in the following sequence:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE62D6DFC498FDCFBB81CEA" box="[958,1118,404,430]" class="Aves" family="Aegothelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aegothelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE62D6DFB988FDCFAC11CEA" box="[1135,1319,404,430]" class="Aves" family="Hemiprocnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hemiprocnidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE62D6DFEFF8FF4FE9B1C92" box="[264,381,444,470]" class="Aves" family="Apodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Apodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D66FFE62D6DFE7F8FF4FDF41C92" box="[392,530,444,470]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Trochilidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C325656EFFE62D6DFECF8FABFDC91F32" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8036E5FFE62D6DFECF8FABFDC91F32" blockId="3.[264,1324,284,630]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEAF7FFE62D6DFECF8FABFE591CB9" bold="true" box="[312,447,483,509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
: The clade is named after Daedalus, the Greek mythological figure who fabricated wings and improved these until these allowed him and his son Icarus to soar upwards into the air. The name is appropriate in view of the great flight capabilities that evolved within the clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |