241 lines
22 KiB
XML
241 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF8E6A31FF8397AA1716B97E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Euderma maculatum" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="875" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="875" updateTime="1662483414275" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>716</mods:start>
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<mods:end>981</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403630" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628549" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403630" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF8E6A31FF8397AA1716B97E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF8E6A31FF8397AA1716B97E" lastPageNumber="875" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<subSubSection box="[127,209,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="117.[124,1017,499,626]" box="[127,209,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<heading box="[127,209,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<figureCitation box="[127,209,499,549]" captionStart="Plate 65: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="117.[124,154,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[11,2761,18,3657]" captionTargetPageId="116" captionText="249. Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum), 250. Big Red Bat (Lasiurus egregius), 251. Southern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus villosissimus), 252. Northern Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus), 253. Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus semotus), 254. Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis), 255. Pleiffer's Red Bat (Lasiurus pfeifferi), 256. Seminole Bat (Lasiurus seminolus), 257. Greater Red Bat (Lasiurus atratus), 258. Southern Red Bat (Lasiurus blossevilii), 259. Desert Red Bat (Lasiurus frantzii), 260. Cinnamon Red Bat (Lasiurus varius), 261. Minor Red Bat (Lasiurus minor), 262. Tacarcunan Bat (Lasiurus castaneus), 263. Hairy-tailed Bat (Lasiurus ebenus), 264. Jamaican Red Bat (Lasiurus degelidus), 265. Western Yellow Bat (Lasiurus xanthinus), 266. Northern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus intermedius), 267. Cuban Yellow Bat (Lasiurus insularis), 268. Southern Yellow Bat (Lasiurus ega)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398536/files/figure.png" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">249.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[227,470,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="117.[124,1017,499,626]" box="[227,470,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<heading box="[227,470,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<vernacularName box="[227,470,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Spotted Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[518,919,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="117.[124,1017,499,626]" box="[518,919,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<heading box="[518,919,499,549]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="J. A. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[518,919,499,549]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatum">
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<emphasis box="[518,919,499,549]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Euderma maculatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="117.[124,1017,499,626]" box="[126,1016,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<heading box="[126,1016,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[126,202,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[211,373,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Oreillard maculé</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[394,484,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[494,712,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Gefleckte Fledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[733,824,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[834,913,566,587]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Orejudo</vernacularName>
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maculado
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="117.[124,1017,499,626]" box="[126,472,605,626]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<heading box="[126,472,605,626]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[126,372,605,626]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[383,472,605,626]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Pinto Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="117.[736,1333,672,1099]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="reference_group">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[737,892,672,705]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="J. A. Allen, 1891" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1891" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Histiotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">Histiotus maculatus J. A. Allen, 1891</taxonomicName>
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,
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319507" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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“ ‘caught on a fence,’ at Piru [Santa Clara
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<collectingRegion box="[823,896,751,784]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">River</collectingRegion>
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Valley], in the western part of Ventura County,
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<collectingRegion box="[976,1120,799,824]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">California</collectingRegion>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="117.[736,1333,672,1099]" lastBlockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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Based on morphological and chromosomal characters, the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1923" box="[1045,1185,869,902]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Idionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Idionycteris</taxonomicName>
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has been included under
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<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1892" box="[962,1076,909,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Euderma</taxonomicName>
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as a synonym, but they differ enough to be generically distinct. Molecular reconstructions based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes support distinction of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1892" box="[926,1040,1066,1099]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Euderma</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1923" box="[1106,1246,1066,1099]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Idionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Idionycteris</taxonomicName>
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at the generic level and also showed a controversial positioning of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1892" box="[969,1083,1105,1138]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Euderma</taxonomicName>
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within plecotines and lasiurines. Despite morphological similarity between
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<taxonomicName authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1892" box="[934,1048,1145,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Euderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Euderma</taxonomicName>
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and plecotines, the genusis included in Lasiurini by recent phylogenetic studies. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398337" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398337/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" targetBox="[122,714,681,1095]" targetPageId="117">
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<paragraph blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[124,300,1224,1257]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Distribution.</emphasis>
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From
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<collectingRegion box="[394,633,1224,1257]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
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||
in SW
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<collectingCountry box="[729,835,1224,1257]" name="Canada" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Canada</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[903,1030,1224,1257]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Montana</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[1097,1233,1224,1257]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
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in NW
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<collectingCountry box="[125,189,1267,1296]" name="United States of America" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">USA</collectingCountry>
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S to
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<collectingRegion box="[260,405,1267,1296]" country="Mexico" name="Queretaro de Arteaga" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Querétaro</collectingRegion>
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in C
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<collectingCountry box="[483,588,1267,1296]" name="Mexico" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="description">
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||
<paragraph blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[124,372,1303,1336]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.
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<quantity box="[581,734,1303,1336]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="62.5" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="60.0">60-65 mm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity box="[809,960,1303,1336]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="48.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="47.0">47-50 mm</quantity>
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, ear
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||
<quantity box="[1037,1188,1303,1336]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="43.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="37.0">37-50 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot c.
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||
<quantity box="[144,245,1346,1375]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity box="[382,529,1346,1375]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="4.8" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="49.5" valueMax="51.0" valueMin="48.0">48-51 mm</quantity>
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||
; weight
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||
<quantity box="[647,753,1346,1375]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="g" value="18.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="16.0">16-20 g</quantity>
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||
. Dorsalfuris blackish, with white spots of c.
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||
<quantity box="[145,242,1389,1414]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
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||
in diameter on shoulders and lower back; ventral hair is snow white, with black bases, and band of blackish hairs circles neck. Non-glandular naked area of c.
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||
<quantity box="[1193,1291,1421,1454]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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||
in diameter occurs on throat region that is visible only when head is tipped backward. Old World
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1875" box="[221,398,1499,1532]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glauconycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glauconycteris</taxonomicName>
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is the only genus with comparable color. Ears are very long, almost reaching body length, translucent pale pink, and naked along their lengths, with tuft of white hair at bases and connected across forehead by small membrane. Tragus is elongated and slightly narrowed at tip, basal lobe is absent, and basal notch is indeterminate. Thin and pliable wing membranes and uropatagium are pale pink. Skull has supraorbital region that is sharply ridged, braincase is remarkably elongated, and sagittal crestis absent. C,is small compared with other taxa within the subfamily, appearing unequally bilobed in slightly anterior to lateral view. Dental formulais12/3,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 34. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 52, which is most similar to Allen’s Big-eared Bat (
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="G. M. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[433,690,1855,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Idionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phyllotis">Idionycteris phyllotis</taxonomicName>
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), differing by presence of subtelocentric autosome pair in the Spotted Bat rather than medium-sized acrocentric pair.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,235,1934,1967]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Wide variety of habitats including desert shrub and arid areas, forest openings, woodlands, riparian habitats, wetlands, open areas near streams and ponds, meadows, and old agricultural fields from below sea level in deserts of California up to elevations of ¢.
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||
<quantity box="[327,434,2052,2085]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
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||
in
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<collectingCountry box="[481,586,2052,2085]" name="Mexico" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,389,2092,2125]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Analysis of feces and stomach contents showed that Spotted Bats specialize on large moths (mostly
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<taxonomicName box="[608,760,2131,2164]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
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||
), constituting ¢.99% of diets by volume; they also eat beetles (
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||
<taxonomicName box="[433,597,2171,2204]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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||
). It is a fast flier and forages alone
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||
<quantity box="[1109,1227,2171,2204]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="m" value="20.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="10.0">10-30 m</quantity>
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||
aboveground. It is often captured in open areas and open ponderosa pine (
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||
<taxonomicName box="[1110,1322,2210,2243]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ponderosa">Pinus ponderosa</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName box="[124,250,2249,2282]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) woodlands. Moonlight does not seem to affect foraging behavior.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,257,2289,2322]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Breeding.</emphasis>
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A pregnant Spotted Bat was caught in June and lactating females in June and August. Littersize is likely one. Newborns weigh ¢.20% of mothers’ weights. Ears of young are not completely developed, and spots are missing. Young have been captured in July.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,357,2446,2479]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Spotted Bat tends to fly late, with most captures occurring after midnight. Nevertheless, foraging activity has been recorded throughout the night, and some individuals were observed foraging as early as 20 minutes after sunset. Day roosts are located in crevices of cliffs and outcrops and apparently not in trees. It produces low-frequency echolocation calls that appear to be inaudible to large moths and can be divided into search, approach, and terminal phases. Search phase is divided in two types of calls that are steep, FM, and include different harmonics; frequency sweeps from 12 kHz to 6 kHz. The approach calls are also divided in two forms, which are similar to search calls and include FM pulses and sweeps. Predators include red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), peregrine falcons (
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<collectingRegion box="[752,821,2805,2834]" country="Venezuela" name="Falcon" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Falco</collectingRegion>
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peregrinus), American kestrels (
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<collectingRegion box="[1260,1329,2805,2834]" country="Venezuela" name="Falcon" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Falco</collectingRegion>
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sparverius), and belted kingfishers (Megaceryle alcyon).
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="117.[122,1333,1105,3228]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,861,2880,2913]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Spotted Bats have been found roosting alone, except during hibernation when four individuals were found hibernating in a cave. Foraging individuals avoid contact with other species of echolocating bats and keep a distance of at least
|
||
<quantity box="[753,826,2998,3031]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
|
||
from other foraging conspecifics. Foraging usually occurred within
|
||
<quantity box="[620,707,3037,3070]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
from diurnal roost, but movements up to 38-
|
||
<quantity box="[167,236,3077,3110]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="117" pageNumber="875" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
from day roosts to foraging areas were recorded. Absence of winter captures and records in caves and mines in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[612,750,3116,3149]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
suggest that Spotted Bats migrate or use hibernacula other than underground sites. Winter activity in south-western
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1200,1270,3156,3189]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
was associated with poor hibernacula in the area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="117.[1400,2607,283,588]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1401,1767,283,312]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Spotted Bat is widespread but considered rare. Loss of roosting and foraging areas, destruction or disturbance of hibernacula, and loss of clean and open water are major threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="117" pageNumber="875" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="117.[1400,2607,283,588]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1402,1554,444,469]" pageId="117" pageNumber="875">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Allen, H. (1893), Allen, J.A. (1891), Amador et al. (2018), Arroyo-Cabrales & Alvarez-Castafneda (2017a), Easterla (1973), Hall (1981), Handley (1959), Hussain (2000), Leonard & Fenton (1984), Leén-Paniagua (2014), Luce et al. (2004), Mikula et al. (2016), Painter et al. (2009), Poché (1981), Ross (1967), Shi & Rabosky (2015), Simmons (2005), Watkins (1977), Williams et al. (1970), Wilson & Ruff (1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |