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<mods:title id="2B01308E0F4034DAFF6C2B655DBE1954">Ulleung-do earthworms - Dagelet Island revisited</mods:title>
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<treatment id="C13C879DFFA2FF92832AFEA3FD5FFA82" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C13C879DFFA2FF92832AFEA3FD5FFA82" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C13C879DFFA2FF92832AFEA3FD5FFA82" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
<subSubSection id="018F6500FFA2FF93832AFEA3FAB2FEC5" box="[822,1282,257,281]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="492A368BFFA2FF93832AFEA3FAB2FEC5" blockId="6.[822,1282,257,313]" box="[822,1282,257,281]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
<heading id="126281E7FFA2FF93832AFEA3FAB2FEC5" bold="true" box="[822,1282,257,281]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="8E954D08FFA2FF93832AFEA3FAB2FEC5" authority="(Michaelsen, 1892)" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[822,1282,257,281]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA2FF93832AFEA3FAB2FEC5" bold="true" box="[822,1282,257,281]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA2FF93832AFEA3FB9AFEC5" bold="true" box="[822,1066,257,281]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Metaphire hilgendorfi</emphasis>
(Michaelsen, 1892)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="018F6500FFA2FF93832AFE83FC38FEE5" box="[822,904,289,313]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" type="description">
<paragraph id="492A368BFFA2FF93832AFE83FC38FEE5" blockId="6.[822,1282,257,313]" box="[822,904,289,313]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA2FF93832AFE83FC38FEE5" bold="true" box="[822,904,289,313]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
[
<figureCitation id="D1AE2A0EFFA2FF938321FE83FC30FEE5" box="[829,896,289,313]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[157,190,1926,1947]" captionTargetBox="[371,1197,453,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-77@6.[315,1283,436,1905]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 6. Metaphire hilgendorfi specimen with invaginated male pore analogue showing ventral aspect, spermathecal and prostate gland in situ, prostomium and manicate caecum; [boxed is a conspecific (and congeneric!) specimen with everted male pore, albeit belonging to Metaphire]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13137024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13137024/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
]
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="018F6500FFA2FF92832AFEC3FD03FE66" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="492A368BFFA2FF93832AFEC3FA23FE46" blockId="6.[822,1427,353,410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA2FF93832AFEC3FBAAFEA5" bold="true" box="[822,1050,353,377]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Material examined.</emphasis>
IV0000261247, mature specimen from Tongumi, dissected and figured, providing DNA
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="492A368BFFA2FF938363F8F2FC1BF8BE" blockId="6.[895,939,1872,1890]" box="[895,939,1872,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
<quantity id="8E6D9B6EFFA2FF938363F8F2FC1BF8BE" box="[895,939,1872,1890]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
</paragraph>
<caption id="1DEA6603FFA2FF938081F824FEB9F80C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13137024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13137024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13137024/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" startId="6.[157,190,1926,1947]" targetBox="[371,1197,453,1869]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="492A368BFFA2FF938081F824FEB9F80C" blockId="6.[157,1427,1926,2000]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA2FF938081F824FF6BF847" bold="true" box="[157,219,1926,1947]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="8E954D08FFA2FF9380FEF824FE1DF846" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[226,429,1926,1946]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA2FF9380FEF824FE1DF846" box="[226,429,1926,1946]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Metaphire hilgendorfi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen with invaginated male pore analogue showing ventral aspect, spermathecal and prostate gland
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA2FF93859DF824FF0EF869" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">in situ</emphasis>
, prostomium and manicate caecum; [boxed is a conspecific (and congeneric!) specimen with everted male pore, albeit belonging to
<taxonomicName id="8E954D08FFA2FF938081F819FF4BF813" authorityName="Sims &amp; Easton" authorityYear="1972" box="[157,251,1979,1999]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA2FF938081F819FF4BF813" box="[157,251,1979,1999]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Metaphire</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="492A368BFFA3FF928083FEA3FD03FE66" blockId="7.[159,764,257,1374]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">sample w50. IV0000261248, a mature specimen from Arae-tongumi (one of several), its male field figured. IV 0000261249, another mature specimen from Tongumi that lacks male pores and GM on 18. Many other specimens released in the field after identification based on size, genital markings and their escape behaviour.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="018F6500FFA3FF928083FE60FEB4FD47" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" type="description">
<paragraph id="492A368BFFA3FF928083FE60FEB4FD47" blockId="7.[159,764,257,1374]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA3FF928083FE60FE9AFE06" bold="true" box="[159,298,450,474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Description.</emphasis>
Length
<quantity id="8E6D9B6EFFA3FF92819FFE60FDBCFE05" box="[387,524,450,474]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="165.0" valueMax="170.0" valueMin="160.0">160-170 mm</quantity>
. Segments ~110. Dorsal pores from 11/12. Spermathecae lateral in 6/7/8. Male pores either absent or present in large invaginated chambers, sometimes everted on blunt penes. GMs circles composed of small discs (up to 20) mid-ventral in 8 and sometimes in 18 too, presetally. Caecae manicate. Many parasites.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="018F6500FFA3FF928083FD01FD5FFA82" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="492A368BFFA3FF928083FD01FF5CFC60" blockId="7.[159,764,257,1374]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA3FF928083FD01FEA1FD67" bold="true" box="[159,273,675,699]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Remarks.</emphasis>
Despite
<bibRefCitation id="2D044B7AFFA3FF928166FD01FDF9FD67" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[378,585,675,699]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="241 - 244" refId="ref5854" refString="Blakemore, R. J. 2003 a. Japanese earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta): a review and checklist of species. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 3 (3): 241 - 244 [Available from: http: // www. urbanfischer. de / journals / ode /]." type="journal article" year="2003">Blakemore (2003a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2D044B7AFFA3FF928244FD01FD10FD67" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[600,672,675,699]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="2003 - 11" refId="ref5910" refString="Blakemore, R. J. 2003 b. Ditto. Organisms, Diversity &amp; Evolution 3 (3): Electronic Supplement 2003 - 11 [Available from: http: // www. senckenberg. de / odes / 03 - 11. htm]." type="journal article" year="2003">2003b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2D044B7AFFA3FF9282B3FD01FD44FD67" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[687,756,675,699]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" refId="ref6033" refString="Blakemore, R. J. 2008 a. Japanese earthworms. In: A series of searchable texts on earthworm biodiversity, ecology and systematics from various regions of the World. CD-ROM, Yokohama National University, Japan [Available from: www. annelida. net / earthworm / Japanese % 20 Earthworms / Japanese % 20 Earthworms. pdf]." type="book" year="2008">2008a</bibRefCitation>
) showing that Michaelsens taxon belonged in
<taxonomicName id="8E954D08FFA3FF928291FD61FD4CFD07" authorityName="Sims &amp; Easton" authorityYear="1972" box="[653,764,707,731]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA3FF928291FD61FD4CFD07" box="[653,764,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Metaphire</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than
<taxonomicName id="8E954D08FFA3FF928100FD41FE34FD27" box="[284,388,739,763]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA3FF928100FD41FE34FD27" box="[284,388,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Amynthas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it was retained in the latter genus by
<bibRefCitation id="2D044B7AFFA3FF9280DCFCA6FE26FCC7" author="Hong, Y. &amp; T. - H. Kim" box="[192,406,771,796]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="129 - 136" refId="ref6669" refString="Hong, Y. and T. - H. Kim. 2005. The Earthworm fauna from Ulleungdo Island, Korea with one new species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). The Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 21 (2): 129 - 136." type="journal article" year="2005">Hong &amp; Kim (2005)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="2D044B7AFFA3FF9281D6FCA6FD48FCC7" author="Hong, Y. &amp; S. W. James" box="[458,760,771,796]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="1229 - 1256" refId="ref6638" refString="Hong, Y. and S. W. James. 2009. Some new Megascolecoid earthworms (Oligochaeta). Jounal of Natural History 43: 1229 - 1256." type="journal article" year="2009">Hong &amp; James (2009: 1255)</bibRefCitation>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="2D044B7AFFA3FF928113FC81FDBBFCE7" author="Song, M. - J. &amp; K. - Y. Paik" box="[271,523,803,827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="13 - 21" refId="ref7105" refString="Song, M. - J. and K. - Y. Paik. 1969. Preliminary survey of the earthworms from Dagelet Isl., Korea. Korean Journal of Zoology 12 (1): 13 - 21." type="journal article" year="1969">Song &amp; Paik (1969: 15</bibRefCitation>
, tab. 1, figs. 3, 13-14, 28) at least, had already shown that twenty-two out of their
<specimenCount id="5F93FD02FFA3FF9280C6FCC6FE6DFCA0" box="[218,477,868,892]" count="23" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" type="generic">twenty-three specimens</specimenCount>
from Dagelet had both a male pore shown to be inverted and with large prostate glands.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="492A368BFFA3FF9280A9FC67FD5FFA82" blockId="7.[159,764,257,1374]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
<bibRefCitation id="2D044B7AFFA3FF9280A9FC67FE21FC00" author="Hong, Y. &amp; T. - H. Kim" box="[181,401,964,989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="129 - 136" refId="ref6669" refString="Hong, Y. and T. - H. Kim. 2005. The Earthworm fauna from Ulleungdo Island, Korea with one new species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). The Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 21 (2): 129 - 136." type="journal article" year="2005">Hong &amp; Kim (2005)</bibRefCitation>
make no comment of the state in their
<specimenCount id="5F93FD02FFA3FF9280C7FC46FEC4FC20" box="[219,372,996,1020]" count="50" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" type="generic">50 specimens</specimenCount>
, but maintained them in
<taxonomicName id="8E954D08FFA3FF92828DFC46FD4CFC20" box="[657,764,996,1020]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA3FF92828DFC46FD4CFC20" box="[657,764,996,1020]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Amynthas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presumably on the grounds that the male pores are absent from some specimens or only on one side of the body. Thus presumably one side would belong to genus
<taxonomicName id="8E954D08FFA3FF9282AAFBE7FF7BFBA1" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA3FF9282AAFBE7FF7BFBA1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Amynthas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the other side with male pores would belong to
<taxonomicName id="8E954D08FFA3FF928083FB27FEBDFB41" authorityName="Sims &amp; Easton" authorityYear="1972" box="[159,269,1157,1181]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA3FF928083FB27FEBDFB41" box="[159,269,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Metaphire</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under such a scheme (as with
<taxonomicName id="8E954D08FFA3FF928252FB27FD0AFB41" baseAuthorityName="Kinberg" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[590,698,1157,1181]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="corticis">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA3FF928252FB27FD0AFB41" box="[590,698,1157,1181]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">A. corticis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
noted above) which is clearly a ridiculous situation! The current figure agrees with
<bibRefCitation id="2D044B7AFFA3FF92817AFB67FD9EFB01" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[358,558,1221,1245]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="95 - 124" refId="ref6362" refString="Blakemore, R. J. 2012 c. On opening a box of worms (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) - Historical earthworm specimens transferred to Tokyo from the Saito Ho-on Museum of Natural History in Sendai. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo Series A 38 (3): 95 - 124." type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore (2012c</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3 of “
<taxonomicName id="8E954D08FFA3FF928283FB64FF5EFB21" baseAuthorityName="Goto &amp; Hatai" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="glandularis">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA3FF928283FB64FF5EFB21" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">M. glandularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”=
<taxonomicName id="8E954D08FFA3FF92810CFB44FE04FB21" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[272,436,1253,1277]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hilgendorfi">
<emphasis id="7BE1EA99FFA3FF92810CFB44FE04FB21" box="[272,436,1253,1277]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">M. hilgendorfi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); see also
<bibRefCitation id="2D044B7AFFA3FF928228FB47FD47FB21" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[564,759,1253,1277]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" refId="ref5812" refString="Blakemore, R. J. 2002. Cosmopolitan earthworms - an eco-taxonomic guide to the peregrine species of the World. VermEcology, PO BOX 414 Kippax, ACT 2615, Australia. Pp. 506 [CD pubication]." type="journal volume" year="2002">Blakemore (2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2D044B7AFFA3FF928083FAA7FF53FAC1" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[159,227,1285,1309]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="241 - 244" refId="ref5854" refString="Blakemore, R. J. 2003 a. Japanese earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta): a review and checklist of species. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 3 (3): 241 - 244 [Available from: http: // www. urbanfischer. de / journals / ode /]." type="journal article" year="2003">2003a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2D044B7AFFA3FF9280ECFAA7FE86FAC1" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[240,310,1285,1309]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" pagination="2003 - 11" refId="ref5910" refString="Blakemore, R. J. 2003 b. Ditto. Organisms, Diversity &amp; Evolution 3 (3): Electronic Supplement 2003 - 11 [Available from: http: // www. senckenberg. de / odes / 03 - 11. htm]." type="journal article" year="2003">2003b</bibRefCitation>
;
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) for clarity on correct generic placement of pheretimoids. Review based on Berlin
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is in progress by the author.
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