272 lines
30 KiB
XML
272 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF5E6AE2FA93915F1DB9B6BE" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Myotis lucifugus" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="928" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="927" updateTime="1662483414275" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>716</mods:start>
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<mods:end>981</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577858" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628216" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577858" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF5E6AE2FA93915F1DB9B6BE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF5E6AE2FA93915F1DB9B6BE" lastPageId="166" lastPageNumber="928" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<subSubSection box="[1391,1473,1798,1848]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="165.[1388,2393,1798,1926]" box="[1391,1473,1798,1848]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<heading box="[1391,1473,1798,1848]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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||
<figureCitation box="[1391,1473,1798,1848]" captionStart="Plate 70: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="161.[127,157,3239,3264]" captionTargetBox="[10,2760,19,3657]" captionTargetPageId="160" captionText="366. Disk-footed Bat (Eudiscopus denticulus), 367. Taiwan Broad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon latirostris), 368. HimalayanBroad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon caliginosus), 369. Moupin Broad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon moupinensis), 370. Northern Myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), 371. South-western Myotis (Myotis auriculus), 372. Western Small-footed Myotis (Myotis ciliolabrum), 373. Dark-nosed Small-footed Myotis (Myotis melanorhinus), 374. Eastern Small-footed Myotis (Myotis leibii), 375. California Myotis (Myotis californicus), 376. Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus), 377. Keen’s Myotis (Myotis keenii), 378. Long-eared Myotis (Myotis evotis), 379. Fringed Myotis (Myotis thysanodes), 380. Arizona Myotis (Myotis occultus), 381. Long-legged Myotis (Myotis volans), 382. Flat-headed Myotis (Myotis planiceps), 383. Indiana Myotis (Myotis sodalis), 384. Cinnamon Myotis (Myotis fortidens), 385. Findley’s Myotis (Myotis findleyi), 386. Northern Hairy-legged Myotis (Myotis pilosatibialis), 387. Southern Hairy-legged Myotis (Myotis keaysi), 388. Red Myotis (Myotis ruber), 389. Riparian Myotis (Myotis riparius), 390. Velvety Myotis (Myotis simus), 391. Golden Myous (Myotis midastactus), 392. Elegant Myotis (Myotis elegans), 393. Fish-eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398940/files/figure.png" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">376.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1490,1897,1798,1848]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="165.[1388,2393,1798,1926]" box="[1490,1897,1798,1848]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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||
<heading box="[1490,1897,1798,1848]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<vernacularName box="[1490,1897,1798,1848]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">Little Brown Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1948,2260,1798,1848]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="165.[1388,2393,1798,1926]" box="[1948,2260,1798,1848]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<heading box="[1948,2260,1798,1848]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1948,2260,1798,1848]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucifugus">
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<emphasis box="[1948,2260,1798,1848]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">Myotis lucifugus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="165" pageNumber="927" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="165.[1388,2393,1798,1926]" box="[1390,2392,1866,1887]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<heading box="[1390,2392,1866,1887]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1390,1465,1866,1887]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1475,1582,1866,1887]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">Murin brun</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1604,1695,1866,1887]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1704,2007,1866,1887]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">Kleines Nordamerika-Mausohr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2028,2119,1866,1887]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2129,2392,1866,1887]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">Ratonero marrén pequeno</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="165.[1388,2393,1798,1926]" box="[1389,1806,1905,1926]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<heading box="[1389,1806,1905,1926]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1389,1636,1905,1926]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1647,1806,1905,1926]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">Little Brown Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="165" pageNumber="927" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="165.[2001,2596,1973,2400]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2001,2156,1973,2006]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Le Conte" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1831" box="[2181,2592,1973,2006]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucifugus">Vespertilio lucifugus Le Conte</taxonomicName>
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in
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<treatmentCitation box="[2043,2284,2012,2045]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">McMurtrie, 1831</treatmentCitation>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="165" pageNumber="927" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="165.[2001,2596,1973,2400]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864675301" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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type locality not given. Restricted by G. S. Miller, Jr. in 1897 to “Georgia, probably southern Liberty County,”
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<collectingCountry box="[2132,2197,2130,2163]" name="United States of America" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="165" pageNumber="927" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="165.[2001,2596,1973,2400]" lastBlockId="165.[1386,2595,2406,3464]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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Subgenus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1831" box="[2149,2383,2170,2203]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucifugus">Pyzonix; lucifugus</taxonomicName>
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species group.
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<collectingRegion box="[2002,2049,2214,2243]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">See</collectingRegion>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="H. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[2062,2180,2214,2243]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evotis">M. evotis</taxonomicName>
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. Phylogenetic and gene flow analyses with mitochondrial and nuclear genes provide evidence that subspecies of M. luctfugus are paraphyletic, exchange alleles with other species of
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2364,2448,2367,2400]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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in regions of secondary contact, and should be considered independent evolutionary lineages despite their morphological similarity. These issues remain unresolved. Five subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="165" pageNumber="927" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398656" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398656" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398656/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" targetBox="[1386,1978,1978,2392]" targetPageId="165">
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<paragraph blockId="165.[1386,2595,2406,3464]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1388,1789,2524,2557]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Le Conte, 1831" authorityName="Le Conte" authorityYear="1831" baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[1389,1819,2564,2597]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lucifugus" subSpecies="lucifugus">M.l.lucifugusLeConte,1831—NorthwestTerritories(Canada)throughoutEsea-boardtoNFlorida(USA),andwhereothersubspeciesdonotoccur.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="165.[1386,2595,2406,3464]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1897" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1897" box="[1389,1835,2652,2677]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lucifugus" subSpecies="alascensis">M.l.alascensisG.S.Miller,1897—AlaskathroughBritishColumbiaandSintoPacificNWUSA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="165.[1386,2595,2406,3464]" box="[1389,2379,2722,2755]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1904" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[1389,1798,2722,2755]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lucifugus" subSpecies="carissimus">M.l.carissimusThomas,1904—C&WUSA,exceptforcoastalregions.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="165.[1386,2595,2406,3464]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hollister, 1911" authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1911" box="[1389,1754,2770,2795]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lucifugus" subSpecies="pernox">M.l.pernoxHollister,1911—restrictedtoCborderarebetweenBritishColumbiaandAlberta(WCanada).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="165.[1386,2595,2406,3464]" box="[1389,2343,2845,2874]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<taxonomicName authority="A. H. Harris, 1974" authorityName="A. H. Harris" authorityYear="1974" box="[1389,1810,2845,2874]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lucifugus" subSpecies="relictus">M. l. relictus A. H. Harris, 1974</taxonomicName>
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— mountains of
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<collectingRegion box="[2041,2181,2845,2874]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">California</collectingRegion>
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(SW
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<collectingCountry box="[2260,2330,2845,2874]" name="United States of America" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">USA</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="165" pageNumber="927" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="165.[1386,2595,2406,3464]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1388,1650,2880,2913]" pageId="165" pageNumber="927">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.
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<quantity box="[1868,2028,2880,2913]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" unit="mm" value="42.5" valueMax="53.0" valueMin="32.0">32-53 mm</quantity>
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, tail 28=
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<quantity box="[2156,2261,2880,2913]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" unit="mm" value="49.0">49 mm</quantity>
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, ear
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<quantity box="[2342,2497,2880,2913]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="11.0">11-15 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
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<quantity box="[1458,1596,2924,2953]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8-10 mm</quantity>
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, forearm 33-1-41-
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<quantity box="[1867,1958,2924,2953]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity box="[2084,2182,2924,2953]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" unit="g" value="8.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="5.0">5-12 g</quantity>
|
||
. The Little Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2467,2560,2924,2953]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically similar to its Neotropical congeners. Fur is long, silky, and glossy. Dorsal hairs range from dark brown, golden brown, reddish, to olive brown, with bases darker than tips. Ventral hairs are lighter, with dark brown bases and pale yellowish tips. Ears are comparatively short, extending forward halfway from eye to nostril. Tragus is medium in height (length
|
||
<quantity box="[2050,2169,3116,3149]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7-9 mm</quantity>
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||
) and blunt. Membranes are mummy brown or blackish; plagiopatagium is broadly attached to foot at base of toes. Calcar has no keel; tibia is short relative to length of hindfoot. Skull is moderate in size (greatest skull lengths 14-15-
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||
<quantity box="[2008,2102,3235,3268]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="165" pageNumber="927" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
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); rostrum is shortened; forehead has upslope profile; braincase is flattened and subcircular when observed dorsally; sagittal crest is absent; and lambdoidal crests are absent or, when present, very low. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50, with four metacentric or submetacentric and 17 acrocentric pairs of autosomes. X- and Y-chromosomes are submetacentric.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="166" pageNumber="928" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="166.[181,1395,278,3468]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[183,294,278,311]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">Habitat.</emphasis>
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||
Temperate coniferous forests, lowland temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands, deserts, tundra, boreal forests and taiga, and temperate broadleaf forests. The Little Brown
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[435,525,357,390]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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is most associated with forested areas near water.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="166" pageNumber="928" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="166.[181,1395,278,3468]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,445,396,429]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Little Brown
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[708,797,396,429]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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catches prey by aerial hawking and gleaning. It prefers foraging on swarms of insects. Individuals usually return to areas where they have had prior feeding success. Differentstrategies of prey selection can be applied according to insect availability. In large swarms of insects, they concentrate on 1-2 species, but when insects are dispersed, they are less selective and consume multiple species. They generally select insects of
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<quantity box="[846,979,594,627]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="3.0">3-10 mm</quantity>
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long, but pregnant females usually select larger insects. They typically eat one-half of their body weight each night, but lactating females eat c.110% of their body weight per night. They catch free-flying insects in wooded areas, fields, and over water bodies and also insects on the water surface. Midges (
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||
<taxonomicName box="[480,588,751,784]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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||
) are the primary food sources, but a large part of their diet comes from other aquatic insects, such as caddisflies (Trichoptera) and mayflies (Ephemeroptera). When available, beetles (
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<taxonomicName box="[819,983,834,863]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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), moths (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1125,1307,834,863]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and lacewings (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[339,505,874,903]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Neuroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are eaten.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="166" pageNumber="928" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="166.[181,1395,278,3468]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,318,909,942]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding of Little Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[717,807,909,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in late summer and autumn, at night, and in hibernacula. During late July, adult males and non-parous females arrive at hibernacula. Females and subadults appear in early August. Mating occurs in two phases, active and passive. During the active phase, both partners are awake and alert. In the passive phase, active males mate with torpid individuals of both sexes (c.35% of passive phase mating is homosexual). Little Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[959,1049,1106,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is polygynandrous, and females in active phase usually mate with more than one male. In active and passive phase mating, males mate with multiple females. Mating behavior begins when a male mounts a female from the rear and bites her back. If the female struggles, the male might emit a copulation call to ease the female. Females store sperm in their uteri through autumn and winter and ovulation and fertilization occursin spring (c.7 months after copulation). Females tend to congregate in nursery colonies, gestation lasts 50-60 days, and females give birth to one young thatis reared June-July. Timing of births varies from north to south and from higher to lower elevations. Neonates weigh ¢.25% of their mothers’ body weights. In the first 18 days, young ingest only milk. After, insects are included in the diet. Three weeks after birth, young are able to fly, but independence occurs at about four weeks of age when adult weightis reached. Males are not sexually mature until after their first year, and spermatogenesis starts in May and ends in August.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="166" pageNumber="928" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="166.[181,1395,278,3468]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[183,427,1658,1691]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Little Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[638,730,1658,1691]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are nocturnal and emerge from their roosts at dusk. Night activity occurs in two peaks: c.2-3 hours after dusk and before dawn. They usually enter daily torpor. In winter, hibernation time depends on altitude and location of roosts. It usually starts in September—November and ends in March—-May. Young remain active longer in autumn to build fat deposits to last the winter. There are three types of roosts: day, night, and hibernation roosts, and selection is taken based upon the presence of stable ambient temperatures. Day and night roosts are used by active bats and include buildings, trees, under rocks, and piles of wood. Day roosts have low luminosity and typically have south-western exposures to provide heat for arousal from daily torpor. Night roosts usually are confined spaces where large concentrations of individuals can cluster together to increase temperature in the roost. These roosts are primarily occupied when temperatures are less than 15°C. Night roosts are usually away from day roosts. Hibernation roosts include mainly abandoned mines or caves where temperature is continuously above freezing and humidity is high. Little Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[628,720,2211,2244]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
produce FM calls at 45 kHz. Calls last 1-5 milliseconds and sweep from 80 kHz to 40 kHz. Moving individuals produce c.20 calls/ second to detect prey and objects.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="166" pageNumber="928" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="166.[181,1395,278,3468]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,935,2329,2362]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Home ranges of Little Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[185,280,2369,2402]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
vary according to sex, reproductive condition, and geographical location. In New York, mean home range of both sexes was 143 ha. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1132,1249,2412,2441]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1271,1384,2412,2441]" name="Canada" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, female home range averaged 30-1 ha during pregnancy and 17-6 ha during lactation. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[312,544,2495,2520]" country="Canada" name="New Brunswick" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">New Brunswick</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[565,678,2495,2520]" name="Canada" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mean movement of males between roosts was
|
||
<quantity box="[186,279,2526,2559]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" unit="m" value="275.0">275 m</quantity>
|
||
, with mean minimum roosting areas of 3-9 ha, mean minimum foraging areas of 52 ha, mean distance between roosting and foraging areas of
|
||
<quantity box="[1288,1384,2566,2599]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" unit="m" value="254.0">254 m</quantity>
|
||
, and mean distances between capture sites and first roosts of
|
||
<quantity box="[1152,1250,2605,2638]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.609999999999999" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" unit="m" value="761.0">761 m</quantity>
|
||
. In western
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[250,385,2645,2678]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eudiscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montana">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[250,385,2645,2678]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[408,475,2645,2678]" name="United States of America" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, average daily movement between roosts was
|
||
<quantity box="[1182,1275,2645,2678]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" unit="m" value="970.0">970 m</quantity>
|
||
(range
|
||
<quantity box="[186,353,2684,2717]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5945" metricValueMax="5.154" metricValueMin="0.034999999999999996" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" unit="m" value="2594.5" valueMax="5154.0" valueMin="35.0">35-5154 m</quantity>
|
||
). Little Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[580,675,2684,2717]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
spend winter hibernating in underground sites such as caves or abandoned mines and can make long-distance migrations of up to
|
||
<quantity box="[229,354,2763,2796]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" unit="km" value="1000.0">1000 km</quantity>
|
||
between summer and winter roosts. Northern populations enter hibernation in early September and arise in mid-May. Southern populations enter hibernation in November and arise in mid-March. They are not territoriality in roosts, and large colonies of as many as 300,000 bats have been reported in a single roost. Hibernacula can be shared with other bat species, such as the Yuma
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[186,281,2961,2994]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(M.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="H. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[356,523,2961,2994]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yumanensis">yumanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="166" pageNumber="928" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="166.[181,1395,278,3468]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[186,533,3000,3033]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. It is expected that the total number of mature Little Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[850,940,3040,3073]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
will decline by more than 50% over the next three generations due to White-nose Syndrome, a fungal disease caused by an introduced pathogen. The disease has been expanding at an average rate of
|
||
<quantity box="[187,362,3158,3191]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" unit="km" value="225.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="200.0">200-250 km</quantity>
|
||
/year. At that rate, the entire population of Little Brown Myotisis likely to be affected within 12-18 years. There is no apparent containment of northward or westward spread of the disease, and proper growing conditions for the fungus exist throughout the remaining distribution of the Little Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1019,1112,3276,3309]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="928" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="166" pageNumber="928" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="166.[181,1395,278,3468]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[187,340,3325,3350]" pageId="166" pageNumber="928">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Anthony & Kunz (1977), Barbour & Davis (1969), Belwood & Fenton (1976), Broders et al. (2006), Coleman et al. (2014), Fenton & Barclay (1980), Fenton & Bell (1979), Frick et al. (2010), Hall (1981), Henry et al. (2002), Morales & Carstens (2018), Norquay et al. (2013), Ratcliffe & Dawson (2003), Schowalter (1980), Schwab (2006), Simmons (2005), Solari (2018n), Wilson & Ruff (1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |