267 lines
33 KiB
XML
267 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6C4564C59DCE6DB765A12BFC84AF5F34">Megadermatidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E61408FE099EFE60D3CE949BD954D531">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0202DFBA56767EEC2E86FB13CF29D486">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:publisher id="0C64EA1CBD911A292B9087C36684D08C">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="866842D955FEDEBE89515A7936597D57">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="C13F1641FF8EFFE6FAAEF313F82F6B84" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6603089" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194443825" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6603089" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C13F1641FF8EFFE6FAAEF313F82F6B84" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C13F1641FF8EFFE6FAAEF313F82F6B84" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="192" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF8EFFE1FAAEF313FA0866C3" box="[1401,1433,3225,3271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="4929A757FF8EFFE1FAAEF313FA0866C3" blockId="3.[1398,2604,3225,3352]" box="[1401,1433,3225,3271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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<heading id="1261103BFF8EFFE1FAAEF313FA0866C3" box="[1401,1433,3225,3271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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<figureCitation id="D1ADBBD2FF8EFFE1FAAEF313FA0866C3" box="[1401,1433,3225,3271]" captionStart="Plate 14: Megadermatidae" captionStartId="3.[122,151,3443,3468]" captionTargetBox="[17,2751,13,2242]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="1. Yellow-winged False-vampire (Lavia frons), 2. Heart-nosed False-vampire (Cardioderma cor), 3. Lesser Asian False-vampire (Megaderma spasma), 4. Greater Asian False-vampire (Lyroderma lyra)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6412170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6412170/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">3.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF8EFFE1FA7DF313F84266C3" box="[1450,2003,3225,3271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="4929A757FF8EFFE1FA7DF313F84266C3" blockId="3.[1398,2604,3225,3352]" box="[1450,2003,3225,3271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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<heading id="1261103BFF8EFFE1FA7DF313F84266C3" box="[1450,2003,3225,3271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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||
<vernacularName id="C795D779FF8EFFE1FA7DF313F84266C3" box="[1450,2003,3225,3271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Lesser Asian False-vampire</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF8EFFE1F7DFF313F6EC66C3" box="[2056,2429,3225,3271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="4929A757FF8EFFE1F7DFF313F6EC66C3" blockId="3.[1398,2604,3225,3352]" box="[2056,2429,3225,3271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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<heading id="1261103BFF8EFFE1F7DFF313F6EC66C3" box="[2056,2429,3225,3271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF8EFFE1F7DFF313F6EC66C3" ID-CoL="3YTFZ" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[2056,2429,3225,3271]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">
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<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF8EFFE1F7DFF313F6EC66C3" box="[2056,2429,3225,3271]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Megaderma spasma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF8EFFE1FAAFF350F5BA6712" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF8EFFE1FAAFF350F6DA66EB" blockId="3.[1398,2604,3225,3352]" box="[1400,2379,3290,3311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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||
<heading id="1261103BFF8EFFE1FAAFF350F6DA66EB" box="[1400,2379,3290,3311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF8EFFE1FAAFF350FA5266EB" bold="true" box="[1400,1475,3290,3311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C795D779FF8EFFE1FA1AF350F90E66EB" box="[1485,1695,3290,3311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Mégaderme de Seba</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF8EFFE1F963F350F89F66EB" bold="true" box="[1716,1806,3290,3311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C795D779FF8EFFE1F8CEF350F86E66EB" box="[1817,2047,3290,3311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Kleiner Falscher Vampir</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF8EFFE1F7C2F350F7E166EB" bold="true" box="[2069,2160,3290,3311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C795D779FF8EFFE1F7ADF350F6DA66EB" box="[2170,2379,3290,3311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Megaderma de Seba</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4929A757FF8EFFE1FAA0F28BF5BA6712" blockId="3.[1398,2604,3225,3352]" box="[1399,2603,3329,3350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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<heading id="1261103BFF8EFFE1FAA0F28BF5BA6712" box="[1399,2603,3329,3350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF8EFFE1FAA0F28BF9F76712" bold="true" box="[1399,1638,3329,3350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C795D779FF8EFFE1F9B8F28BF8FA6712" box="[1647,1899,3329,3350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Common Asian Ghost Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C795D779FF8EFFE1F8AFF28BF7D56712" box="[1912,2116,3329,3350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Lesser False Vampire</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C795D779FF8EFFE1F786F28BF6D56712" box="[2129,2372,3329,3350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Lesser False Vampire Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C795D779FF8EFFE1F686F28BF5BA6712" box="[2385,2603,3329,3350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">Malayan False-vampire</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="1DE9F7DFFF8EFFE1FFADF2F9F5936788" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6412170" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6412170" box="[122,2562,3443,3468]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6412170/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" startId="3.[122,151,3443,3468]" targetBox="[17,2751,13,2242]" targetPageId="2">
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||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF8EFFE1FFADF2F9F5936788" blockId="3.[122,2562,3443,3471]" box="[122,2562,3443,3468]" pageId="3" pageNumber="191">
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On following pages: 3. Lesser Asian False-vampire (
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<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF8EFFE1FD7EF2F9FC146788" box="[681,901,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">Megaderma spasma</taxonomicName>
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); 4. Greater Asian False-vampire (
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<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF8EFFE1FB25F2F9FA006788" box="[1266,1425,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Lyroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyra">Lyroderma lyra</taxonomicName>
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); 5. Thongaree's False-vampire (
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<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF8EFFE1F93DF2F9F8126788" box="[1770,1923,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Eudiscoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eudiscoderma</taxonomicName>
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thongareeae); 6. Ghost False-vampire (
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<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF8EFFE1F6FAF2F9F6676788" box="[2349,2550,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Macroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="191" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">Macroderma gigas</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FCCFFE9EFCF06B5D" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FCCFFE9EFCF06B5D" blockId="4.[792,1386,276,699]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
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||
<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF89FFE6FCCFFE9EFC206B35" bold="true" box="[792,945,276,305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FC02FE9EFCCD6B5D" ID-CoL="7G347" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spasma">Vespertilio spasma Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FCBCFECAFAF36B5D" box="[875,1378,320,345]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FCBCFECAFAF36B5D" blockId="4.[792,1386,276,699]" box="[875,1378,320,345]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
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<materialsCitation id="F9FEAD0AFF89FFE6FCBCFECAFAF36B5D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3746297302" box="[875,1378,320,345]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
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<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FCBCFECAFC466B5D" box="[875,983,320,345]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Ternate</collectingCountry>
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, Molucca Islands,
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<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FB02FECAFACE6B5D" box="[1237,1375,320,345]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FCCDFED5FAC16936" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FCCDFED5FAC16936" blockId="4.[792,1386,276,699]" lastBlockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
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Megadermais neuter, so widely used adjectival subspecific names celebensis, ceylonensis, and
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<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FCCFFE24FC506BCB" box="[792,961,430,463]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">philippinensis</taxonomicName>
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have been changed for gender agreement. Seventeen subspecies are recognized, many with limited distributions, but no comprehensive review has been undertaken to validate them. Morphologically, these subspecies are very similar, with only minor differences in size. Nevertheless, large differences in mtDNA between an individual from Java and individuals from mainland Indochina and differences in chromosome numbers among individuals from the
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<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FAC4FD63FF6A6936" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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and those from
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<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FE0EFC9BFDC26936" box="[473,595,785,818]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FD4EFC9BFD7B6936" box="[665,746,785,818]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">China</collectingCountry>
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suggest that some of these are cryptic species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FF63FCB2FBD76C42" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="1DE9F7DFFF89FFE6FF63FCB2FBD76C42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5734715" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5734715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5734715/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" targetBox="[177,769,285,699]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FCB2FDAD695D" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,572,824,857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
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||
<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF89FFE6FF63FCB2FDAD695D" bold="true" box="[180,572,824,857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FCE9FB196984" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,1160,867,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
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||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FCE9FB196984" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[180,1160,867,896]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="spasma">M.s.spasmaLinnaeus,1758—TernateandHalmaheraIs(NMoluccas).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FC05FC6D69AC" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,1020,911,936]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
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||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FC05FC6D69AC" authority="Chasen, 1940" authorityName="Chasen" authorityYear="1940" box="[180,1020,911,936]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="abditum">M.s.abditumChasen,1940—AurI,offEPeninsularMalaysia.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FC3CFC7869CB" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,1001,950,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
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||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FC3CFC7869CB" authority="G. S. Miller, 1906" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[180,1001,950,975]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="cartmatae">M.s.cartmataeG.S.Miller,1906—KarimataI,offWBorneo.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FC54FD2F69F3" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,702,990,1015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
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<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FC54FD2F69F3" authority="Shamel, 1940" authorityName="Shamel" authorityYear="1940" box="[180,702,990,1015]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="celebense">M.s.celebenseShamel,1940—Sulawesi.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FB8BFCB76E1A" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,806,1025,1054]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FB8BFCB76E1A" authority="K. Andersen, 1918" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1918" box="[180,806,1025,1054]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="ceylonense">M.s.ceylonenseK.Andersen,1918—SriLanka.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FBAFFC866E42" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,791,1061,1094]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FBAFFC866E42" authority="Blyth, 1863" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[180,791,1061,1094]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="horsfieldi">M.s.horsfieldiBlyth,1863—peninsularIndia.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FBDEFC236E69" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,946,1108,1133]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FBDEFC236E69" authority="Chasen, 1940" authorityName="Chasen" authorityYear="1940" box="[180,946,1108,1133]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="kinabalu">M.s.kinabaluChasen,1940—MtKinabaluinNBorneo.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FBF6FC566E91" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,967,1148,1173]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FBF6FC566E91" authority="Lyon, 1916" authorityName="Lyon" authorityYear="1916" box="[180,967,1148,1173]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="lasiae">M.s.lasiaeLyon,1916—LasiaandBabiIs,offWSumatra.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FB11FB4F6EB8" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,1246,1179,1212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FB11FB4F6EB8" authority="K. Andersen, 1918" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1918" box="[180,1246,1179,1212]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="majus">M.s.majusK.Andersen,1918—mostofMyanmar,NEIndia,andBangladesh.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FB48FAF76EE7" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,1382,1218,1251]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FB48FAF76EE7" authority="K. Andersen, 1918" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1918" box="[180,1382,1218,1251]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="medium">M.s.mediumK.Andersen,1918—MalayPeninsula(includingTarutaoI)andNSumatra.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FB78FAF76F0F" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,1382,1266,1291]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FB78FAF76F0F" authority="K. Andersen, 1918" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1918" box="[180,1382,1266,1291]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="minus">M.s.minusK.Andersen,1918—SChina(Yunnan),Thailand,Laos,Vietham,andCambodia.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FA9BFA9A6F36" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,1291,1297,1330]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FA9BFA9A6F36" authority="K. Andersen & Wroughton, 1907" authorityName="K. Andersen & Wroughton" authorityYear="1907" box="[180,1291,1297,1330]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="natunae">M.s.natunaeK.Andersen&Wroughton,1907—BunguranandNorthNatunaIs.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FACBFB926F5E" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,1027,1345,1370]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FACBFB926F5E" authority="Lyon, 1916" authorityName="Lyon" authorityYear="1916" box="[180,1027,1345,1370]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="niasense">M.s.niasenseLyon,1916—NiasandSiberutIs,oftWSumatra.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FAEAFC996F85" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,776,1376,1409]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FAEAFC996F85" authority="Sody, 1936" authorityName="Sody" authorityYear="1936" box="[180,776,1376,1409]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="pangandarana">M.s.pangandaranaSody,1936—C&EJava.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FA02FCCE6FAD" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,863,1416,1449]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FA02FCCE6FAD" authority="Waterhouse, 1843" authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" box="[180,863,1416,1449]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="philippinense">M.s.philippinenseWaterhouse,1843—Philippines.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF63FA3DFCE46FD4" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[180,885,1463,1488]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF63FA3DFCE46FD4" authority="Lyon, 1916" authorityName="Lyon" authorityYear="1916" box="[180,885,1463,1488]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="stumatis">M.s.stumatisLyon,1916—SiumatI,offWSumatra.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF64FA54FC166C1B" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E96DCD4FF89FFE6FF64FA54FC8A6FF3" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[179,795,1502,1527]" class="Mammalia" family="Megadermatidae" genus="Megaderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spasma" subSpecies="tnfolium">M. s. tnfolium E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810</taxonomicName>
|
||
— S
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8B5269B5FF89FFE6FC8DFA54FC5F6FF3" box="[858,974,1502,1527]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
||
, W
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8B5269B5FF89FFE6FC28FA54FBAD6FF3" box="[1023,1084,1502,1527]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Borneo; also on South Natuna, Tambelan, Krakatau, and Kangean Is.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF66F9AFFBD76C42" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" box="[177,1094,1573,1606]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Also recorded on Andaman Is, but subspecies involved not known.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FF65F9DFFB6B6293" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF65F9DFFB6B6293" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF89FFE6FF65F9DFFE336C6A" bold="true" box="[178,418,1621,1646]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 54-81 mm (tailless), ear 30-43 mm, hindfoot 9-5—-17 mm, forearm 53-5-62-5 mm; weight 23-28 g. Sexes are similar in size. The Lesser Asian Falsevampire is the smallest of the Asian megadermatids. Ears are large, joined over top of head for c.15% oftheir length on inner margins; tragus is deeply forked, with tall pointed posterior lobe and shorter bluntly pointed anterior lobe. Posterior noseleat is relatively short, width at base similar to height, but narrowing toward top. Thickened, raised median ridge connects to heartshaped median noseleaf. Anterior noseleaf is broad and rounded, largely covering muzzle with no notch. Fur is long and woolly, generally pale gray to brownish gray, darker above. Ears, noseleaf, and wing membranes are dark gray to brownish gray. Baculum has short shaft with two prongs. Skull has elongate rostrum with a shallow frontal depression but no frontal shield and with small postorbital processes. C' has very small anterolingual cusp; P? is minute and intruded; M' has moderately developed mesostyle; and coronoid process of mandible is equal in height or taller than C,. Dental formula is I 0/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 28. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 64 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FF68F7F0FED16293" box="[191,320,2170,2199]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
), 2n = 38 and FN = 70 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FDA9F7F0FD446293" box="[638,725,2170,2199]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and 2n = 46 and FN = 64 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FB99F7F0FB7C6293" box="[1102,1261,2170,2199]" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FF66F717FBAC6309" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF66F717FBAC6309" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF89FFE6FF66F717FE8E62BA" bold="true" box="[177,287,2205,2238]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Wide variety of forested habitats from lowland evergreen rainforests to seasonally dry semideciduous forests. The Lesser Asian False-vampire is primarily found in lowlands, but has been reported in hills at elevations of up to
|
||
<quantity id="8E6E0AB2FF89FFE6FC02F766FBA86309" box="[981,1081,2284,2317]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FF66F69EFC17604D" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF66F69EFC17604D" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF89FFE6FF66F69EFE216331" bold="true" box="[177,432,2324,2357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Lesser Asian False-vampires mainly eat large insects and other arthropods, but occasionally catch and eat small vertebrates including frogs,lizards, and small birds (Zosterops sp.). They have been known to kill and partially eat small bats caught with it in a harp trap. In a one-year study at two roosts on Luzon Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FBCAF603FB2763AE" box="[1053,1206,2441,2474]" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
, insects comprised over 99% ofprey items, with vertebrates representing only 0-5% of prey items. They usually fly low to the ground searching for food and are thought to capture prey mainly on the ground or on vegetation. They may often use prey-generated sounds or vision to locate prey. They may use echolocation to help capture prey.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FF66F5C5FA906180" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF66F5C5FA906180" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF89FFE6FF66F5C5FEA46074" bold="true" box="[177,309,2639,2672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FEB1F5C5FE3E6074" box="[358,431,2639,2672]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mating occurs in December—January, with young born between early April and early June. Most females give birth to one young, but ¢.10-15% have twins. Young cling to their mothers until they are nearly full-grown. Mothers carry small young while foraging, and larger young are left in the roost. Larger young may still cling to their mothers when they return, and they can be carried within diurnal roosts. Young reach nearly full size at ¢.45 days old and are thought to be independent at c.2 months old. When young are larger, females bring back large insects for them to dismember and eat themselves; females continue to suckle young until they are nearly independent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FF78F401FB8F6674" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF78F401FB8F6674" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF89FFE6FF78F401FE0561A8" bold="true" box="[175,404,2955,2988]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Lesser Asian False-vampires leave their diurnal roost to forage ¢.30 minutes after sunset but can return to the roost during the night. They are not known to use torpor. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FEA4F468FE2D61FF" box="[371,444,3042,3067]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, roosts have been found in caves, disused wells, temples, houses, and hollow trees. Echolocation calls are short FM, broadband calls. Peak energy tends to be in the third harmonic, with the frequency sweeping from 73 kHz to 56 kHz, butthere is often significant energy in the second through sixth harmonics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FF66F3FDFC716780" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FF66F3FDFC716780" blockId="4.[174,1387,706,3460]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF89FFE6FF66F3FDFCFE669C" bold="true" box="[177,879,3191,3224]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Lesser Asian False-vampires are believed to be resident year-round, but they do move among roosts at different times of year. At a cave roost in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3181E7C7FF89FFE6FE2EF34CFDD366E3" box="[505,578,3270,3303]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, numbers of individuals throughout the year varied from none or a single individual up to 27 individuals. Both sexes share the same roost. Other species of bats do not share the roost area, although other species can occur elsewhere in larger caves. Foraging areas can be near diurnal roosts, and some individuals might return to the roost during the night to consume their food.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FA66FE9EF6256B35" box="[1457,2484,276,305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FA66FE9EF6256B35" blockId="4.[1456,2661,276,389]" box="[1457,2484,276,305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF89FFE6FA66FE9EF8966B35" bold="true" box="[1457,1799,276,305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="018CF4DCFF89FFE6FA66FECAF82F6B84" pageId="4" pageNumber="192" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="4929A757FF89FFE6FA66FECAF82F6B84" blockId="4.[1456,2661,276,389]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE27B45FF89FFE6FA66FECAF9DB6B5D" bold="true" box="[1457,1610,320,345]" pageId="4" pageNumber="192">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Balete (2010), Bates & Harrison (1997), Brosset (1962b), Corbet & Hill (1992), Hood et al. (1988), Mao Xiuguang et al. (2008), Rickart et al. (1999).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |