287 lines
27 KiB
XML
287 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" approvalRequired="8" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="1" approvalRequired_for_treatments="7" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF5A6AE5FF8697AB1850B838" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Eudiscopus denticulus" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="923" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="923" updateTime="1658495429773" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>716</mods:start>
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<mods:end>981</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577848" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628465" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577848" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF5A6AE5FF8697AB1850B838" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF5A6AE5FF8697AB1850B838" lastPageNumber="923" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<subSubSection box="[122,204,498,544]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="161.[120,1084,498,585]" box="[122,204,498,544]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<heading box="[122,204,498,544]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<figureCitation box="[122,204,498,544]" captionStart="Plate 70: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="161.[127,157,3239,3264]" captionTargetBox="[10,2760,19,3657]" captionTargetPageId="160" captionText="366. Disk-footed Bat (Eudiscopus denticulus), 367. Taiwan Broad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon latirostris), 368. HimalayanBroad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon caliginosus), 369. Moupin Broad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon moupinensis), 370. Northern Myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), 371. South-western Myotis (Myotis auriculus), 372. Western Small-footed Myotis (Myotis ciliolabrum), 373. Dark-nosed Small-footed Myotis (Myotis melanorhinus), 374. Eastern Small-footed Myotis (Myotis leibii), 375. California Myotis (Myotis californicus), 376. Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus), 377. Keen’s Myotis (Myotis keenii), 378. Long-eared Myotis (Myotis evotis), 379. Fringed Myotis (Myotis thysanodes), 380. Arizona Myotis (Myotis occultus), 381. Long-legged Myotis (Myotis volans), 382. Flat-headed Myotis (Myotis planiceps), 383. Indiana Myotis (Myotis sodalis), 384. Cinnamon Myotis (Myotis fortidens), 385. Findley’s Myotis (Myotis findleyi), 386. Northern Hairy-legged Myotis (Myotis pilosatibialis), 387. Southern Hairy-legged Myotis (Myotis keaysi), 388. Red Myotis (Myotis ruber), 389. Riparian Myotis (Myotis riparius), 390. Velvety Myotis (Myotis simus), 391. Golden Myous (Myotis midastactus), 392. Elegant Myotis (Myotis elegans), 393. Fish-eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398940/files/figure.png" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">366.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[221,542,498,544]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="161.[120,1084,498,585]" box="[221,542,498,544]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<heading box="[221,542,498,544]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<vernacularName box="[221,542,498,544]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Disk-footed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[610,1010,498,544]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="161.[120,1084,498,585]" box="[610,1010,498,544]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<heading box="[610,1010,498,544]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[610,1010,498,544]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eudiscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="denticulus">
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<emphasis box="[610,1010,498,544]" italics="true" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Eudiscopus denticulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[121,1083,562,583]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="161.[120,1084,498,585]" box="[121,1083,562,583]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<heading box="[121,1083,562,583]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,197,562,583]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[207,366,562,583]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Murin a disques</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[387,477,562,583]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[487,743,562,583]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">DiskusfliBige Fledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[764,855,562,583]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[865,1083,562,583]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Ratonero de ventosas</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="161.[733,1326,632,1054]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[733,888,632,661]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Osgood, 1932" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1932" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Discopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="denticulus">Discopus denticulus Osgood, 1932</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="161.[733,1326,632,1054]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319514" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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“Phong Saly,
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<collectingCountry box="[1122,1189,667,700]" name="Laos" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Laos</collectingCountry>
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. Altitude
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<quantity box="[734,871,707,740]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34112" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="ft" value="4.4">4,400 feet</quantity>
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[=
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<quantity box="[921,1026,707,740]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.341" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="m" value="1341.0">1341 m</quantity>
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].”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="161.[733,1326,632,1054]" lastBlockId="161.[122,1331,1062,3146]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<taxonomicName box="[734,884,746,779]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Eudiscopus</taxonomicName>
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has been placed in the tribe
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Vespertilionini">Vespertilionini</taxonomicName>
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, mainly because of adhesive organs on thumb and foot that it shares with the genera
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1875" box="[961,1106,864,897]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glischropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glischropus</taxonomicName>
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and Tylonycterus. In 2003, it was placed in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Tate" authorityYear="1942" box="[1076,1205,912,937]" pageId="161" pageNumber="835" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myotinae">Myotinae</taxonomicName>
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because it shares external and dental features with
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[735,819,982,1015]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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and was found to be basal to different species of
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[934,1019,1021,1054]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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. In 2018, a large-scale phylogenetic study supported inclusion of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Conisbee" authorityYear="1953" box="[722,866,1062,1095]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eudiscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eudiscopus</taxonomicName>
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in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Tate" authorityYear="1942" box="[910,1039,1062,1095]" pageId="161" pageNumber="835" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myotinae">Myotinae</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1118,1202,1062,1095]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ziegler" authorityYear="2003" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Submyotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Submyotodon</taxonomicName>
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, but other analyses placed it outside of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Tate" authorityYear="1942" box="[837,970,1101,1134]" pageId="161" pageNumber="835" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myotinae">Myotinae</taxonomicName>
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. In 2019,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Conisbee" authorityYear="1953" box="[1122,1266,1101,1134]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eudiscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eudiscopus</taxonomicName>
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was found to be sister to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1851" box="[412,683,1141,1174]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Hesperoptenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tickelli">Hesperoptenus tickelli</taxonomicName>
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. More research is needed to establish the real phylogenetic relationships of Fudiscopus. A Miocene fossil bat from
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<collectingCountry box="[1078,1193,1180,1213]" name="Slovakia" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
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, Paleptesicus priscus, reportedly has similarities with Fudiscopus. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398636" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398636" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398636/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" targetBox="[118,710,639,1053]" targetPageId="161">
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<paragraph blockId="161.[122,1331,1062,3146]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,290,1259,1292]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Recorded from several localities in
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<collectingCountry box="[763,893,1259,1292]" name="Myanmar" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[911,1090,1259,1292]" country="Myanmar" name="Bago" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Bago Region</collectingRegion>
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),
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<collectingCountry box="[1112,1236,1259,1292]" name="Thailand" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Kamphaeng Phet" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Kamphaeng Phet</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[308,370,1298,1331]" country="Thailand" name="Loei" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Loei</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[384,535,1298,1331]" country="Thailand" name="Ratchaburi" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Ratchaburi</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion box="[607,765,1298,1331]" country="Thailand" name="Surat Thani" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Surat Thani</collectingRegion>
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provinces), N
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<collectingCountry box="[960,1022,1298,1331]" name="Laos" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Laos</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[1042,1310,1298,1331]" country="Laos" name="Phongsali" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Phongsaly Province</collectingRegion>
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), and
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<collectingCountry box="[181,297,1338,1371]" name="Vietnam" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[318,415,1338,1371]" country="Vietnam" name="Son La" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Son La</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[429,553,1338,1371]" country="Vietnam" name="Nghe An" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Nghe An</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[568,697,1338,1371]" country="Vietnam" name="Kon Tum" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Kon Tum</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[712,874,1338,1371]" country="Vietnam" name="Binh Phuoc" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Binh Phuoc</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion box="[949,1079,1338,1371]" country="Vietnam" name="Dong Nai" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Dong Nai</collectingRegion>
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provinces).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="161.[122,1331,1062,3146]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,372,1381,1410]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 41-
|
||
<quantity box="[594,736,1381,1410]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="mm" value="27.0" valueMax="49.0" valueMin="5.0">5—49 mm</quantity>
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, tail 36-
|
||
<quantity box="[854,985,1381,1410]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="mm" value="25.0" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="5.0">5-45 mm</quantity>
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, ear 12-14-
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||
<quantity box="[1149,1235,1381,1410]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 4-4-5-
|
||
<quantity box="[274,360,1417,1450]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
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, forearm 34-
|
||
<quantity box="[550,681,1417,1450]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="mm" value="22.0" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="6.0">6-38 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight 4.6-
|
||
<quantity box="[861,935,1417,1450]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="g" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">7-8 g</quantity>
|
||
. Specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1193,1327,1417,1450]" name="Myanmar" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
tend to be smaller and more brightly colored than those from
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||
<collectingCountry box="[1016,1083,1456,1489]" name="Laos" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Laos</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The Disk-footed Bat resembles a small
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[441,525,1495,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with well-developed disk-like adhesive pads on feet like those in genera
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1872" box="[364,507,1535,1568]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Tylonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tylonycteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1875" box="[587,732,1535,1568]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Glischropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glischropus</taxonomicName>
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but more pronounced. Fur is dense and soft. Upperparts are cinnamon-brown to reddish brown, and underparts are paler bufty brown. Ears are moderately long (one-half the ear length), with narrow tragus that has bluntly rounded tip and bends forward in the middle. Foot has large, pinkish plantar pad (3-
|
||
<quantity box="[339,422,1693,1726]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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||
wide and
|
||
<quantity box="[575,684,1693,1726]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4-5 mm</quantity>
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long), like a suction pad, that is disk-shaped ventrally and rectangular. Toes are short. Pads at bases of thumb are poorly developed and thickened at base and probably function as friction pads, not adhesive pads. Foot and thumb pads are probably adaptations for roosting in small cavities with smooth surfaces such as internodes of bamboo culms or narrow crevices in trees and rocks. Wing membranes are dark and insert at base of outer toe; calcar has well-developed keel. Ears and muzzle are not as dark as membranes. Membranes, ears, and muzzle are dark. Baculum is c.
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<quantity box="[455,568,1969,2002]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="0.0">0-6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, more or less triangular in upper view because of well-developed basal projections, and pointed sideward, backward, and somewhat downward, with deep and wide basal notch. Main bone body in its distal point is slightly widened and blunt; its basal one-third forms rounded inflation. Underside is somewhat concaved, with definite urethral groove. Skull is relatively broad and strikingly flattened; rostrum is elongated and relatively long and upturned anteriorly relative to flattened braincase. Braincase is 3-5-
|
||
<quantity box="[798,910,2205,2238]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="3.0">3-9 mm</quantity>
|
||
high. Interorbital region has pronounced depression. Condylo-canine lengths are 12:8-13-
|
||
<quantity box="[1004,1092,2245,2278]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-1-5-
|
||
<quantity box="[438,526,2293,2318]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. C' is Myotislike, with blunt posterior blade and without any supplementary cusps or cingulum; I’ is larger that I* as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1027,1111,2324,2357]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
; P, is much reduced, displaced to innerside of tooth row, notvisible from outside, and compressed between P, and P; and lower molars are myotodont. Dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1, P2/3,M3/3 (x2) = 36.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="161.[122,1331,1062,3146]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[124,235,2487,2516]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Hilly forests (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[440,581,2487,2516]" name="Myanmar" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
), lowland bamboo forests (Vietham), and mixed deciduous forests and moist evergreen forests, both with bamboo stands (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1142,1276,2526,2555]" name="Thailand" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
), at elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity box="[329,488,2562,2595]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.65" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="m" value="665.0" valueMax="1300.0" valueMin="30.0">30-1300 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="161.[122,1331,1062,3146]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[124,388,2600,2633]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Acoustic study of the Disk-footed Bat in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[968,1087,2600,2633]" name="Vietnam" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
suggested that it is an edge and open-space aerial forager. One individual from peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1201,1328,2640,2673]" name="Thailand" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
was caught in a mist net while hunting swarming insects at edge of secondary forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[125,922,2719,2752]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="161.[122,1331,1062,3146]" box="[125,922,2719,2752]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[125,259,2719,2752]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Births probably occur in late-April in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[796,918,2719,2752]" name="Vietnam" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="161.[122,1331,1062,3146]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,353,2758,2791]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Disk-footed Bats are nocturnal. Their flattened skull is adapted to crawl through narrow crevices. In Khlong Lan National Park in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[941,1069,2798,2831]" name="Thailand" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, seven Disk-footed Bats were discovered closely together in an upper part of an internode of giant bamboo (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[137,352,2876,2909]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Gigantochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Gigantochloa sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Barnhart" authorityYear="1895" baseAuthorityName="R.Br." box="[368,487,2876,2909]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), ¢.
|
||
<quantity box="[532,585,2876,2909]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
|
||
aboveground,
|
||
<quantity box="[795,876,2876,2909]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="cm" value="57.0">57 cm</quantity>
|
||
long, and 9-
|
||
<quantity box="[1049,1117,2876,2909]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. In Cat Tien National Park (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[472,597,2916,2949]" name="Vietnam" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
), flight was slow and highly maneuverable; hovering alternated with short gliding phases during which wings remained still in slightly lifted position similar to nightjars (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vigors" authorityYear="1825" box="[528,743,2995,3028]" class="Aves" family="Caprimulgidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caprimulgiformes" pageId="161" pageNumber="923" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Caprimulgidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Disk-footed Bats seem to use FM-CF calls (broadband FM signal with narrowband nearly CF end). Length of CF part was always quite short, but this might have been because individuals were partly or mostly recorded in a restricted range; calls started at c.110-135 kHz and ended at ¢.52 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="161.[1395,2604,272,778]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1395,2129,272,305]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Disk-footed Bats roost in small groups of 67 individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="161.[1395,2604,272,778]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1396,1746,354,383]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Diskfooted Bat is widespread but not abundant across
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2110,2255,390,423]" country="Botswana" name="South East" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">South-east</collectingRegion>
|
||
Asia. It apparently faces no major threats and is not declining at a rate that would qualify for a threatened category.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="923" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="161.[1395,2604,272,778]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1397,1550,516,541]" pageId="161" pageNumber="923">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Amadoret al. (2018), Boitani et al. (2006), Borisenko & Kruskop (2003), Borisenko, Kruskop & Ivanova (2008), Conisbee (1953), Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Ngoc Can et al. (2008), Francis (2008a), Gorfol et al. (2019), Hughes et al. (2011), Kock & Kovac (2000), Koopman (1970, 1994), Kruskop (2010a, 2013a, 2013b, 2017), Kruskop et al. (2003), Kunz & Lumsden (2003), Osgood (1932), Rossina et al. (2006), Ruedi, Csorba et al. (2015), Ruedi, Stadelmann et al. (2013), Schliemann & Hoeber (1978), Schliemann & Kock (2000), Shi & Rabosky (2015), Simmons (2005), Soisook, Csorba et al. (2016), Tate (1941d), Thewissen & Etnier (1995), Zsebok et al. (2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |