343 lines
37 KiB
XML
343 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fbb326c8-8f97-44f4-a648-ec9f935ee293" ID-PMC="PMC8065025" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1032-17" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7E7EE68D2DB65E1680CC7E33B36AEC74" ID-PubMed="33958915" ID-ZooBank="EBF7586A9EF748FEBFB53D8F1E372120" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1032-17" checkinTime="1618619371065" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Macharoenboon, Kongkit, Siriwut, Warut & Jeratthitikul, Ekgachai" docDate="2021" docId="3F5E4CDB0C2A562B9CE763B195D67126" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1032: 17-62" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1032" docPubDate="2021-04-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001" docTitle="Thelacantha brevispina" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="7E7EE68D2DB65E1680CC7E33B36AEC74" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="7E7EE68D2DB65E1680CC7E33B36AEC74" masterDocTitle="A review of the taxonomy of spiny-backed orb-weaving spiders of the subfamily Gasteracanthinae (Araneae, Araneidae) in Thailand" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="17" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1668152383754" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the taxonomy of spiny-backed orb-weaving spiders of the subfamily Gasteracanthinae (Araneae, Araneidae) in Thailand</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Macharoenboon, Kongkit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Systematics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Siriwut, Warut</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Systematics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jeratthitikul, Ekgachai</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-9548</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Systematics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ekgachai.jer@mahidol.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-04-16</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1032</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>17</mods:start>
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<mods:end>62</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1032-17</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">EBF7586A9EF748FEBFB53D8F1E372120</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7E7EE68D2DB65E1680CC7E33B36AEC74</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="results">
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="181024640" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F5E4CDB0C2A562B9CE763B195D67126" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F5E4CDB0C2A562B9CE763B195D67126" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName LSID="3F5E4CDB-0C2A-562B-9CE7-63B195D67126" authority="(Doleschall, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Doleschall" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Thelacantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thelacantha brevispina" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevispina">Thelacantha brevispina (Doleschall, 1857)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Females of Thelacantha brevispina showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) A, B multi-color morph A specimen from Phetchaburi (MUMNH-ARA-THE 004) B specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE 008) C black-white morph, specimen from Loei (MUMNH-ARA-THE 007) D black morph, specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE 008) E orange morph, specimen from Surat Thani (MUMNH-ARA-THE 005)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532443" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figures 10</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Female genitalia of A-C Macracantha arcuata D-I M. hasselti J-L Thelacantha brevispina. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (A, D, G, J), ventral view from external (B, E, H, K), and posterior view (C, F, I, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532445" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">, 12J-L</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Doleschall" authorityYear="1857" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Plectana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectana brevispina" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevispina">Plectana brevispina</taxonomicName>
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Doleschall, 1857: 423. Type locality: Indonesia, Ambon Island.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Doleschall" authorityYear="1857" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Plectana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectana brevispina" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevispina">Plectana brevispina</taxonomicName>
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Full list of synonyms and usage of the name available in
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<bibRefCitation author="World Spider Catalog" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" publicationUrl="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" refId="B97" refString="World Spider Catalog, 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch" title="World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern." url="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" year="2020">World Spider Catalog (2020)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228423" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Thailand" latitude="13.487833" location="Khok Kham District" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="100.3355" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4" stateProvince="Samut Sakhon Province">
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<collectingCountry name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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•
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<specimenCount type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Samut Sakhon">Samut Sakhon Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F5E4CDB0C2A562B9CE763B195D67126:00F4F4E9606219A01F31BC2C981BED02" country="Thailand" latitude="13.487833" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="100.3355" name="Khok Kham District" stateProvince="Samut Sakhon Province">Khok Kham District</location>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="29.27" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="13.487833">13°29.27'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="20.13" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="100.3355">100°20.13'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-THE003
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228337" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Thailand" latitude="13.0425" location="Ban Laem District" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="100.0925" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Phetchaburi Province">
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<specimenCount type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Phetchaburi">Phetchaburi Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F5E4CDB0C2A562B9CE763B195D67126:F9C47A918320FA5DA7242B870CFBE2E8" country="Thailand" latitude="13.0425" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="100.0925" name="Ban Laem District" stateProvince="Phetchaburi Province">Ban Laem District</location>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="02.55" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="13.0425">13°02.55'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="05.55" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="100.0925">100°05.55'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-THE004
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228331" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectorName="Koh Tao Is." country="Thailand" latitude="10.067833" location="Ko Pha-ngan District" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="99.819336" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-female="7" stateProvince="Surat Thani Province">
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<specimenCount type="female">5 ♀</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
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juvenile;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Surat Thani">Surat Thani Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F5E4CDB0C2A562B9CE763B195D67126:93BC1480194086F4C05625BF3663E707" country="Thailand" latitude="10.067833" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="99.819336" name="Ko Pha-ngan District" stateProvince="Surat Thani Province">Ko Pha-ngan District</location>
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,
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<collectorName>Koh Tao Is.</collectorName>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="04.07" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.067833">10°04.07'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="49.16" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="99.819336">99°49.16'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-THE005
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228427" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectorName="Lat Khang" country="Thailand" latitude="17.525833" location="Phu Ruea District" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="101.2555" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Loei Province">
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<specimenCount type="female">5 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Loei">Loei Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F5E4CDB0C2A562B9CE763B195D67126:227CA39683EA50B2F2121E7539807C9C" country="Thailand" latitude="17.525833" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="101.2555" name="Phu Ruea District" stateProvince="Loei Province">Phu Ruea District</location>
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,
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<collectorName>Lat Khang</collectorName>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="31.55" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="17.525833">17°31.55'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="15.33" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="101.2555">101°15.33'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-THE007
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228392" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectorName="Bang Kaeo" country="Thailand" latitude="13.386333" location="Mueang District" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="100.03633" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" stateProvince="Samut Songkhram Province">
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<specimenCount type="female">5 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Samut Songkhram">Samut Songkhram Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F5E4CDB0C2A562B9CE763B195D67126:19FAE8A080E1E395F9C5AE8C63AEE741" country="Thailand" latitude="13.386333" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="100.03633" name="Mueang District" stateProvince="Samut Songkhram Province">Mueang District</location>
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,
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<collectorName>Bang Kaeo</collectorName>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="23.18" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="13.386333">13°23.18'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="02.18" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="100.03633">100°02.18'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-THE008
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228326" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Thailand" latitude="12.173" location="Laem Ngop District" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="102.4055" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Trat Province">
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<specimenCount type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Trat">Trat Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F5E4CDB0C2A562B9CE763B195D67126:A3F8BA71B95A052E290C58FF975F2E79" country="Thailand" latitude="12.173" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="102.4055" name="Laem Ngop District" stateProvince="Trat Province">Laem Ngop District</location>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="10.38" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="12.173">12°10.38'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="102" direction="east" minutes="24.33" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="102.4055">102°24.33'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-THE009
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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Sternum black. Sternal band various in shape. Abdomen octagonal, slightly wider than long. Color pattern on dorsal abdomen various but frequently with two large white spots. Three pairs of abdominal spines similar in shape, tubercle with small protuberance at the tip. Ventral side of abdomen black, with scattered yellowish stripes. Ten anterior edge sigilla subequal in size. Four median sigilla arranged in a trapezoid. Ten posterior edge sigilla, the middle pair very small, and close together. Outer posterior edge with five sigilla, located near posterior spines. Epigynum relatively simple in shape with bracket-shaped scape (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Female genitalia of A-C Macracantha arcuata D-I M. hasselti J-L Thelacantha brevispina. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (A, D, G, J), ventral view from external (B, E, H, K), and posterior view (C, F, I, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532445" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">12K</figureCitation>
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). Spermathecae oval, placed close together (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Female genitalia of A-C Macracantha arcuata D-I M. hasselti J-L Thelacantha brevispina. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (A, D, G, J), ventral view from external (B, E, H, K), and posterior view (C, F, I, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532445" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">12J, K</figureCitation>
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). Fertilization duct short, emerging posteriorly from spermathecae (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Female genitalia of A-C Macracantha arcuata D-I M. hasselti J-L Thelacantha brevispina. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (A, D, G, J), ventral view from external (B, E, H, K), and posterior view (C, F, I, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532445" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">12J</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="variation">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Variation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Doleschall" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Thelacantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thelacantha brevispina" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevispina">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Thelacantha brevispina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shows high color variation on abdomen. Four color morphs were found in this study: (1) the multi-colored morph (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Females of Thelacantha brevispina showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) A, B multi-color morph A specimen from Phetchaburi (MUMNH-ARA-THE 004) B specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE 008) C black-white morph, specimen from Loei (MUMNH-ARA-THE 007) D black morph, specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE 008) E orange morph, specimen from Surat Thani (MUMNH-ARA-THE 005)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532443" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">10A, B</figureCitation>
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) is decorated with white, black, and red patches on the dorsal abdomen; (2) the black-white morph (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Females of Thelacantha brevispina showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) A, B multi-color morph A specimen from Phetchaburi (MUMNH-ARA-THE 004) B specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE 008) C black-white morph, specimen from Loei (MUMNH-ARA-THE 007) D black morph, specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE 008) E orange morph, specimen from Surat Thani (MUMNH-ARA-THE 005)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532443" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">10C</figureCitation>
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) possesses a vertical central black line from the anterior to the base of the posterior spines with white areas on each side; (3) the black morph (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Females of Thelacantha brevispina showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) A, B multi-color morph A specimen from Phetchaburi (MUMNH-ARA-THE 004) B specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE 008) C black-white morph, specimen from Loei (MUMNH-ARA-THE 007) D black morph, specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE 008) E orange morph, specimen from Surat Thani (MUMNH-ARA-THE 005)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532443" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">10D</figureCitation>
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) shows a completely black abdomen without the two large white spots; (4) the orange morph (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Females of Thelacantha brevispina showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) A, B multi-color morph A specimen from Phetchaburi (MUMNH-ARA-THE 004) B specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE 008) C black-white morph, specimen from Loei (MUMNH-ARA-THE 007) D black morph, specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE 008) E orange morph, specimen from Surat Thani (MUMNH-ARA-THE 005)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532443" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">10E</figureCitation>
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|
) is characterized by a bright orange abdomen with two white spots. Such morphotypes are found in adult spiders, except in the orange morph, which was a juvenile specimen. The multi-colored morph was found in every population, whereas the other morphs were relatively rare.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532443" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
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|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figure 10.</emphasis>
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Females of
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|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Doleschall" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Thelacantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thelacantha brevispina" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevispina">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Thelacantha brevispina</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right)
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">A, B</emphasis>
|
|
multi-color morph
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
|
|
specimen from Phetchaburi (MUMNH-ARA-THE004)
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
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|
specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE008)
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
|
|
black-white morph, specimen from Loei (MUMNH-ARA-THE007)
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
|
|
black morph, specimen from Samut Songkhram (MUMNH-ARA-THE008)
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">E</emphasis>
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|
orange morph, specimen from Surat Thani (MUMNH-ARA-THE005).
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|
</paragraph>
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|
</caption>
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|
</subSubSection>
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|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Doleschall" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Thelacantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thelacantha brevispina" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevispina">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Thelacantha brevispina</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
has been noted for the two large, distinct white spots on its abdomen (
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02656.x" author="Pickard-Cambridge, O" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="279 - 293" refId="B63" refString="Pickard-Cambridge, O, 1879. On some new and little known species of Araneidea, with remarks on the genus Gasteracantha. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 47 (2): 279 - 293, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02656.x" title="On some new and little known species of Araneidea, with remarks on the genus Gasteracantha." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02656.x" volume="47" year="1879">Pickard-Cambridge 1879</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Chrysanthus, P" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B12" refString="Chrysanthus, P, 1959. Spiders from south New Guinea II. Nova Guinea N.S.10: 197-206." title="Spiders from south New Guinea II. Nova Guinea N. S. 10: 197 - 206." year="1959">Chrysanthus 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Emerit, M" journalOrPublisher="Faune Madagascar" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 215" refId="B25" refString="Emerit, M, 1974. Arachnides araignees Araneidae Gasteracanthinae. Faune Madagascar 38: 1 - 215" title="Arachnides araignees Araneidae Gasteracanthinae." volume="38" year="1974">Emerit 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Tikader, BK" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B88" refString="Tikader, BK, 1982. The fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae. Vol. II. Part 1 Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae) typical orb-weavers. Part 2 Family Gnaphosidae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta" title="The fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae. Vol. II. Part 1 Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae) typical orb-weavers. Part 2 Family Gnaphosidae." year="1982">Tikader 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Barrion, AT" journalOrPublisher="CAB International Wallingford, UK" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B4" refString="Barrion, AT, Litsinger, JA, 1995. Riceland Spiders of South and Southeast Asia. CAB International Wallingford, UK" title="Riceland Spiders of South and Southeast Asia." year="1995">Barrion and Litsinger 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Yin, CM" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B99" refString="Yin, CM, Wang, JF, Zhu, MS, Xie, LP, Peng, XJ, Bao, YH, 1997. Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae. Science Press, Beijing" title="Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae." year="1997">Yin et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Dierkens, M" journalOrPublisher="Revue Arachnologique" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="63 - 81" refId="B21" refString="Dierkens, M, Charlat, S, 2011. Contribution a la connaissance des araignees des iles de la Societe (Polynesie francaise). Revue Arachnologique 17 (5): 63 - 81" title="Contribution a la connaissance des araignees des iles de la Societe (Polynesie francaise)." volume="17" year="2011">Dierkens and Charlat 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Some color morphs in this study have been reported in previous works such as the Multi-color morph (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Dierkens, M" journalOrPublisher="Revue Arachnologique" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="63 - 81" refId="B21" refString="Dierkens, M, Charlat, S, 2011. Contribution a la connaissance des araignees des iles de la Societe (Polynesie francaise). Revue Arachnologique 17 (5): 63 - 81" title="Contribution a la connaissance des araignees des iles de la Societe (Polynesie francaise)." volume="17" year="2011">Dierkens and Charlet 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and the Black-White morph (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Tikader, BK" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B88" refString="Tikader, BK, 1982. The fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae. Vol. II. Part 1 Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae) typical orb-weavers. Part 2 Family Gnaphosidae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta" title="The fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae. Vol. II. Part 1 Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae) typical orb-weavers. Part 2 Family Gnaphosidae." year="1982">Tikader 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Doleschall" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Thelacantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thelacantha brevispina" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevispina">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Thelacantha brevispina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is widely distributed on a global scale. It has been recorded from Madagascar to Australia and also oceanic islands such as French Polynesia, and Fiji (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Emerit, M" journalOrPublisher="Faune Madagascar" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 215" refId="B25" refString="Emerit, M, 1974. Arachnides araignees Araneidae Gasteracanthinae. Faune Madagascar 38: 1 - 215" title="Arachnides araignees Araneidae Gasteracanthinae." volume="38" year="1974">Emerit 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Barrion, AT" journalOrPublisher="CAB International Wallingford, UK" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B4" refString="Barrion, AT, Litsinger, JA, 1995. Riceland Spiders of South and Southeast Asia. CAB International Wallingford, UK" title="Riceland Spiders of South and Southeast Asia." year="1995">Barrion and Litsinger 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Dierkens, M" journalOrPublisher="Revue Arachnologique" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="63 - 81" refId="B21" refString="Dierkens, M, Charlat, S, 2011. Contribution a la connaissance des araignees des iles de la Societe (Polynesie francaise). Revue Arachnologique 17 (5): 63 - 81" title="Contribution a la connaissance des araignees des iles de la Societe (Polynesie francaise)." volume="17" year="2011">Dierkens and Charlat 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Currently, it is classified as a monotypic species (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="World Spider Catalog" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" publicationUrl="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" refId="B97" refString="World Spider Catalog, 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch" title="World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern." url="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" year="2020">World Spider Catalog 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). However, the results of species delimitation have demonstrated four distinct species in the
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. brevispina" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="brevispina">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">T. brevispina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
lineage (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Ultrametric tree generated by BEAST from 675 bp of COI gene showing clusters of OTUs as suggested by morphological identification, and three molecular species delimitation algorithms, ABGD, bPTP, and GMYC. Nodal support values are labeled as MP Jackknife support / ML bootstrap values / Bayesian posterior probability. Gene tree from MP and ML analyses are available as Suppl. material 1 (Suppl. material 1: Figs S 3, S 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532437" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">4</figureCitation>
|
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, T1-T4). Worldwide taxon sampling may reveal a large number of cryptic species, and elucidate their taxonomic status.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532444" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
|
Female genitalia of
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">A-C</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1887" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gasteracantha diadesmia" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diadesmia">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Gasteracantha diadesmia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">D-F</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="G. diardi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diardi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">G. diardi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">G-I</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="G. doriae" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">G. doriae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">J-L</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="G. kuhli" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuhli">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">G. kuhli</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">A, D, G, J</emphasis>
|
|
), ventral view from external (
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">B, E, H, K</emphasis>
|
|
), and posterior view (
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">C, F, I, L</emphasis>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
|
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia (Ambon, Java, Sumatra, and Sulawesi), Philippines, New Guinea, Australia, Fiji, Mauritius, French Polynesia, Hawaii, and Madagascar (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Emerit, M" journalOrPublisher="Faune Madagascar" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 215" refId="B25" refString="Emerit, M, 1974. Arachnides araignees Araneidae Gasteracanthinae. Faune Madagascar 38: 1 - 215" title="Arachnides araignees Araneidae Gasteracanthinae." volume="38" year="1974">Emerit 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Tikader, BK" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B88" refString="Tikader, BK, 1982. The fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae. Vol. II. Part 1 Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae) typical orb-weavers. Part 2 Family Gnaphosidae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta" title="The fauna of India. Spiders: Araneae. Vol. II. Part 1 Family Araneidae (= Argiopidae) typical orb-weavers. Part 2 Family Gnaphosidae." year="1982">Tikader 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Yin, CM" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B99" refString="Yin, CM, Wang, JF, Zhu, MS, Xie, LP, Peng, XJ, Bao, YH, 1997. Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae. Science Press, Beijing" title="Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae." year="1997">Yin et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Yin, CM" journalOrPublisher="Hunan Science and Technology Press, Changsha" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" refId="B100" refString="Yin, CM, Peng, XJ, Yan, HM, Bao, YH, Xu, X, Tang, G, Zhou, QS, Liu, P, 2012. Fauna Hunan: Araneae in Hunan, China. Hunan Science and Technology Press, Changsha" title="Fauna Hunan: Araneae in Hunan, China." year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="World Spider Catalog" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" publicationUrl="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" refId="B97" refString="World Spider Catalog, 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch" title="World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern." url="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" year="2020">World Spider Catalog 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In this study,
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Doleschall" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Thelacantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thelacantha brevispina" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevispina">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Thelacantha brevispina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was found widely dispersed in coastal areas. They were commonly found in mangrove forests along the Inner Gulf of Thailand, but one population was found in the mountainous area in Phu Ruea District, Loei Province, which is far from the sea. These spiders build a vertical web between trees in open areas and sit at the center of the web.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532445" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
|
Female genitalia of
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">A-C</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1793" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Macracantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macracantha arcuata" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcuata">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Macracantha arcuata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">D-I</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="M. hasselti" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" rank="species" species="hasselti">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">M. hasselti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">J-L</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Doleschall" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Thelacantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thelacantha brevispina" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevispina">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Thelacantha brevispina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">A, D, G, J</emphasis>
|
|
), ventral view from external (
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">B, E, H, K</emphasis>
|
|
), and posterior view (
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">C, F, I, L</emphasis>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</subSection>
|
|
</document> |