442 lines
52 KiB
XML
442 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF596AE7FA4F97FE18FFBA9D" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Myotis septentrionalis" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="925" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="924" updateTime="1662483414275" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>716</mods:start>
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<mods:end>981</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577852" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628116" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577852" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF596AE7FA4F97FE18FFBA9D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF596AE7FA4F97FE18FFBA9D" lastPageId="163" lastPageNumber="925" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<subSubSection box="[1459,1541,423,461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" type="multiple">
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||
<paragraph blockId="162.[1456,2403,421,543]" box="[1459,1541,423,461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<heading box="[1459,1541,423,461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<figureCitation box="[1459,1541,423,461]" captionStart="Plate 70: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="161.[127,157,3239,3264]" captionTargetBox="[10,2760,19,3657]" captionTargetPageId="160" captionText="366. Disk-footed Bat (Eudiscopus denticulus), 367. Taiwan Broad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon latirostris), 368. HimalayanBroad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon caliginosus), 369. Moupin Broad-muzzled Bat (Submyotodon moupinensis), 370. Northern Myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), 371. South-western Myotis (Myotis auriculus), 372. Western Small-footed Myotis (Myotis ciliolabrum), 373. Dark-nosed Small-footed Myotis (Myotis melanorhinus), 374. Eastern Small-footed Myotis (Myotis leibii), 375. California Myotis (Myotis californicus), 376. Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus), 377. Keen’s Myotis (Myotis keenii), 378. Long-eared Myotis (Myotis evotis), 379. Fringed Myotis (Myotis thysanodes), 380. Arizona Myotis (Myotis occultus), 381. Long-legged Myotis (Myotis volans), 382. Flat-headed Myotis (Myotis planiceps), 383. Indiana Myotis (Myotis sodalis), 384. Cinnamon Myotis (Myotis fortidens), 385. Findley’s Myotis (Myotis findleyi), 386. Northern Hairy-legged Myotis (Myotis pilosatibialis), 387. Southern Hairy-legged Myotis (Myotis keaysi), 388. Red Myotis (Myotis ruber), 389. Riparian Myotis (Myotis riparius), 390. Velvety Myotis (Myotis simus), 391. Golden Myous (Myotis midastactus), 392. Elegant Myotis (Myotis elegans), 393. Fish-eating Myotis (Myotis vivesi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398940/files/figure.png" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">370.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1557,1904,423,461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="162.[1456,2403,421,543]" box="[1557,1904,423,461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<heading box="[1557,1904,423,461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<vernacularName box="[1557,1904,423,461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Northern Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1956,2361,423,461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="162.[1456,2403,421,543]" box="[1956,2361,423,461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<heading box="[1956,2361,423,461]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Trouessart" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1956,2361,423,461]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
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<emphasis box="[1956,2361,423,461]" italics="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Myotis septentrionalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="162" pageNumber="924" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="162.[1456,2403,421,543]" box="[1458,2331,479,500]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<heading box="[1458,2331,479,500]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1458,1533,479,500]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1543,1695,479,500]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Murin nordique</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1715,1806,479,500]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1816,2039,479,500]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Nordamerika-Mausohr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2060,2151,479,500]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2161,2331,479,500]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Ratonero nérdico</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="162.[1456,2403,421,543]" box="[1457,2403,519,540]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<heading box="[1457,2403,519,540]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1457,1704,519,540]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1714,1843,519,540]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Northern Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1857,2107,519,540]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Northern Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[2120,2403,519,540]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Northern Long-eared Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="162" pageNumber="924" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="162.[2069,2664,590,1013]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2069,2225,590,619]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Trouessart, 1897" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="gryphus" variety="septentrionalis">Vespertilio gryphus var. septentrionalis Trouessart, 1897</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="162" pageNumber="924" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="162.[2069,2664,590,1013]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319645" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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Halifax, Nova Scota,
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<collectingCountry box="[2122,2230,673,698]" name="Canada" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Canada</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="162" pageNumber="924" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="162.[2069,2664,590,1013]" lastBlockId="162.[1452,2664,1020,3460]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
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Subgenus Pizonyx (50 species);
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[2547,2663,704,737]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucifugus">lucifugus</taxonomicName>
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species group (16 species).
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<collectingRegion box="[2474,2521,748,777]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">See</collectingRegion>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kishida" authorityYear="1932" baseAuthorityName="Kishida" baseAuthorityYear="1932" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Submyotodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latirostris">Submyotodon latirostris</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2272,2356,783,816]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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1s the most speciose genus of bats with 127 species recognized here and new species being recognized regularly. Taxonomic history of subgenera under
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2164,2248,941,974]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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is complex, and separate subgenera have been recognized based solely on morphology, notably
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1816,1900,1020,1053]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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(typical mouse-eared
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<taxonomicName box="[2223,2319,1020,1053]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">myotis</taxonomicName>
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), Leuconoe (large-footed
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<taxonomicName box="[1457,1553,1059,1092]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">myotis</taxonomicName>
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), and Selysius (whiskered
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<taxonomicName box="[1905,2002,1059,1092]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">myotis</taxonomicName>
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). Other subgenera include Chrysopteron (Asiatic orange and yellow and African endemic
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<taxonomicName box="[2029,2126,1103,1132]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">myotis</taxonomicName>
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), Pizonyx (only M.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Menegaux" authorityYear="1901" box="[2389,2465,1103,1132]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vivesi">vivesi</taxonomicName>
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), and Rickettia (only
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1540,1671,1138,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ricketti">M. ricketti</taxonomicName>
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, now known as
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1897,2036,1138,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="974" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pilosus">M. pilosus</taxonomicName>
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), although these were often included under different subgenera or as distinct genera. Following several genetic studies, the three traditionally recognized subgenera are not monophyletic. Instead, genetic data suggest there are two
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[1721,1804,1256,1289]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
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clades in the genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2099,2183,1256,1289]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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, one in the New World (with two species from the Old World) and the other in the Old World. These can be broadly grouped into three subgenera, with Pizonyx being the oldest name available for the New World clade. In the Old World, two sister subgenera are recognized here: Chrysopteron (Asiatic orange and yellow and endemically African species) and
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2518,2602,1414,1447]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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(all other Old World forms). Traditionally recognized subgenera Leuconoe and Selysius are included under the subgenus
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1887,1971,1493,1526]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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as synonyms for now. Within subgenera, species groups have been defined here primarily based on genetic data, but exact species composition of these groups is debatable. The New World
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[2300,2417,1572,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucifugus">lucifugus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[2436,2501,1572,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">ruber</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Menegaux" authorityYear="1901" box="[2520,2591,1572,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vivesi">vivesi</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1806" box="[1457,1568,1612,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albescens">albescens</taxonomicName>
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species groups along with the Old World
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eversmann" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[2168,2270,1612,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brandtii">brandtii</taxonomicName>
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species group are included in Pizonyx, and in the Old World,
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<taxonomicName box="[1945,2047,1655,1684]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alcathoe">alcathoe</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boie" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[2066,2197,1655,1684]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dasycneme">dasycneme</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[2217,2356,1655,1684]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">mystacinus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[2376,2487,1655,1684]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="muricola">muricola</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1874" box="[2506,2654,1655,1684]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montivagus">montivagus</taxonomicName>
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, capaccinu,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[1608,1743,1690,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siligorensis">siligorensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1767,1889,1690,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horsfieldii">horsfieldii</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1913,2090,1690,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrodactylus">macrodactylus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[2115,2266,1690,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="daubentonii">daubentonii</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[2359,2436,1690,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">myotis</taxonomicName>
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species groups are recognized under the subgenus
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1979,2063,1730,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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; subgenus Chrysopteron does not have any species groups. Genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[1788,1881,1769,1802]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" genus="Cistugo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cistugo</taxonomicName>
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has often been included as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2497,2581,1769,1802]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
or as a genus within
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tate" authorityYear="1942" box="[1675,1807,1809,1842]" pageId="162" pageNumber="835" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myotinae">Myotinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but following recent genetic and morphological studies, it has been moved to its own family sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2067,2299,1848,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Vespertilionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lack, Roehrs, Stanley, Ruedi & Van Den Bussche" authorityYear="2010" box="[2318,2468,1848,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Cistugidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cistugidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In 1958, the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature fixed the gender of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2539,2623,1888,1921]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
to masculine.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Trouessart" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1618,1894,1927,1960]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">Myotis septentrionalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be most closely related to M.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Baker & Stains" authorityYear="1955" box="[2499,2620,1927,1960]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auriculus">auriculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It has been included under
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1824,1945,1967,2000]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="keenii">M. keenii</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies, but morphology and genetic data support their distinct specific status. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="162" pageNumber="924" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398644" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398644" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398644/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" targetBox="[1454,2045,595,1010]" targetPageId="162">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="162.[1452,2664,1020,3460]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1454,1631,2050,2079]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1644,1750,2050,2079]" name="Canada" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
from SW
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1894,1984,2050,2079]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
and S
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2087,2388,2050,2079]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
E to S
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2496,2606,2050,2079]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
, including
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1575,1744,2085,2118]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Anticosti and Prince Edwards Is, and C & E
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2481,2545,2085,2118]" name="United States of America" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
from E
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1455,1582,2128,2157]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
to New
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1699,1818,2128,2157]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
and S to NW Florida, with single records from W Montana, NC Louisiana, and S Texas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="162" pageNumber="924" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="162.[1452,2664,1020,3460]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1454,1707,2207,2236]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity box="[1900,2053,2207,2236]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" unit="mm" value="43.0" valueMax="46.0" valueMin="40.0">40-46 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity box="[2131,2283,2207,2236]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" unit="mm" value="39.5" valueMax="43.0" valueMin="36.0">36-43 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity box="[2364,2516,2207,2236]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="14.0">14-19 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity box="[1455,1588,2243,2276]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="7.0">7-10 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity box="[1730,1881,2243,2276]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" unit="mm" value="37.0" valueMax="39.0" valueMin="35.0">35-39 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[2001,2096,2243,2276]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" unit="g" value="7.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="4.0">4-11 g</quantity>
|
||
. Females are generally larger and heavier than males. Dorsal pelage of the Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2128,2218,2282,2315]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is variably dark brown, yellowish brown, or blond (hairs with dark bases); venter is whitish or creamy. Bare face is pinkish, and ears and membranes are dark blackish, except for lighter bases of ears. Ears are long, extending past nose when laid forward; tragus is long and narrow, with pointed tip. Calcar is either unkeeled or with indistinct keel. Baculum is short, with knobbed tip and notched and hollowed base, curving upward laterally at base and tip. Wings attach to bases of toes, and feet are relatively large (shorter than in the Gray
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1454,1546,2559,2592]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, M.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. H. Howell" authorityYear="1909" box="[1610,1737,2559,2592]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisescens">grisescens</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Skull is narrow, with relatively long rostrum; skull can be distinguished from that of Keen’s
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1870,1960,2598,2631]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1986,2110,2598,2631]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="keenii">M. keenii</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by greater canine width at cingulum and generally narrower skull. Dental formula for all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2335,2419,2638,2671]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
except
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[2529,2652,2638,2671]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="970" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ridleyi">M. ridleyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, M. yosseti, and M..
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[1717,1842,2681,2710]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annectans">annectans</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1s 12/3, C 1/1. P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 38. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FN = 50.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="162" pageNumber="924" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="162.[1452,2664,1020,3460]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1453,1564,2756,2789]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Forested habitats, particularly boreal forests. Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2359,2449,2756,2789]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
tend to prefer foraging in areas with closed canopies and avoid open spaces, including areas with substantial deforestation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="163" lastPageNumber="925" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="162.[1452,2664,1020,3460]" lastBlockId="163.[114,1331,281,3472]" lastPageId="163" lastPageNumber="925" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1453,1721,2875,2908]" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1882,1971,2875,2908]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
feed primarily by aerial hawking but can glean prey from substrates, unlike most related species. Its longertail and greater wing area compared with other aerial-hawking
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1981,2071,2954,2987]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
species allows it to glean, with more maneuverability during slow flight in cluttered areas. Foraging occurs under forest canopies, above standing water or streams, along paths and roads, and along forest edges. It eats various species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1812,1988,3072,3105]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2008,2166,3072,3105]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2185,2350,3072,3105]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Neuroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2370,2478,3072,3105]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Homoptera" authorityName="Homoptera" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera, Homoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1638,1835,3111,3144]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1854,2016,3111,3144]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2098,2218,3111,3144]" class="Pilidiophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Nemertea" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In some places in its distribution, it primarily eats
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1776,1950,3151,3184]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2034,2192,3151,3184]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2259,2367,3151,3184]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2450,2571,3151,3184]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
, diets contained
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1607,1781,3190,3223]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(10-4-96% by volume), with smaller amounts of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2501,2658,3190,3223]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0-4-64%), Trichoptera (0-54:-5%),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1976,2082,3234,3263]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0-15-3%), and non-flying prey including
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1507,1624,3269,3302]" class="Pilidiophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Nemertea" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1702,1877,3269,3302]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae. Similarly,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2131,2305,3269,3302]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(48:8% by volume) and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1453,1609,3308,3341]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(38:2%) dominated diets in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2024,2154,3308,3341]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2171,2245,3308,3341]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2324,2471,3308,3341]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="162" pageNumber="924">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
, with smaller amounts of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1624,1732,3348,3381]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Trichoptera" authorityName="Trichoptera" box="[1750,2089,3348,3381]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera, Trichoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and other insects. Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2515,2605,3348,3381]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="162" pageNumber="924" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to feed opportunistically. They reportedly use calls of katydids to home in on individual insects, but if the katydids are able to identify that a bat is near, they stop calling which causes the bat to give up on finding the katydid. This suggests that bats rely on listening for katydid calls rather than using echolocation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="163" pageNumber="925" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="163.[114,1331,281,3472]" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[119,254,360,393]" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[408,498,360,393]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
mate from late July until September or early October, with more restricted breeding seasons in northern regions. When mating, the male mounts the female from behind and occasionally grabs her neck with his teeth. Females store sperm in their uteri through winter until ovulation occurs in spring. Gestation lasts c.50-60 days; young are born from mid-May to mid-June in the south-eastern part of the distribution and in mid-July in northern part. Females give birth to one young. Lactating females have been caught in mid-June in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[844,965,596,629]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and female with a young was captured in mid-June in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[536,607,635,668]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
and late June in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[862,983,635,668]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Pregnant females were collected in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[296,539,675,708]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[557,693,675,708]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[775,840,675,708]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Iowa</collectingRegion>
|
||
in late June and July. Females appear to wean young after about one month, and young start flying by c.18-21 days old. Volant young have been caught in early August in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[843,961,754,787]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1037,1108,754,787]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
and as early as July in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[217,282,797,826]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Iowa</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[352,582,797,826]" country="United States of America" name="New Hampshire" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">New Hampshire</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Oldest wild-banded individual lived to be 18-5 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="163" pageNumber="925" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="163.[114,1331,281,3472]" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[118,357,833,866]" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[521,611,833,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
roost mainly in trees but can be found in or on buildings and caves. Maternity colonies in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[718,947,872,905]" country="United States of America" name="New Hampshire" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">New Hampshire</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[964,1098,872,905]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Michigan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
roosted in tall, old, and early decaying trees, where they were found in crevices, hollows, or under bark. Adult males and non-reproductive females occasionally use caves and buildings as well as typical tree roosts. In autumn (August-September in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[121,232,1030,1063]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
) after breeding, they move from summer roosts to hibernacula, commonly in caves and abandoned mines. They are easily overlooked in hibernacula because they prefer to hibernate deep within caves in crevices. Length of hibernation varies depending on latitude and other environmental factors and can begin in September to early November and last until March, April, or May. Leading up to hibernation in August—-October, weights increase 45% for males and 41% for females. There are two peaks in foraging activity throughout the night, one during first two hours after sunset and anotherjust before sunrise, both of which correspond with peaks in insect activity but there is no significant difference in diet composition between these two foraging bouts. Calls are steep FM sweeps, with high frequency of 126-60 kHz that has shorter duration (c.1 millisecond), broader bandwidth, and lower intensity (78 dB) than other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[271,355,1464,1497]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
that only forage by aerial hawking. Moths cannot easily detect calls of Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[302,394,1503,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, making them easier prey. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[815,927,1503,1536]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
, average start frequency was 126-2 kHz, end frequency was 60-7 kHz, peak frequency was 97-4 kHz, and duration was c.1 millisecond.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="163" pageNumber="925" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="163.[114,1331,281,3472]" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[121,829,1622,1655]" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Male and female Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1236,1326,1622,1655]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
roost separately, with reproductive females forming small maternity colonies of less than 60 individuals in spring and summer. Males and non-breeding females roost alone or in small groups ofless than ten individuals. They do not move long distances except when foraging and transitioning from summer roosts to hibernacula. When transitioning, they can move as far as
|
||
<quantity box="[646,730,1819,1852]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" unit="km" value="56.0">56 km</quantity>
|
||
in large swarms. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1011,1124,1819,1852]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
, they were the second most common swarming species at Renfrew Mine, making up more than 10% of swarming bats captured. They will return to the same hibernacula in subsequent years but not always sequentially. Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[740,830,1937,1970]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
generally hibernate with other bat species, particularly the Little Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[650,740,1977,2010]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[764,937,1977,2010]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="938" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucifugus">M. lucifugus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Big Brown Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Palisot de Beauvois" baseAuthorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">Eptesicus fuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the Tricolored Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[632,902,2016,2049]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Perimyotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subflavus">Perimyotis subflavus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). One of the largest recorded hibernating populations included ¢.300 Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[865,955,2055,2088]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and c.1000 Little Brown
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[122,212,2095,2128]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
in an abandoned mine in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[594,706,2095,2128]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[865,955,2095,2128]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
occasionally move among hibernacula through winter. In summer, they frequently switch roosts, and individuals will switch among various trees in a cluster of trees. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[893,1027,2174,2207]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Michigan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, majority of the trees roosts used by females were in 20-ha, females traveled an average of
|
||
<quantity box="[1112,1197,2213,2246]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.91" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" unit="m" value="191.0">191 m</quantity>
|
||
between roosts, and they switched roosts about every two days. Roost trees in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1097,1326,2253,2286]" country="United States of America" name="New Hampshire" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">New Hampshire</collectingRegion>
|
||
were an average of
|
||
<quantity box="[411,500,2292,2325]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.02" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" unit="m" value="602.0">602 m</quantity>
|
||
from foraging areas. While foraging, they will use night roosts to rest, frequently caves and tree hollows. Home ranges in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1061,1250,2332,2365]" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
were 65 ha.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="163" pageNumber="925" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="163.[114,1331,281,3472]" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,479,2410,2443]" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[270,360,2450,2483]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[122,187,2489,2522]" name="United States of America" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is considerably less common than other species of Nearctic vespertilionids. Its largest threat is White-nose Syndrome caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, causing drastic declines in North American bats in eastern parts of the continent. Currently, Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[497,693,2608,2641]" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Myotis species</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been affected as much by the disease as other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[393,477,2647,2680]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is expected thatit will experience significant population decline in the future. White-nose Syndrome has been found in 25 of the 37
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1286,1327,2686,2719]" name="United States of America" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
states that Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[422,512,2726,2759]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur in. Currently, the best conservation action is stopping the spread of the disease by regulating cavers that can spread the disease on their clothing when working in multiple caves. Prescribed fires do not appear to represent
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1844" box="[123,232,2844,2877]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="762" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">a major</taxonomicName>
|
||
threat to Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[527,617,2844,2877]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="163" pageNumber="925" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
because they seem to do well after fires have occurred. Nevertheless, deforestation is likely a threat in some regions because they rely heavily on old hardwood trees for roosting and foraging. In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[985,1175,2923,2956]" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, they were more commonly associated with areas with partial timber harvest and avoided areas that were severely damaged by excessive timber harvesting. Use of chemical and biological insecticides might also be a source of concern becauseit affects their food supply. Disturbances in cave and mine hibernacula and tree roosts are additional threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="163" pageNumber="925" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="163.[114,1331,281,3472]" lastBlockId="163.[1395,2602,288,434]" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[124,277,3129,3154]" pageId="163" pageNumber="925">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alves et al. (2014), Arnold (2007), Baker & Patton (1967), Brack & Whitaker (2001), Brandon (1961), Broders et al. (2013), Brown et al. (2007), Caceres & Barclay (2000), Crnkovic (2003), Faure et al. (1993), Findley (1972), Foster & Kurta (1999), Garroway & Broders (2008), Geluso et al. (2015), Henderson et al. (2008), Hendricks (2012), Hitchcock (1949, 1965), ter Hofstede et al. (2008), ICZN (1958), Johnson, Edwards & Ford (2011), Johnson, Edwards, Ford & Gates (2009), Johnson, Ford & Edwards (2012), Jung et al. (2006), Krochmal & Sparks (2007), Krynak (2010), Lacki, Cox, Dodd & Dickinson (2009), Lausen etal. (2008), Lee Yafu & McCracken (2004), Lowe (2012), Manning (1993), Menzel et al. (2002), Miller, G.S. & Allen (1928), Miller, L.A. & Treat (1993), Mills (1971), Owen et al. (2003), Park & Broders (2012), Patriquin et al. (2013), Platt et al. (2018), Ratcliffe & Dawson (2003), Reynolds et al. (2016), Ruedi et al. (2013), Sasse & Pekins (1996), Sasse & Saugey (2008), Silvis, Ford, Britzke, Beane & Johnson (2012), Silvis, Ford, Britzke & Johnson (2014), Solari (2018p), Stadelmann et al. (2007), Stein & White (2016), Timpone et al. (2010), Whitaker (1972, 1973), Whitaker & Rissler (1992a, 1992b), White et al. (2016), Woodman (1993), Wund (2006), van Zyll de Jong (1979, 1984), van Zyll de Jong & Nagorsen (1994).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |