276 lines
28 KiB
XML
276 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" approvalRequired="37" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="8" approvalRequired_for_treatments="29" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FF2C6A93FF849F6A1416B040" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Myotis blythii" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="977" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="977" updateTime="1658492182964" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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||
</mods:originInfo>
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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||
<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>716</mods:start>
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<mods:end>981</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397752</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6397752</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577988" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628192" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577988" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF2C6A93FF849F6A1416B040" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF2C6A93FF849F6A1416B040" lastPageNumber="977" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<subSubSection box="[120,203,2355,2401]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="215.[118,920,2355,2485]" box="[120,203,2355,2401]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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||
<heading box="[120,203,2355,2401]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<figureCitation box="[120,203,2355,2401]" captionStart="Plate 74: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="211.[124,154,3336,3357]" captionTargetBox="[12,2762,19,3661]" captionTargetPageId="210" captionText="475. Russian Myotis (Myotis petax), 476. Big-footed Myotis (Myotis macrodactylus), 477. Fringed Long-footed Myotis (Myotis fimbriatus), 478. Ricketts Big-footed Myotis (Myotis pilosus), 479. Mandelli’s Myotis (Myotis sicarius), 480. Bechstein’s Myotis (Myotis bechsteinii), 481. Long-tailed Myotis (Myotis longicaudatus), 482. Daubenton’s Myotis (Myotis daubentonii), 483. Reddish Myotis (Myotis soror), 484. Fraternal Myotis (Myotis frater), 485. Bokhara Myotis (Myotis bucharensis), 486. Lesser Myotis (Myotis blythii), 487. Greater Myotis (Myotis myotis), 488. Maghreb Myotis (Myotis punicus), 489. Natterer’s Myotis (Myotis nattereri), 490. Cryptic Myotis (Myotis crypticus), 491. Schaub’s Myotis (Myotis schaubi), 492. Escalera’s Myotis (Myotis escalerar), 493. Zenati Myotis (Myotis zenatius), 494. Peking Myotis (Myotis pequinius), 495. Far Eastern Myotis (Myotis bombinus), 496. Large Myotis (Myotis chinensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6399025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6399025/files/figure.png" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">486.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[220,498,2355,2401]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="215.[118,920,2355,2485]" box="[220,498,2355,2401]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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||
<heading box="[220,498,2355,2401]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<vernacularName box="[220,498,2355,2401]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Lesser Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[550,801,2355,2401]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="215.[118,920,2355,2485]" box="[550,801,2355,2401]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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||
<heading box="[550,801,2355,2401]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tomes" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[550,801,2355,2401]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blythii">
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<emphasis box="[550,801,2355,2401]" italics="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Myotis blythii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="215.[118,920,2355,2485]" box="[120,908,2420,2441]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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||
<heading box="[120,908,2420,2441]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[120,195,2420,2441]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[205,313,2420,2441]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Petit Murin</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[334,425,2420,2441]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[435,603,2420,2441]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Kleines Mausohr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[623,714,2420,2441]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[724,908,2420,2441]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Ratonero mediano</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="215.[118,920,2355,2485]" box="[118,919,2459,2480]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<heading box="[118,919,2459,2480]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[118,366,2459,2480]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[376,624,2459,2480]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Lesser Mouse-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[638,919,2459,2480]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Lesser Mouse-eared Myotis</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[731,1321,2529,2562]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="215.[701,1324,2529,2956]" box="[731,1321,2529,2562]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[731,886,2529,2562]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Tomes, 1857" authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1857" box="[907,1316,2529,2562]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blythii">Vespertilio blythii Tomes, 1857</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[732,1022,2571,2600]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="215.[701,1324,2529,2956]" box="[732,1022,2571,2600]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319639" box="[732,1022,2571,2600]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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“
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<collectingCountry box="[742,819,2571,2600]" name="India" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">India</collectingCountry>
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, Nassenabad.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="215.[701,1324,2529,2956]" lastBlockId="215.[111,1320,2957,3472]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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Subgenus
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[879,963,2609,2642]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[983,1059,2609,2642]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">myotis</taxonomicName>
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species group (11 species). The taxonomic distinctions between
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1857" box="[824,949,2696,2721]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blythii">M. blythii</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[967,1093,2696,2721]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="981" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">M. myotis</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[1175,1324,2696,2721]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punicus">M. punicus</taxonomicName>
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are difficult to discern and the three species have been lumped under
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<taxonomicName box="[1158,1283,2768,2801]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">M. myotis</taxonomicName>
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or recognized as two species,
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<taxonomicName box="[1095,1218,2805,2838]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">M. myotis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1857" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blythii">M. blythii</taxonomicName>
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(including
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<taxonomicName box="[982,1136,2841,2880]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punicus">M. punicus</taxonomicName>
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as a subspecies). However, the three species are considered distinct here based on substantial genetic data supporting the specific status of all three. There are reports of hybrids between this species and
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<taxonomicName box="[431,554,3007,3032]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">M. myotis</taxonomicName>
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, however, and the taxonomic relationship between the two speciesis still somewhat controversial. Six subspecies are often recognized (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Tomes" authorityYear="1857" box="[1233,1313,3044,3077]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blythii">blythii</taxonomicName>
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, ancilla, lesviacus, omari, oxygnathus, and risorius), although there is substantial local morphologicalvariation that may account for the variation reported in these subspecies. However, it has been suggested that some of these names (particularly ancilla, omar, and oxygnathus) may represent distinct species. Considered monotypic here pending furtherstudiessince the distributions of individual subspecies are rather undefined.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398995" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398995/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" targetBox="[113,703,2534,2953]" targetPageId="215">
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<paragraph blockId="215.[111,1320,2957,3472]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[111,288,3281,3306]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SC & S Europe (including Sicily,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schoenherr" authorityYear="1825" box="[797,896,3286,3311]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cyprus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<collectingCountry box="[797,896,3286,3311]" name="Cyprus" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Crete, and smaller Mediterranean Is), SW Asia from
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<collectingCountry box="[472,627,3319,3348]" name="Turkey" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
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, the Caucasus region,
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<collectingCountry box="[945,1072,3322,3351]" name="Palestine" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Palestine</collectingCountry>
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, and N
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<collectingCountry box="[1178,1278,3324,3353]" name="Jordan" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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to Kashmir, the Altai Mts,
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<collectingCountry box="[440,525,3363,3388]" name="Nepal" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry box="[575,649,3363,3388]" name="India" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">India</collectingCountry>
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, and N & C
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<collectingCountry box="[825,911,3363,3388]" name="China" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">China</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="215.[111,1320,2957,3472]" lastBlockId="215.[1393,2618,288,2930]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[111,359,3395,3425]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
|
||
<quantity box="[544,694,3398,3428]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.6" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="65.0" valueMax="76.0" valueMin="54.0">54-76 mm</quantity>
|
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, tail
|
||
<quantity box="[766,866,3400,3429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="59.0">59 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear 21-24-
|
||
<quantity box="[1032,1116,3401,3431]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="11.0">11- 15 mm</quantity>
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, forearm 50-5—-62-
|
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<quantity box="[464,540,3436,3466]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
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||
; weight 19-29-
|
||
<quantity box="[744,785,3439,3469]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="g" value="5.0">5 g</quantity>
|
||
. The Lesser Myotisis one of the largest bats in its distribution. Dorsalfuris brownish; venteris pale gray, whitish, or beige. Some individuals have white spot on their foreheads, but this is not diagnostic becauseitis inconspicuous on many individuals. Ears are generally long and triangular, covering pointed pale tragus that does not have dark tip. Snoutis relatively short, which is reflected on short upper mandibles and C-M® distance of 8:1-9-
|
||
<quantity box="[2174,2262,446,480]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Greatest length ofskulls are 21-2-22-
|
||
<quantity box="[1584,1670,485,518]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, condylo-basal lengths are 20-4-21-
|
||
<quantity box="[2174,2261,485,518]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and zygomatic breadths are 13-
|
||
<quantity box="[1509,1638,524,557]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="7.0">7-15 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Skull is large with robust rostrum and low braincase compared to unrelated
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1517,1608,564,597]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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||
; forehead region is moderately concave and sagittal crest is strongly developed. P? is about one-half height and crown area of P2or less and is within tooth row. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 44 and FNa = 50 (
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||
<collectingCountry box="[2171,2269,646,675]" name="Turkey" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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||
) or 52 (
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||
<collectingCountry box="[2385,2490,646,675]" name="Greece" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Greece</collectingCountry>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph blockId="215.[1393,2618,288,2930]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1409,1520,686,711]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Mainly scrub and grassland habitats in steppes, pastures/meadows, karst, and agricultural areas from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
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||
<quantity box="[2150,2260,720,753]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100 m</quantity>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="food_feeding">
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||
<paragraph blockId="215.[1393,2618,288,2930]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1669,757,791]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Lesser
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1843,1932,760,793]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
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mainly eats bush-crickets, chafers, grasshoppers, crane flies, ground beetles, mole crickets and, in Mediterranean areas, praying mantises and lepidopteran caterpillars. Lesser
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<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1931,2020,839,872]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
can either capture insects in flight (aerial hawking) or directly from the ground (gleaning), depending oninsect availability and vegetation clutter. It usually forages
|
||
<quantity box="[1930,2016,918,951]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1-2 m</quantity>
|
||
aboveground, continuously scanning the surface for potential prey, and positively selects open spaces to forage. Insects are captured by landing directly on top of them or by agilely intercepting them in flight. It can hunt in pastures with long grass full of crickets. It also forages intensively in forest edges where insect availability tends to be higher than in other more homogenous habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="215.[1393,2618,288,2930]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1405,1540,1111,1144]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mainly adult females and their offspring form maternity colonies that can have hundreds of individuals, and males roost alone or in small clusters nearby the main maternity roost. Some of colonies form specifically for the maternity period,if cave conditions allow it; these can be sedentary, with individuals staying in the same roost year-round. Females give birth between the end of May and mid-June, commonly to one young. Timing of parturition is determined by food availability. Young begin to fly at 5-6 weeks old. In some areas of sympatry, Lesser
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2233,2323,1354,1387]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2519,2609,1356,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1417,1543,1390,1423]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myotis">M. myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) interbreed and produce viable hybrids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="215.[1393,2618,288,2930]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1401,1636,1427,1461]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Lesser
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1742,1832,1430,1463]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically emerge well after sunset, after pipistrelles (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pipistrellus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[2072,2382,1476,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schreibersii">Miniopterus schreibersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and return to roosts before dawn. In the northern part ofits distribution,it roosts in attics, old buildings, and churches; in the southern part, it mostly roosts in caves, tunnels, and mines. Echolocation is also very similar to that of the Greater
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2178,2271,1591,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with highly modulated calls of 120-170 kHz down to 26-29 kHz, peak frequency usually of c.35 kHz, and durations of ¢.2-10 milliseconds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="215.[1393,2618,288,2930]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1401,2114,1703,1740]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No regular long movements have been documented for the Lesser
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1893,1985,1755,1780]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although maximum distance traveled was c.
|
||
<quantity box="[1419,1529,1782,1816]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.88" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="km" value="488.0">488 km</quantity>
|
||
. Maternity and hibernation roosts are usually c.
|
||
<quantity box="[2197,2285,1788,1821]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" unit="km" value="15.0">15 km</quantity>
|
||
apart; thus, it is generally considered non-migratory or an occasional migrant. Lesser
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2287,2377,1828,1861]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
will share roosts with other bat species such as Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat, some rhinolophids, and other cave-dwelling species, with which they sometimes form mixed clusters. While colonies usually have 50-500 individuals, there are some exceptional colonies with up to 8000 individuals in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1671,1791,1981,2014]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Although very little is known about hibernation of Lesser
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1399,1491,2019,2052]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are some reports of relatively large hibernation colonies in underground roosts (hundreds of individuals), alwaysat stable temperatures of 6-12°C. When young are fully independent, swarming usually starts around August. Males have their own sites from where they display, either in flight or by hanging from thesite. Swarming sites include specific locations in cave ceilings, crevices in bridges or old buildings, or cracks in walls. Males defend their territories (display site) against conspecifics and rivals. Sometimes 5-6 females have been lured to the swarming spot of one male. Glandular secretions of males also attract females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="215.[1393,2618,288,2930]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1396,1739,2335,2369]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. In countries where populations of Lesser
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[1812,1900,2377,2410]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are stable (e.g. northern part ofits distribution, Asia, or
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1510,1612,2414,2447]" name="Turkey" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
), it is considered abundant. In Spain and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2206,2318,2420,2453]" name="Portugal" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,its populations are currently decreasing, and it is sometimes considered one of the rarest bats. Because it is cave dwelling, major threats such as speleology play a key role in recent population declines, such as in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1662,1787,2534,2567]" name="Romania" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
where one of the most important colonies was almost extirpated in a relatively short time. Tourism and cave disturbance by herders are also crucial factors in their conservation. Abandonmentof agricultural areas and recovery of bushes and secondary forest dramatically reduce suitable foraging habitat of the Lesser
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kaup, 1829" box="[2502,2594,2659,2692]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="215" pageNumber="977" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="215" pageNumber="977" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="215.[1393,2618,288,2930]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1394,1547,2698,2723]" pageId="215" pageNumber="977">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Arlettaz (1996a, 1999), Arlettaz, Christe et al. (2001), Arlettaz, Perrin & Hausser (1997), Arlettaz, Ruedi & Hausser (1991), Arlettaz, Ruedi, Ibanez et al. (1997), Asan etal. (2010), Bachanek & Postawa (2010), Benda & Horagek (1995), Berthier et al. (2006), Castella et al. (2000), Evin et al. (2008), Furman & Ozgill (2004), Furman et al. (2014), Ghazali (2008), Glittinger et al. (1998), Hassan et al. (2010), Hutterer et al. (2005), lliopoulou-Georgudaki (1984), Juste & Paunovié¢ (2016d), Mayer & von Helversen (2001), Molur et al. (2002), Piksa (2006), Russo, Jones & Arlettaz (2007), Sharifi (2004b), Sharifi & Akmali (2006), Volleth & Heller (2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |