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<mods:title id="DC6B76B4CACEB13932F1742C7F2D1F8C">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BABF8F51B5A6FBB1" bold="true" box="[151,200,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">184.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770BAFB8F50B733FBB1" ID-CoL="3QGK6" ID-ENA="34615" authority="Schulze, 1930" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" box="[211,605,1122,1149]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BAFB8F50B4C3FBB1" bold="true" box="[211,429,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes persulcatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770BB908F51B733FBB1" author="Schulze, P." box="[440,605,1123,1149]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="294 - 303" refId="ref252531" refString="Schulze, P. (1930) Uber einige Verwandte von Ixodes ricinus L. aus Ostasien. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 90, 294 - 303." type="journal article" year="1930">Schulze, 1930</bibRefCitation>
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.
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Oriental: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770B8D38F51B650FBB1" box="[763,830,1123,1149]" name="China" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">China</collectingCountry>
(south), 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770B9E28F51B14EFBB1" box="[970,1056,1123,1149]" name="Taiwan" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
; Palearctic: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BEF98F51B047FBB1" box="[1233,1321,1123,1149]" name="Belarus" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Belarus</collectingCountry>
, 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BF718F51B0F2FBB1" box="[1369,1436,1123,1149]" name="China" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">China</collectingCountry>
(north), 3)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BB3B8FB5B404FB6D" box="[275,362,1159,1185]" name="Estonia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Estonia</collectingCountry>
, 4)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BBBE8FB5B480FB6D" box="[406,494,1159,1185]" name="Finland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Finland</collectingCountry>
, 5)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770B8328FB5B734FB6D" box="[538,602,1159,1185]" name="Japan" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Japan</collectingCountry>
(except the Ryukyu Islands), 6)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770B9E68FB5B13AFB6D" box="[974,1108,1159,1185]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
, 7)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BE578FB5B06CFB6D" box="[1151,1282,1159,1185]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
, 8)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BF068FB5B016FB6D" box="[1326,1400,1159,1185]" name="Latvia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Latvia</collectingCountry>
, 9)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BABF8F99B46BFB09" box="[151,261,1195,1221]" name="Lithuania" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
, 10)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BB158F99B4C3FB09" box="[317,429,1195,1221]" name="Mongolia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
, 11)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BBCA8F99B71CFB09" box="[482,626,1195,1221]" name="North Korea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">North Korea</collectingCountry>
, 12)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770B8818F99B794FB09" box="[681,762,1195,1221]" name="Poland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Poland</collectingCountry>
, 13)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770B9198F99B611FB09" box="[817,895,1195,1221]" name="Russia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Russia</collectingCountry>
, 14)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770B99E8F99B12BFB09" box="[950,1093,1195,1221]" name="South Korea" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">South Korea</collectingCountry>
, 15)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BE548F99B1B9FB09" box="[1148,1239,1195,1221]" name="Sweden" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Sweden</collectingCountry>
, 16)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BF278F99B002FB09" box="[1295,1388,1195,1221]" name="Ukraine" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
, 17)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BABF8FFDB47BFB25" box="[151,277,1231,1257]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770BB0C8FFDB4BDFB25" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[292,467,1230,1257]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref194857" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1985) The taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acarina, Ixodidae). Nauka, Leningrad, 416 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1985">Filippova 1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770BBF78FFDB7D7FB25" author="Jaenson, T. G. T. &amp; Talleklint, L. &amp; Lundqvist, L. &amp; Olsen, B. &amp; Chirico, J. &amp; Mejlon, H." box="[479,697,1231,1257]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="240 - 256" refId="ref211767" refString="Jaenson, T. G. T., Talleklint, L., Lundqvist, L., Olsen, B., Chirico, J. &amp; Mejlon, H. (1994) Geographical distribution, host associations, and vector roles of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae, Argasidae) in Sweden. Journal of Medical Entomology, 31, 240 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 31.2.240" type="journal article" year="1994">
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,
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Capligina
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BB798E25B4E7FAFD" box="[337,393,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
2020
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,
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Perfilyeva
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770B8788E25B7E6FAFD" box="[592,648,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
2020
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,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770B8FD8E25B609FAFD" author="Tsapko, N. V." box="[725,871,1303,1329]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="351 - 352" refId="ref260332" refString="Tsapko, N. V. (2020) A checklist of the ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Russia. Parazitologiya, 51, 351 - 352. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="2020">Tsapko 2020</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770B95A8E25B160FAFD" author="Li, X. &amp; Ji, H. &amp; Wang, D. &amp; Che, L. &amp; Zhang, L. &amp; Li, L. &amp; Yin, Q. &amp; Liu, Q. &amp; Wei, F. &amp; Wang, Z." box="[882,1038,1303,1329]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="507 - 513" refId="ref225554" refString="Li, X., Ji, H., Wang, D., Che, L., Zhang, L., Li, L., Yin, Q., Liu, Q., Wei, F. &amp; Wang, Z. (2022) Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in northeastern China. Journal of Medical Virology, 94, 507 - 513. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmv. 27303" type="journal article" year="2022">
Li
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770B9BA8E25B6A4FAFD" box="[914,970,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
2022
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F70C770BAEF8E09B7ADF955" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F70C770BAEF8E09B066FA0D" blockId="27.[151,1437,1122,1689]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770BAEF8E09B4EDFA99" author="Filippova, N. A." box="[199,387,1338,1365]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref194857" refString="Filippova, N. A. (1985) The taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acarina, Ixodidae). Nauka, Leningrad, 416 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1985">Filippova (1985)</bibRefCitation>
cautioned that
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770B8038E09B794FA99" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" box="[555,762,1339,1365]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770B8038E09B794FA99" box="[555,762,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes persulcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be confused with the related species
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770BE978E09B0FBFA99" authorityName="Pomerantzev" authorityYear="1948" box="[1215,1429,1339,1365]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kashmiricus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BE978E09B0FBFA99" box="[1215,1429,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes kashmiricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770BABF8E6DB433FAB5" authorityName="Olenev &amp; Sorokoumov" authorityYear="1934" box="[151,349,1375,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kazakstani">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BABF8E6DB433FAB5" box="[151,349,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes kazakstani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770BB428E6DB751FAB4" authorityName="Kitaoka &amp; Saito" authorityYear="1967" box="[362,575,1375,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nipponensis">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BB428E6DB751FAB4" box="[362,575,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes nipponensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770B8648E6DB67CFAB5" authorityName="Pomerantzev" authorityYear="1946" box="[588,786,1375,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pavlovskyi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770B8648E6DB67CFAB5" box="[588,786,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes pavlovskyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770B96F8E6DB68AFAB4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[839,996,1375,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770B96F8E6DB68AFAB4" box="[839,996,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes ricinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770BE1E8E6DB036FAB5" author="Estrada-Pena, A. &amp; Mihalca, A. D. &amp; Petney, T. N." box="[1078,1368,1375,1401]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref192886" refString="Estrada-Pena, A., Mihalca, A. D. &amp; Petney, T. N. (2017) Ticks of Europe and North Africa. Springer, Cham, 404 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 63760 - 0" type="book" year="2017">
Estrada-Peña
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BEF88E6DB069FAB5" box="[1232,1287,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
noted that specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770BB4B8EB1B75AFA51" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" box="[355,564,1411,1437]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BB4B8EB1B75AFA51" box="[355,564,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes persulcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770B8448EB1B664FA50" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[620,778,1411,1437]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ricinus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770B8448EB1B664FA50" box="[620,778,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes ricinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northwestern Europe may also be confused with one another because these species are known to occur in the same localities and parasitize the same hosts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F70C770BAEF8EF9B7ADF955" blockId="27.[151,1437,1122,1689]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770BAEF8EF9B4CEFA29" author="Petney, T. N. &amp; Pfaffle, M. &amp; Skuballa, J." box="[199,416,1483,1509]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="115 - 170" refId="ref242893" refString="Petney, T. N., Pfaffle, M. &amp; Skuballa, J. (2012) An annotated checklist of the ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Germany. Systematic &amp; Applied Acarology, 17, 115 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 17.2.2" type="journal article" year="2012">
Petney
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BB318EF9B43EFA29" box="[281,336,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
discussed the limited records of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770B9218EF9B6B7FA29" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" box="[777,985,1483,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770B9218EF9B6B7FA29" box="[777,985,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes persulcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BE338EF9B1EAFA29" box="[1051,1156,1483,1509]" name="Germany" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Germany</collectingCountry>
, concluding that this species is not established in that country.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770B86D8EDDB6C2F9C5" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Robbins, R. G." box="[581,940,1519,1545]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref199027" refString="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Robbins, R. G. (2018) Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) parasitizing humans. A global overview. Springer, Cham, 314 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 95552 - 0" type="book" year="2018">Guglielmone &amp; Robbins (2018)</bibRefCitation>
listed
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770B9D08EDDB134F9C5" box="[1016,1114,1519,1545]" name="Hungary" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hungary</collectingCountry>
as being within the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770BABF8D21B406F9E1" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" box="[151,360,1555,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BABF8D21B406F9E1" box="[151,360,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes persulcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770BBB78D21B7FEF9E1" author="Hornok, S. &amp; Kovats, D. &amp; Horvath, G. &amp; Kontschan, J. &amp; Farkas, R." box="[415,656,1555,1581]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="311 - 328" refId="ref209952" refString="Hornok, S., Kovats, D., Horvath, G., Kontschan, J. &amp; Farkas, R. (2020 a) Checklist of the hard tick (Acari: ixodidae) fauna of Hungary with emphasis on host-associations and the emergence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 80, 311 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 019 - 00461 - 6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Hornok
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BBD38D21B75DF9E1" box="[507,563,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(2020a)
</bibRefCitation>
found that this tick is not established there.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770BE528D21B0F2F9E1" author="Estrada-Pena, A. &amp; Mihalca, A. D. &amp; Petney, T. N." box="[1146,1436,1555,1581]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref192886" refString="Estrada-Pena, A., Mihalca, A. D. &amp; Petney, T. N. (2017) Ticks of Europe and North Africa. Springer, Cham, 404 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 63760 - 0" type="book" year="2017">
Estrada-Peña
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BF3C8D21B025F9E1" box="[1300,1355,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
listed
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BAF38D05B445F99D" box="[219,299,1591,1617]" name="Turkey" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Turkey</collectingCountry>
within the geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770B8F08D05B6C4F99D" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" box="[728,938,1591,1617]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770B8F08D05B6C4F99D" box="[728,938,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ixodes persulcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770BE0C8D05B064F99D" author="Bursali, A. &amp; Tekin, S. &amp; Orhan, M. &amp; Keskin, A. &amp; Ozkan, M." box="[1060,1290,1591,1617]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="180 - 186" refId="ref179089" refString="Bursali, A., Tekin, S., Orhan, M., Keskin, A. &amp; Ozkan, M. (2010) Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting humans in Tokat Province of Turkey: species diversity and seasonal activity. Journal of Vector Ecology, 35, 180 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1948 - 7134.2010.00075. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
Bursali
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BE558D05B1D8F99D" box="[1149,1206,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
, but its presence in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BAC58D69B453F9B9" box="[237,317,1627,1653]" name="Turkey" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Turkey</collectingCountry>
was not confirmed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F70C770B81D8D69B677F9B9" author="Bursali, A. &amp; Keskin, A. &amp; Tekin, S." box="[565,793,1627,1653]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="91 - 104" refId="ref179236" refString="Bursali, A., Keskin, A. &amp; Tekin, S. (2012) A review of the ticks (Acari: Ixodida) of Turkey: species diversity, hosts and geographical distribution. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 57, 91 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 012 - 9530 - 4" type="journal article" year="2012">
Bursali
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770B8A58D69B7ABF9B9" box="[653,709,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
. We do not include
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770B9DB8D69B132F9B9" box="[1011,1116,1627,1653]" name="Germany" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BE4F8D69B1A7F9B9" box="[1127,1225,1627,1653]" name="Hungary" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hungary</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F70C770BED68D69B020F9B9" box="[1278,1358,1627,1653]" name="Turkey" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Turkey</collectingCountry>
within the geographic distribution of
<emphasis id="B94B07520F70C770BBC28D4DB7ADF955" box="[490,707,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F70C770BBC28D4DB7D1F955" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1930" box="[490,703,1663,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">Ixodes persulcatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>