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<mods:title id="C86C18F9D493D74C447CADD31BB8FA47">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F56C756BABF8BCFB7E0FEDB" box="[151,654,253,280]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F56C756BABF8BCFB7E0FEDB" blockId="61.[151,1437,253,1324]" box="[151,654,253,280]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BABF8BCFB5A8FEDB" bold="true" box="[151,198,253,279]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">114.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756BAE68BCFB7E4FEDB" ID-CoL="CMJ2" ID-ENA="127003" authority="Neumann, 1899" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1899" box="[206,650,253,280]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BAE68BCFB4A4FED4" bold="true" box="[206,458,253,280]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BBFA8BCCB7E4FEDB" author="Neumann, L. G." box="[466,650,253,280]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="107 - 294" refId="ref235222" refString="Neumann, L. G. (1899) Revision de la famille des ixodides (3 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 12, 107 - 294." type="journal article" year="1899">Neumann, 1899</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F56C756B8BC8BCFB4BAFE07" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F56C756B8BC8BCFB4BAFE07" blockId="61.[151,1437,253,1324]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
Afrotropical: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B9658BCFB6CCFEDB" box="[845,930,253,279]" name="Angola" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Angola</collectingCountry>
, 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B9E68BCFB143FEDB" box="[974,1069,253,279]" name="Burundi" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Burundi</collectingCountry>
, 3)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BE708BCFB1FDFEDB" box="[1112,1171,253,279]" name="Chad" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Chad</collectingCountry>
(south), 4)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BF328BCFB4FAFEF7" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
, 5)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BB938A13B764FEF7" box="[443,522,289,315]" name="Eritrea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
, 6)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B8198A13B7FDFEF7" box="[561,659,289,315]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, 7)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B8928A10B668FEF0" box="[698,774,290,316]" name="Kenya" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, 8)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B9058A13B6EBFEF7" box="[813,901,289,315]" name="Malawi" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Malawi</collectingCountry>
, 9)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B9848A13B12DFEF7" box="[940,1091,289,315]" name="Mozambique" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
, 10)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BE5F8A13B1B4FEF7" box="[1143,1242,289,315]" name="Namibia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Namibia</collectingCountry>
, 11)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BF268A13B003FEF7" box="[1294,1389,289,315]" name="Rwanda" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
, 12)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BABF8A77B59CFE93" box="[151,242,325,351]" name="Senegal" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Senegal</collectingCountry>
, 13)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BB018A77B4E6FE93" box="[297,392,325,351]" name="Somalia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Somalia</collectingCountry>
, 14)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BB958A77B720FE93" box="[445,590,325,351]" name="South Sudan" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
, 15)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B8AB8A77B785FE93" box="[643,747,325,351]" name="Tanzania" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, 16)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B9088A77B614FE93" box="[800,890,325,351]" name="Uganda" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Uganda</collectingCountry>
, 17)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B9878A74B16EFEAC" box="[943,1024,326,352]" name="Yemen" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Yemen</collectingCountry>
, 18)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BE1E8A77B1E0FE93" box="[1078,1166,325,351]" name="Zambia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Zambia</collectingCountry>
, 19)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BEEC8A77B052FE93" box="[1220,1340,325,351]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BF628A77B40AFE48" author="Theiler, G. &amp; Salisbury, L. E." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="47 - 124" refId="ref258739" refString="Theiler, G. &amp; Salisbury, L. E. (1959) Ticks in the South African Zoological Survey Collection - Part IX - &quot; The Amblyomma marmoreum group. &quot; Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 28, 47 - 124." type="journal article" year="1959">Theiler &amp; Salisbury 1959</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BB588A5BB76BFE4F" author="Theiler, G." box="[368,517,361,387]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref258651" refString="Theiler, G. (1962) The Ixodoidea parasites of vertebrates in Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian region). Report to the Director of Veterinary Services, Onderstepoort, South Africa, Project S. 9958, 260 pp." type="book" year="1962">Theiler 1962</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B83A8A5BB661FE4F" author="Morel, P. C. &amp; Graber, M." box="[530,783,361,387]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="199 - 203" refId="ref232360" refString="Morel, P. C. &amp; Graber, M. (1961) Les tiques des animaux domestiques du Tchad. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 14, 199 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.19182 / remvt. 7112" type="journal article" year="1961">Morel &amp; Graber 1961</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B9358A5BB172FE4F" author="Elbl A &amp; Anastos, G." box="[797,1052,361,388]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 275" refId="ref191008" refString="Elbl A. &amp; Anastos, G. (1966 a) Ixodid ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae) of Central Africa. Volume I. General introduction. Genus Amblyomma Koch, 1844. Annales du Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Serie 8, Sciences Zoologique s, (145), 1 - 275." type="journal article" year="1966">
Elbl &amp; Anastos 1966
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BE278A5BB172FE4F" author="Aeschlimann, A." box="[1039,1052,361,387]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="281 - 405" refId="ref167319" refString="Aeschlimann, A. (1967) Biologie et ecologie des tiques (Ixodoidea) de Cote d'Ivoire. Acta Tropica, 24, 281 - 405." type="journal article" year="1967">a</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, Yeoman &amp; Walker 1967,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BF648A5BB5BCFE6B" author="Walker, J. B." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref262953" refString="Walker, J. B. (1974) The ixodid ticks of Kenya. A review of present knowledge of their hosts and distribution. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London, 220 pp." type="book" year="1974">Walker 1974</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BAF58ABCB41AFE6B" author="Pegram, R. G." box="[221,372,397,424]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="345 - 363" refId="ref241693" refString="Pegram, R. G. (1976) Ticks (Acarina, Ixodoidea) of the northern regions of the Somali Democratic Republic. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 66, 345 - 363. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 000748530000674 X" type="journal article" year="1976">Pegram 1976</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BB568ABFB763FE6B" author="Norval, R. A. I." box="[382,525,397,423]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="3 - 18" refId="ref236545" refString="Norval, R. A. I. (1983) The ticks of Zimbabwe. VII. The genus Amblyomma. Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal, 14, 3 - 18." type="journal article" year="1983">Norval 1983</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B8308ABFB7D0FE64" author="Keirans, J. E." box="[536,702,397,424]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 1785" refId="ref214582" refString="Keirans, J. E. (1985 b) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication, (1438), 1 - 1785. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65326" type="journal article" year="1985">
Keirans 1985
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B8878ABFB7D0FE64" author="Walker, J. B. &amp; Olwage, A." box="[687,702,397,424]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="353 - 379" refId="ref263132" refString="Walker, J. B. &amp; Olwage, A. (1987) The tick vectors of Cowdria ruminantium (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae, genus Amblyomma) and their distribution. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 54, 353 - 379." type="journal article" year="1987">b</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, Matthysse &amp; Colbo 1987,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B9C68ABFB197FE6B" author="Walker, J. B. &amp; Olwage, A." box="[1006,1273,397,423]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="353 - 379" refId="ref263132" refString="Walker, J. B. &amp; Olwage, A. (1987) The tick vectors of Cowdria ruminantium (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae, genus Amblyomma) and their distribution. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 54, 353 - 379." type="journal article" year="1987">Walker &amp; Olwage 1987</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BF2B8ABFB0F9FE6B" author="Tandon, S. K." box="[1283,1431,397,423]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref256942" refString="Tandon, S. K. (1991) The ixodid ticks of Zambia (Acarina: Ixodidae). A study of distribution, ecology and host relationships. Occasional Paper of the Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 134, 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1991">Tandon 1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BABF8A83B470FE07" author="Morel, P. C." box="[151,286,433,459]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref232231" refString="Morel, P. C. (2003) Les tiques d'Afrique et du Bassin mediterraneen (1965 - 1995). CIRAD-EMVT, 1342 pp." type="book" year="2003">Morel 2003</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BB018A83B4A6FE07" author="Kolonin, G. V." box="[297,456,433,459]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref221361" refString="Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. https: // archive. is / CtZk. Last accessed February 11, 2022." type="url" year="2009">Kolonin 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F56C756BAEF8AE7B63FFAE7" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F56C756BAEF8AE7B1ACFD6F" blockId="61.[151,1437,253,1324]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
The geographic distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756B8028AE7B673FE23" box="[554,797,469,495]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756B8028AE7B673FE23" box="[554,797,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is rather confusing and its presence in several countries should be regarded as provisional. This tick belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756B96F8ACBB10AFDDF" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[839,1124,505,531]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marmoreum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756B96F8ACBB10AFDDF" box="[839,1124,505,531]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma marmoreum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, which is considered by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BADF892FB74CFDFB" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Petney, T. N. &amp; Mastropaolo, M. &amp; Robbins, R. G." box="[247,546,541,567]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref199819" refString="Guglielmone, A. A., Petney, T. N., Mastropaolo, M. &amp; Robbins, R. G. (2017) Genera, subgenera, species and subspecies of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) described, named, renamed or given new rank by Paul Schulze (1887 - 1949) and their current status. Zootaxa, 4325, 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4325.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
Guglielmone
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BBBB892CB4A0FDFB" box="[403,462,541,567]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
to probably contain more species than currently recognized. Some published specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756BB1C8973B746FD97" box="[308,552,577,603]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BB1C8973B746FD97" box="[308,552,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have been confused with
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756B9A38973B1C6FD97" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[907,1192,577,603]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marmoreum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756B9A38973B1C6FD97" box="[907,1192,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma marmoreum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756BE9F8973B0F2FD97" box="[1207,1436,577,603]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nuttalli">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BE9F8973B0F2FD97" box="[1207,1436,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma nuttalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756BA908957B762FDB3" authorityName="Tonelli Rondelli" authorityYear="1935" box="[184,524,613,639]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falsomarmoreum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BA908957B762FDB3" box="[184,524,613,639]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma falsomarmoreum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and vice versa.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B8FA8957B605FDB3" author="Morel, P. C." box="[722,875,613,639]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref232231" refString="Morel, P. C. (2003) Les tiques d'Afrique et du Bassin mediterraneen (1965 - 1995). CIRAD-EMVT, 1342 pp." type="book" year="2003">Morel (2003)</bibRefCitation>
reported more than ten different names used for
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756BABF89BBB4E7FD6F" box="[151,393,649,675]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BABF89BBB4E7FD6F" box="[151,393,649,675]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BBEE89BBB667FD6F" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Nava, S." box="[454,777,649,676]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref198957" refString="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Nava, S. (2014) Names for Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): valid, synonyms, incertae sedis, nomina dubia, nomina nuda, lapsus, incorrect and suppressed names - with notes on confusions and misidentifications. Zootaxa, 3767, 1 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3767.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Guglielmone &amp; Nava (2014)</bibRefCitation>
listed seven synonyms for this species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F56C756BAEF899DB0E3FCB7" blockId="61.[151,1437,253,1324]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
B ö hme
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BB09899CB435FD0B" box="[289,347,685,711]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(1989) reported the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756B8FC899FB6A9FD0B" box="[724,967,685,711]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756B8FC899FB6A9FD0B" box="[724,967,685,711]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B9C6899CB151FD04" box="[1006,1087,686,712]" name="Yemen" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Yemen</collectingCountry>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BE55899FB00DFD0B" author="Wassef, H. I. &amp; Gallagher, M. D." box="[1149,1379,685,711]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="63 - 88" refId="ref264487" refString="Wassef, H. I., B ¸ ttiker, W. &amp; Gallagher, M. D. (1997) Further records of ticks (Acari: Argasidae and Ixodidae) from the Arab Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 16, 63 - 88." type="journal article" year="1997">
Wassef
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BEFE899CB07EFD0B" box="[1238,1296,685,711]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(1997)
</bibRefCitation>
supported this decision; therefore, that country is provisionally considered within the range of this tick.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BEC689E3B461FCC3" author="ElGhali, A. &amp; Hassan, S. M." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref191264" refString="ElGhali, A. &amp; Hassan, S. M. (2012) Ticks infesting animals in the Sudan and southern Sudan: past and current status: research communication. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 79, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.4102 / ojvr. v 79 i 1.431" type="journal article" year="2012">ElGhali &amp; Hassan (2012)</bibRefCitation>
do not recognize the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756B8A389C7B610FCC3" box="[651,894,757,783]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756B8A389C7B610FCC3" box="[651,894,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B98A89C7B15AFCC3" box="[930,1076,757,783]" name="South Sudan" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BE4389C7B0F2FCDC" author="Theiler, G. &amp; Salisbury, L. E." box="[1131,1436,757,784]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="47 - 124" refId="ref258739" refString="Theiler, G. &amp; Salisbury, L. E. (1959) Ticks in the South African Zoological Survey Collection - Part IX - &quot; The Amblyomma marmoreum group. &quot; Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 28, 47 - 124." type="journal article" year="1959">Theiler &amp; Salisbury (1959)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BAEE882BB432FCFF" author="Morel, P. C." box="[198,348,793,819]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref232231" refString="Morel, P. C. (2003) Les tiques d'Afrique et du Bassin mediterraneen (1965 - 1995). CIRAD-EMVT, 1342 pp." type="book" year="2003">Morel (2003)</bibRefCitation>
recorded this tick in localities that are currently within
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B9E0882BB134FCFF" box="[968,1114,793,819]" name="South Sudan" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BE4C882BB068FCFF" author="Theiler, G." box="[1124,1286,793,819]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref258651" refString="Theiler, G. (1962) The Ixodoidea parasites of vertebrates in Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian region). Report to the Director of Veterinary Services, Onderstepoort, South Africa, Project S. 9958, 260 pp." type="book" year="1962">Theiler (1962)</bibRefCitation>
believed that specimens collected in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BBB6880FB483FC9B" box="[414,493,829,855]" name="Eritrea" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BBD1880FB736FC9B" box="[505,600,829,855]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B8B8880FB782FC9B" box="[656,748,829,855]" name="Somalia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Somalia</collectingCountry>
and identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756B99E880FB1C6FC9B" box="[950,1192,829,855]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756B99E880FB1C6FC9B" box="[950,1192,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were, in fact,
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756BF63880FB4CFFCB7" authorityName="Tonelli Rondelli" authorityYear="1935" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falsomarmoreum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BF63880FB4CFFCB7" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma falsomarmoreum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and these countries are provisionally included within the range of
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BEBB8853B0E3FCB7" box="[1171,1421,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756BEBB8853B0E6FCB7" box="[1171,1416,865,891]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">Amblyomma sparsum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F56C756BAEF88B7B13DFB73" blockId="61.[151,1437,253,1324]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BAEF88B7B405FC53" author="Theiler, G." box="[199,363,901,927]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref258651" refString="Theiler, G. (1962) The Ixodoidea parasites of vertebrates in Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian region). Report to the Director of Veterinary Services, Onderstepoort, South Africa, Project S. 9958, 260 pp." type="book" year="1962">Theiler (1962)</bibRefCitation>
stated that specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756B8A588B7B6EEFC53" box="[653,896,901,927]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756B8A588B7B6EEFC53" box="[653,896,901,927]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BE3D88B7B135FC53" box="[1045,1115,901,927]" name="Sudan" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Sudan</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FB15A20F56C756BE4488B7B1B1FC53" box="[1132,1247,901,927]" country="Sudan" name="Al Khartoum" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Khartoum</collectingRegion>
) had been introduced, and that country is excluded from this ticks range.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B91E889BB139FC0F" author="Walker, J. B. &amp; Olwage, A." box="[822,1111,937,963]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="353 - 379" refId="ref263132" refString="Walker, J. B. &amp; Olwage, A. (1987) The tick vectors of Cowdria ruminantium (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae, genus Amblyomma) and their distribution. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 54, 353 - 379." type="journal article" year="1987">Walker &amp; Olwage (1987)</bibRefCitation>
depicted a record of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756BF63889BB42CFC2B" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BF63889BB42CFC2B" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that appears to be located in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B8A588FFB787FC2B" box="[653,745,973,999]" name="Gambia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Gambia</collectingCountry>
, but this is not addressed in the text of their paper. We do not include
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BAD888C3B427FBC7" box="[240,329,1009,1035]" name="Gambia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Gambia</collectingCountry>
within the geographic distribution of
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756B8C688C3B689FBC7" box="[750,999,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756B8C688C3B68DFBC7" box="[750,995,1009,1035]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">Amblyomma sparsum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B9C588C3B1CFFBC7" author="Burridge, M. J." box="[1005,1185,1009,1035]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref178986" refString="Burridge, M. J. (2011) Non-Native and Invasive Ticks. Threats to Human and Animal Health in the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 448 pp." type="book" year="2011">Burridge (2011)</bibRefCitation>
included
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BF2688C3B0F3FBC7" box="[1294,1437,1009,1035]" name="South Africa" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">South Africa</collectingCountry>
within the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756BB468F27B731FBE3" box="[366,607,1045,1071]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BB468F27B731FBE3" box="[366,607,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B8BE8F27B607FBE3" author="Horak, I. G. &amp; Heyne, H. &amp; Williams, R. &amp; Gallivan, G. J. &amp; Spickett, A. &amp; Bezuidenhout, J. D. &amp; Estrada-Pena, A." box="[662,873,1045,1071]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref208796" refString="Horak, I. G., Heyne, H., Williams, R., Gallivan, G. J., Spickett, A., Bezuidenhout, J. D. &amp; Estrada-Pena, A. (2018) The ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of southern Africa. Springer, Cham, 676 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 70642 - 9" type="book" year="2018">
Horak
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756B8CA8F24B677FBE3" box="[738,793,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
stated that there are no
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BE468F27B1B8FBE3" box="[1134,1238,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">bona fide</emphasis>
South African records of this tick, while regarding its presence in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B8968F0BB670FB9F" box="[702,798,1081,1107]" name="Namibia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Namibia</collectingCountry>
as “historical.”
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B9FA8F0BB1E8FB9F" author="Burridge, M. J." box="[978,1158,1081,1107]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref178986" refString="Burridge, M. J. (2011) Non-Native and Invasive Ticks. Threats to Human and Animal Health in the United States. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 448 pp." type="book" year="2011">Burridge (2011)</bibRefCitation>
also included
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BF008F0BB0F3FB9F" box="[1320,1437,1081,1107]" name="Cameroon" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
within the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756BB588F6FB70CFBBB" box="[368,610,1117,1143]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BB588F6FB70CFBBB" box="[368,610,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although its presence there is questionable, as discussed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756BF288F6FB0F6FBBB" author="Morel, P. C." box="[1280,1432,1117,1143]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref232231" refString="Morel, P. C. (2003) Les tiques d'Afrique et du Bassin mediterraneen (1965 - 1995). CIRAD-EMVT, 1342 pp." type="book" year="2003">Morel (2003)</bibRefCitation>
. Here, both
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BB3B8FB3B4CEFB57" box="[275,416,1153,1179]" name="South Africa" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">South Africa</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756BBFD8FB3B724FB57" box="[469,586,1153,1179]" name="Cameroon" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
are excluded from this species range.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B9DF8FB3B19BFB57" author="Uilenberg, G. &amp; Estrada-Pena, A. &amp; Thal, J." box="[1015,1269,1153,1179]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref260920" refString="Uilenberg, G., Estrada-Pena, A. &amp; Thal, J. (2013) Ticks of the Central African Republic. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 60, 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 012 - 9605 - 2" type="journal article" year="2013">
Uilenberg
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BE458FB0B1CAFB57" box="[1133,1188,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
considered the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756BB368F97B77EFB73" box="[286,528,1189,1215]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756BB368F97B77EFB73" box="[286,528,1189,1215]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F56C756B8758F97B619FB73" box="[605,887,1189,1215]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
to be unconfirmed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F56C756BAEF8FFBB63FFAE7" blockId="61.[151,1437,253,1324]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
The peculiar host utilization of adults of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756B8B88FFBB6ECFB2F" box="[656,898,1225,1251]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sparsum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756B8B88FFBB6ECFB2F" box="[656,898,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Amblyomma sparsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(large mammals and tortoises), and the disjunct distribution of this species were thought by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F56C756B8A98FDFB6C3FACB" author="Matthysse, J. G. &amp; Colbo, M. H." box="[641,941,1261,1287]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref229336" refString="Matthysse, J. G. &amp; Colbo, M. H. (1987) The ixodid ticks of Uganda. Entomological Society of America, College, Park, Maryland, 426 pp." type="book" year="1987">Matthysse &amp; Colbo (1987)</bibRefCitation>
to be indications that more than one species may exist under this name.
<collectingRegion id="49FB15A20F56C756BBE38E23B49DFAE7" box="[459,499,1297,1323]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">See</collectingRegion>
also
<emphasis id="B94B07520F56C756B8068E23B63FFAE7" box="[558,849,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F56C756B8068E23B623FAE7" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[558,845,1297,1323]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marmoreum">Amblyomma marmoreum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>