261 lines
28 KiB
XML
261 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF396A86FF4A9E121733B118" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Myotis mystacinus" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="956" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="956" updateTime="1662483414275" updateUser="felipe">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>716</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>981</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577897" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628106" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577897" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF396A86FF4A9E121733B118" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF396A86FF4A9E121733B118" lastPageNumber="956" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[182,265,2123,2169]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[180,1263,2123,2252]" box="[182,265,2123,2169]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<heading box="[182,265,2123,2169]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[182,265,2123,2169]" captionStart="Plate 72: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="187.[130,160,3289,3314]" captionTargetBox="[13,2763,20,3661]" captionTargetPageId="186" captionText="420. Herman's Myotis (Myotis hermani), 421. Bartels’s Myotis (Myotis bartelii), 422. Weber’s Myotis (Myotis weberi), 423. Orange-fingered Myotis (Myotis rufopictus), 424. Black-and-orange Myotis (Myotis formosus), 425. Geoftroy’s Myotis (Myotis emarginatus), 426. Temminck's. 3 Myotis (Myotis tricolor), 427. Welwitsch’s Myotis (Myotis welwitschii), 428. Reddish-black Myotis (Myotis rufoniger), 429. Scott's Myotis (Myotis scotti), 430. Morris's Myotis (Myotis morrisi), 431. Bocage’ Myotis (Myotis bocagii), 432. Malagasy Myotis (Myotis goudotii), 433. Anjouan Myotis (Myotis anjouanensis), 434. Kock’s Myotis (Myotis dieteri), 435. Alcathoe Whiskered Myotis (Myotis alcathoe), 436. Hyrcanian Myotis (Myotis hyrcanicus), 437. Pond Myotis (Myotis dasycneme), 438. Ikonnikov’ ' s Myotis (Myotis tkonnikovi), 439. Sichuan Myous (Myotis altarium), 440. Common Whiskered Myotis (Myotis mystacinus), 441. David’s Myotis (Myotis davidii), 442. Valley Myotis (Myotis ancricola), 443. Anna Tess’s Myotis (Myotis annatessae), 444. Gomantong Myotis (Myotis gomantongensis), 445. Peters’s Myotis (Myotis ater), 446. Nepalese Whiskered Myotis (Myotis muricola), 447. Brown’s Whiskered Myotis (Myotis browni), 448. Insular Myotis (Myotis insularum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398946/files/figure.png" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">440.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[282,865,2123,2169]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[180,1263,2123,2252]" box="[282,865,2123,2169]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<heading box="[282,865,2123,2169]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[282,865,2123,2169]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Common Whiskered Myotis</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[917,1261,2123,2169]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[180,1263,2123,2252]" box="[917,1261,2123,2169]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<heading box="[917,1261,2123,2169]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[917,1261,2123,2169]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[917,1261,2123,2169]" italics="true" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Myotis mystacinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[180,1263,2123,2252]" box="[182,1120,2188,2209]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<heading box="[182,1120,2188,2209]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[182,257,2188,2209]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[267,471,2188,2209]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Murin a moustaches</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[492,583,2188,2209]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[593,813,2188,2209]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Kleine Bartfledermaus</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[834,925,2188,2209]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[936,1120,2188,2209]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Ratonero bigotudo</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[180,1263,2123,2252]" box="[181,1038,2227,2248]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<heading box="[181,1038,2227,2248]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,428,2227,2248]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[438,685,2227,2248]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Common Whiskered Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName box="[696,844,2227,2248]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Whiskered Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName box="[855,1038,2227,2248]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Whiskered Myotis</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[792,1388,2293,2721]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[792,948,2293,2326]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kuhl, 1817" authorityName="Kuhl" authorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">Vespertilio mystacinus Kuhl, 1817</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[878,1124,2337,2366]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[792,1388,2293,2721]" box="[878,1124,2337,2366]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319443" box="[878,1124,2337,2366]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
Hanau,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[991,1120,2337,2366]" name="Germany" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[792,1388,2293,2721]" lastBlockId="194.[181,1390,2728,3471]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
Subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[939,1023,2372,2405]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuhl" authorityYear="1817" box="[1041,1180,2372,2405]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">mystacinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. Several species were formerly grouped as a “whiskered
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[991,1073,2451,2484]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
” morpho-group (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuhl" authorityYear="1817" box="[794,996,2499,2524]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="946" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">M. mystacinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1028,1201,2499,2524]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="muricola">M. muricola</taxonomicName>
|
||
, M. brown, M.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[843,933,2534,2563]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidii">davidii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kastschenko" authorityYear="1905" box="[951,1103,2534,2563]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="946" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibiricus">M. sibiricus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, M. brandti) in subgenus Selysius, but genetic data show the group to be paraphyletic. Sympatric with M.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[846,936,2653,2682]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidii">davidii</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Middle East, where the respective ranges of the two require clarification. Three subspecies recognized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398865" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398865/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" targetBox="[177,769,2308,2723]" targetPageId="194">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[181,1390,2728,3471]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[182,583,2772,2801]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kuhl, 1817" authorityName="Kuhl" authorityYear="1817" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[183,567,2807,2840]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mystacinus" subSpecies="mystacinus">M.m.mystacinusKuhl,1817—widespreadinEuropeNto64°N,fromSScandinaviatoNIberianPeninsulaandGreece,alsoonCorsicaandCrete.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[181,1390,2728,3471]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Tsytsulina, 2000" authorityName="Tsytsulina" authorityYear="2000" box="[183,637,2894,2919]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mystacinus" subSpecies="caucasicus">M.m.caucasicusTsytsulina,2000—Turkey,Lebanon,andCaucasus,extendingintoN&NEIran.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[181,1390,2728,3471]" box="[183,1142,2969,2998]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Benda, 2000" authorityName="Benda" authorityYear="2000" box="[183,596,2969,2998]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mystacinus" subSpecies="occidentalis">M. m. occidentalis Benda, 2000</taxonomicName>
|
||
— S Iberian Peninsula and N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1011,1138,2969,2998]" name="Morocco" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[181,1390,2728,3471]" lastBlockId="194.[1451,2667,278,2608]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,436,3004,3037]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity box="[629,781,3004,3037]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="mm" value="41.5" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="35.0">35-48 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity box="[859,1012,3004,3037]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="mm" value="36.5" valueMax="43.0" valueMin="30.0">30-43 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity box="[1093,1244,3004,3037]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12-15 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot c.
|
||
<quantity box="[203,286,3043,3076]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 32-36-
|
||
<quantity box="[517,599,3043,3076]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[716,791,3043,3076]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="g" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4-7 g</quantity>
|
||
. The Common Whiskered
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1172,1261,3043,3076]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the smallest bats in Europe, with remarkably long fur. Dorsally dark brown or brownish, although some have reddish or even golden fur; ventrally grayish. Juveniles are always darker than adults, from blackish to grayish. Very similar to Brandt's
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1297,1386,3162,3195]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(M. brandtir) and the Alcathoe Whiskered
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[791,881,3206,3235]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(M.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[957,1064,3206,3235]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alcathoe">alcathoe</taxonomicName>
|
||
), from which it can be distinguished by penis shape, which is long and regularly narrow in the Common Whiskered
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[341,434,3280,3313]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Wings are blackish and are attached to body at base of fingers. Face and ears are dark or even black. Ears relatively long, with 4-5 horizontal folds; when extended, ears overpass snout by more than
|
||
<quantity box="[830,914,3359,3392]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; tragus long, sharp and pointed. Foot relatively small, especially compared to trawling bats. The Iberian race seems to be larger and brighter. Skull is small and delicate; braincase is high with strongly concave forehead; no sagittal crest. P? is half height and crown area of P*, which does not touch P* P* and P* are usually both within tooth row, sometimes both slightly displaced lingually; lower molars are myotodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FNa = 50
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[1451,2667,278,2608]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1456,1567,436,469]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Very varied, from open habitats to forest patches, grassland, shrubland and desert, to humid areas, forests and following watercourses. Locally, it is a regular house-dweller in urban zones, where it also uses orchards and gardens. But in the south ofits range, it seems more closely related to woodlands (beech, oak, coniferous or deciduous forests). It also frequents agricultural land and montane ecosystems. Occurs from sea level up to mountains over
|
||
<quantity box="[2041,2143,633,666]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
||
(e.g. Moroccan mountains from the Rif to southern slope of High Atlas).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[1451,2667,278,2608]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1456,1720,712,745]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Common Whiskered
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2104,2194,712,745]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds on a wide-range of insects, with average prey size ¢.7-
|
||
<quantity box="[1816,1901,751,784]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Usually takes flying insects, especially
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2447,2555,751,784]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1654,1830,791,824]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
; but in lesser proportions also
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2284,2440,791,824]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and non-flying insects such as spiders or caterpillars. Sometimes forages in vegetation, taking insects from surfaces. It has agile flight and high maneuverability. It usually hunts along forest borders, in semi-open areas and especially near inland waters, preferably over calm water; also floodplains. Rarely hunts aquatic insects.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[1451,2667,278,2608]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1456,1591,988,1021]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Maternity colonies usually number 20-60, although colonies of several hundred have also been reported. The Common Whiskered
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2261,2351,1028,1061]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
uses a broad range of roosts such as trees, buildings and rock crevices, as well as bird and bat boxes. Colonies are frequently mixed with Common Pipistrelles (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="pipistrellus" box="[2146,2433,1107,1140]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pipistrellus">Pipistrellus pipistrellus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and single bats of other species. Males spend the summer alone, as maternity colonies are composed mostly of females, except in the Balkans, where colonies tend to be smaller and mixedsex). One-year-old females are sexually mature; young are born between mid-June and July. Mating has been reported between late-July and first half of August, occurring in male roosts, swarming sites or hibernation places (where mating occurs in early spring). At swarming sites, this species is one of the most abundant at caves; sex ratio is quite balanced compared with other
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1986,2070,1383,1416]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with high proportions of males). Mating starts in autumn and continues until hibernation. As in many other temperate species, the Common Whiskered
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1820,1909,1462,1495]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a delayed implantation of the embryo, as it only starts developing in spring when bats wake from hibernation. Maximum longevity record suggests a maximum of 23 years in the wild.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[1451,2667,278,2608]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1455,1692,1584,1613]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
During the breeding season, colonies are commonly found in small cavities, cracks and gaps in houses, or under bridges or rock crevices; the Common Whiskered
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1620,1709,1659,1692]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
changes the roost frequently. In hibernation roosts, it is normally found alone or in relatively small aggregations, occupying caves, mines, tunnels or cracks in rocks, forming colonies of up to 100 bats. At hibernation roosts, temperature tends to range 2-8°C, with high humidity. Heaps of boulders may also be important sites for hibernation. Echolocation calls (similar in all small
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2307,2391,1817,1850]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are relatively long (3-6 milliseconds); modulated pulses start at 75-120 kHz and end at 28-30 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[1451,2667,278,2608]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1457,2174,1896,1929]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Sedentary or a short-distance migrant, usually not exceeding
|
||
<quantity box="[1861,2008,1936,1969]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="km" value="75.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="50.0">50-100 km</quantity>
|
||
;a few flights surpass
|
||
<quantity box="[2313,2414,1936,1969]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="km" value="150.0">150 km</quantity>
|
||
, with a maximum of
|
||
<quantity box="[1499,1604,1975,2008]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="km" value="625.0">625 km</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1657,1755,1975,2008]" name="France" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This species usually emerges to forage at sunset or up to ¢.30 minutes later; it moves up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1889,1961,2014,2047]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
each night to foraging areas; occasionally hunts during sunlight hours, covering average area of ¢.230 ha.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[1451,2667,278,2608]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1458,1829,2093,2126]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Common Whiskered
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1771,1860,2133,2166]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread, with no threats apparent. Due to the recent split of Brandt’s
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1803,1896,2173,2206]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Alcathoe Whiskered
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2334,2422,2173,2206]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="956" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,its status needs reassessment. Local declines o have been reported, due to roost loss, disturbance or vandalism of underground habitats, and conversion of orchards for housing. In North Africa, the species is also used for traditional medicine, but at present this does not represent a threat. British and German populations seem to be stable. In Africa, the species seems to be very rare.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="194" pageNumber="956" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="194.[1451,2667,278,2608]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1459,1612,2419,2444]" pageId="194" pageNumber="956">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Albayrak (1991), Benda & Karatas (2005), Benda & Tsytsulina (2000), Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016), Benda, Faizolahi et al. (2012), Benda, Gazaryan & Vallo (2016), Boston, Buckley et al. (2010), Boston, Hanrahan et al. (2011), Buckley et al. (2013), Coroiu (2016c¢), Hanék (1970), Hanék et al. (2001), von Helversen et al. (2001), Kammonen (2015), Kondo & Sasaki (2005), Kruskop & Borisenko (1996), Lugan et al. (2011), Mayer & von Helversen (2001), Nogueras et al. (2013), Piksa (2008), Tsytsulina et al. (2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |