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<document id="E69C2875B6790201EF4490B810AC64C1" ID-CLB-Dataset="29875" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4434.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3ebb3cb7-3b8f-4c4d-8858-d37185292c28" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1292189" ID-ZooBank="8B95D692-E8F7-402B-8485-3D3AE20111E8" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1529330577762" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Seeman, Owen D., Minor, Maria, Baker, Michelle R. &amp; Walter, David Evans" docDate="2018" docId="0398D71B5248735A5FFAFA573DB2EFC4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4434.3.3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4434 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Heatherellidae Walter 1997" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="443" masterDocId="FFA1AF63524973585F6DFFFA3F4BE851" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Heatherellidae (Parasitiformes: Mesostigmata) with a new genus and two new species from Australasia" masterLastPageNumber="465" masterPageNumber="441" pageNumber="442" updateTime="1698549773811" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="44886B590B21F5824005D27961C81782">A revision of the Heatherellidae (Parasitiformes: Mesostigmata) with a new genus and two new species from Australasia</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0398D71B5248735A5FFAFA573DB2EFC4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5966629" ID-GBIF-Taxon="145968984" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5966629" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0398D71B5248735A5FFAFA573DB2EFC4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0398D71B5248735A5FFAFA573DB2EFC4" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
<subSubSection id="C32B3586524873595FFAFA573EA7EE5B" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8E660D524873595FFAFA573EB8ED96" blockId="1.[151,499,1453,1479]" box="[151,499,1453,1479]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
<heading id="D0C6D161524873595FFAFA573EB8ED96" bold="true" box="[151,499,1453,1479]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524873595FFAFA573EB8ED96" ID-CoL="624QN" authority="Walter, 1997" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[151,499,1453,1479]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595FFAFA573EB8ED96" bold="true" box="[151,499,1453,1479]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">Heatherellidae Walter, 1997</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E660D524873595FFAFA0E3EA7EE5B" blockId="1.[151,554,1524,1576]" box="[151,492,1524,1546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524873595FFAFA0E3EFDEE5B" authority="walter, 1997" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[151,438,1524,1546]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae walter, 1997</taxonomicName>
: 168.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B3586524873595FFAF9E93D61EE79" box="[151,554,1554,1576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8E660D524873595FFAF9E93D61EE79" blockId="1.[151,554,1524,1576]" box="[151,554,1554,1576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
Type genus—
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524873595E49F9E83D6EEE79" authority="walter, 1997" authorityName="walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[292,549,1554,1576]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" genus="Heatherella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595E49F9E83ED7EE79" box="[292,412,1554,1576]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">Heatherella</emphasis>
walter, 1997
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B35865248735A5FFAF9AF3E45E9FD" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8E660D5248735A5FFAF9AF3E45E9FD" blockId="1.[151,1437,1621,2006]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1941]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595FFAF9AF3E41EE3F" bold="true" box="[151,266,1621,1646]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">Diagnosis</emphasis>
: Gamasine
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524873595EFCF9AF3D79EE3F" authorityName="G.Canestrini" authorityYear="1891" box="[401,562,1621,1646]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mesostigmata</taxonomicName>
. Adults covered in a thick cerotegument; oval idiosoma ringed with bifurcate marginal (
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595E62F9803E78EEC0" box="[271,307,1658,1681]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">r -R</emphasis>
) setae (up to 28 pairs) and gland-bearing protuberances (up to ten pairs), each with or without emergent, spout-like lip. Protuberances and
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595DDCF9643D98EEE4" box="[689,723,1694,1717]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">s -S</emphasis>
series setae on upper margin of extensive opisthogastricperitrematal-marginal shield; this shield with numerous spicules and/or microtubercles; dorsum with most of the usual setae for
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524873595E29F91F3EAAEEAF" authorityName="G.Canestrini" authorityYear="1891" box="[324,481,1765,1790]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mesostigmata</taxonomicName>
except setae
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595D11F91C3DDFEEAF" box="[636,660,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">s3</emphasis>
absent, setae
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595C59F91C3C06EEAF" box="[820,845,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">z2</emphasis>
present or absent,
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595B4BF91C3B00EEAC" box="[1062,1099,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">r -R</emphasis>
series hypertrichous; setae
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595AEBF91C3AD7EEAF" box="[1414,1436,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">j1</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595FA5F8F03FAAEF73" box="[200,225,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">z1</emphasis>
ventral; dorsal shields sometimes sexually dimorphic but always with series of pre-pygidial platelets and pygidial shield bearing setae
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595E84F8D43D4FEF14" box="[489,516,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">J5</emphasis>
flanked by small lateral shields bearing setae
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524873595B4DF8D43B75EF17" box="[1056,1086,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="442">Z4</emphasis>
. Anal region raised, with five circumanal setae.
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524873595E09F8AB3EBAEF3B" authorityName="Krefft" authorityYear="1871" box="[356,497,1873,1898]" class="Secernentea" family="Gnathostomatidae" genus="Gnathosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Gnathosoma</taxonomicName>
ventral, between first pair of legs, and protected dorsally by idiosoma. Chelicerae slender, elongate, with short digits, setiform pilus dentilis, without excrescences; cheliceral seta elongate, inserted laterally on fixed digit. Palpal setation, trochanter, femur, genu, tibia, respectively:
<date id="FF8F40CD524873595B19F8633BA3EFE3" box="[1140,1256,1945,1970]" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" value="2014-05-02" valueMax="2014-06-02" valueMin="2014-05-02">25614</date>
. Leg I slender, antenniform, without apotele; leg setation: coxae IIV, respectively: 2221; trochanters 6555; femora
<date id="FF8F40CD5248735A5A1FF8443FA6E8E1" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="1" pageNumber="442" value="2013-11-07" valueMax="2013-11-06" valueMin="2013-11-07">13 1176</date>
; genua:
<date id="FF8F40CD524B735A5E26FF623EADE8E1" box="[331,486,152,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="2013-11-10" valueMax="2013-11-10" valueMin="2013-11-10">13111010</date>
, formulas: 2 3/2, 3/1 2; 2 3/1, 2/1 2; 2 2/1, 2/1 2; 2 2/1, 3/1 1; tibiae 12/13 (±
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5A28FF623A26E8E1" box="[1349,1389,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">av2</emphasis>
)-
<date id="FF8F40CD524B735A5A13FF623F80E885" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" value="2010-09-10">10 9 10</date>
; formulas: 2 3/2, 3/1 2; 2 2/1, 2/1 2; 2 1/1, 2/1 2; 2 2/1, 2/1 2. Female with dorsal shield undivided, fused with or free from submarginal and marginal shields anteriorly, bearing nine pairs of setae (
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5BEFFF1A3BF0E8A9" box="[1154,1211,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">j3j6</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5BA0FF1A3A5BE8A9" box="[1229,1296,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">J1J4</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5A4CFF1A3A71E8A6" box="[1313,1338,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">z5</emphasis>
); lateral submarginal shields with four pairs of setae (
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5DE7FEFE3DE8E94C" box="[650,675,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">z6</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5DDDFEFE3DA1E94D" box="[688,746,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Z13</emphasis>
); setae
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5C52FEFE3CCBE94C" box="[831,896,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">s2s6</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5CE1FEFE3C98E94D" box="[908,979,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">S1S5</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5B65FEFF3B6EE94D" box="[1032,1061,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Z5</emphasis>
on marginal shield; sternal shield subdivided,
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5E4BFED23E0DE911" box="[294,326,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">st1</emphasis>
on jugularia or in soft cuticle;
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5DA7FED23DA7E911" box="[714,748,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">st2</emphasis>
on single plate;
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5CD1FED23CB2E911" box="[956,1017,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">st34</emphasis>
on 12 pairs of platelets; a single subtriangular genital shield with one pair of setae. Male genital opening intercoxal, covered by pair of sclerites;
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5A16FEB63AD7E935" box="[1403,1436,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">st1</emphasis>
on jugularia or in soft cuticle; chelicera without spermatodactyl; femur II and sometimes genu II with seta
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5A33FE8A3ACDE9D9" box="[1374,1414,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">av1</emphasis>
a blunt spur.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B3586524B735A5FAAFE4D3DB2EFC4" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8E660D524B735A5FAAFE4D3E0CEA6C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5FAAFE4D3E04E981" bold="true" box="[199,335,439,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Comments.</emphasis>
The setation of the legs and palps is mostly consistent throughout the family including the new taxa described below. The only variable seta is
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5DC7FE263D99E9A5" box="[682,722,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">av2</emphasis>
on femur I, which is absent in the new genus. However, Walter (1997) missed a small dorsal seta on trochanter III: the correct setation for trochanters I-IV, respectively, is 655 5, not 6545.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E660D524B735A5FAAFDBD3E65EB99" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
The spout-like gland openings are characteristic of the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5C3AFDBD3CB6EA31" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[855,1021,583,608]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
, but the number of well-developed protuberances varies interspecifically (710 spout-like protuberances;
<tableCitation id="C6B353B6524B735A5CC3FD963B4BEAD5" box="[942,1024,620,645]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,799,822]" captionText="TABLE 1. Modified pores in the Heatherellidae. Most are within spout-like protuberances but P-s5 can be a raised pustule, P-s4 can be an enlarged pore (possibly a small pustule) and P-s6 is sometimes a large pore similar in form to several other unmodified idiosomal pores (see Fig. 15). Variable states are in bold." pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The pores associated with setae
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5AEEFD963AD7EAD4" box="[1411,1436,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">s6</emphasis>
are sometimes indistinguishable from other large idiosomal pores (
<figureCitation id="130A7A88524B735A5CCFFD753CB2EAF9" box="[930,1017,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1930,1952]" captionTargetBox="[206,1367,343,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[195,1387,327,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 15. Heatherella callimaulos walter, 1997, female holotype, dorsum. First pair of tubercles are somewhat concealed. The only marginal seta shown is r1. Two types of pores: 12 pairs large (shaded grey) and ten pairs of smaller pores (unshaded). Platelets behind main dorsal shield not obvious (dotted lines)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1292201/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
); those associated with setae
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5A3BFD6A3A25EAF9" box="[1366,1390,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">s4</emphasis>
are sometimes enlarged pores and raised only slightly (
<figureCitation id="130A7A88524B735A5DB4FD4E3C66EA9C" box="[729,813,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1824,1846]" captionTargetBox="[171,1394,207,1773]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,193,1803]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 25. Aheatherella mira n. sp. male, dorsum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1292213/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
); while those associated with setae
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5BD0FD4F3B9DEA9D" box="[1213,1238,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">s5</emphasis>
often appear as a raised pustule (
<figureCitation id="130A7A88524B735A5E52FD2D3E89EAA1" box="[319,450,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 3437" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[326,1233,232,1771]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[309,1273,196,1784]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 3437. (34) Heatherella acanthocharis walter, 1997, dorsomarginal protuberances, pustules and pores of paratype female (P-s5 pustule; P-s6 pore; P-S1 protuberance), dorsal view of flattened specimen, right side; (35) Aheatherella mira n. sp., dorsomarginal protuberances, pustules and pores of paratype female (P-s5 pustule; P-s6 protuberance with closely associated seta), dorsal view of ventrolateral fragment with broken r-setae, left side; (36) Heatherella osleri n. sp., peritreme of paratype female (ventral view, right peritreme of mite); (37) Aheatherella mira n. sp. peritreme of paratype female (ventral view, left peritreme of mite; sclerotised eXopodal portion of eXopodal-peritrematal shield shaded)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1292223/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Figs 3435</figureCitation>
). This latter form appears similar to that found in the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5B7EFD2D3BC1EAA1" box="[1043,1162,727,752]" class="Arachnida" family="Epicriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Epicriidae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5BFEFD2D3A7FEAA1" box="[1171,1332,727,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref8616" refString="Alberti, G. (2013) Fine structure of the idiosomatic protuberances in the gamasid mite Epicrius mollis (Acari, Gamasida, Epicriidae). International Journal of Acarology, 39, 481 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647954.2013.823462" type="journal article">Alberti (2013)</bibRefCitation>
explored the fine structure of the single pair of idiosomatic protuberances in
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5CE5FD073BACEB44" authority="(Kramer, 1876)" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1876" baseAuthorityName="Kramer" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[904,1255,764,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Epicriidae" genus="Epicrius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mollis">
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5CE5FD073B79EB44" box="[904,1074,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Epicrius mollis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5B2CFD063B95EB44" box="[1089,1246,764,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref8912" refString="Kramer, P. (1876) Zur Naturgeschichte einiger Gattungen aus der Familie der Gamasiden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 42, 46 - 105." type="journal article">Kramer, 1876</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and pointed out the glandular nature of the pair he refers to as the pustule. Although they appear very similar in
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5BA4FCE53A26EB69" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[1225,1389,799,824]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5FFAFCBE3E46EB0C" box="[151,269,836,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Epicriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Epicriidae</taxonomicName>
, the pustules of
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5EA2FCBF3D7EEB0C" baseAuthorityName="Kramer" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[463,565,836,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Epicriidae" genus="Epicrius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mollis">
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5EA2FCBF3EABEB0D" box="[463,480,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">E</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5E9CFCBE3D7EEB0C" box="[497,565,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">mollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may not be homologous with those in the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5B42FCBE3B99EB0C" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[1071,1234,836,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
because they are unlikely to be derived from the same pore. The pustule of
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5C2DFC9D3CF8EBD1" box="[832,947,871,896]" class="Arachnida" family="Epicriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Epicriidae</taxonomicName>
lies behind seta
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5B15FC9D3BDAEBD1" box="[1144,1169,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">s6</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5BCFFC923A75EBD1" box="[1186,1342,871,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref9238" refString="Moraza, M. L. (2005) Revised diagnosis of Epicrius Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877 and description of four new species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Epicriidae). International Journal of Acarology, 31, 341 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647950508683674" type="journal article">Moraza 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5A21FC9D3F9AEBF5" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref8616" refString="Alberti, G. (2013) Fine structure of the idiosomatic protuberances in the gamasid mite Epicrius mollis (Acari, Gamasida, Epicriidae). International Journal of Acarology, 39, 481 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647954.2013.823462" type="journal article">Alberti 2013</bibRefCitation>
) but in the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5E3EFC763EB2EBF4" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[339,505,908,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
, the pustule-like structure is anterior to seta
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5C80FC763B4CEBF4" box="[1005,1031,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">s6</emphasis>
, and closely associated with seta
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5AEEFC773AD0EBF5" box="[1411,1435,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">s5</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="130A7A88524B735A5FF2FC553E69EB99" box="[159,290,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 3437" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1832,1854]" captionTargetBox="[326,1233,232,1771]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[309,1273,196,1784]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 3437. (34) Heatherella acanthocharis walter, 1997, dorsomarginal protuberances, pustules and pores of paratype female (P-s5 pustule; P-s6 pore; P-S1 protuberance), dorsal view of flattened specimen, right side; (35) Aheatherella mira n. sp., dorsomarginal protuberances, pustules and pores of paratype female (P-s5 pustule; P-s6 protuberance with closely associated seta), dorsal view of ventrolateral fragment with broken r-setae, left side; (36) Heatherella osleri n. sp., peritreme of paratype female (ventral view, right peritreme of mite); (37) Aheatherella mira n. sp. peritreme of paratype female (ventral view, left peritreme of mite; sclerotised eXopodal portion of eXopodal-peritrematal shield shaded)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1292223/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Figs 3435</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E660D524B735A5FAAFC2E3BABEC2C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
The classification of the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5EB0FC2E3DCBEBBC" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[477,640,980,1005]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
is problematic. Walter (1997) reasoned that the family belonged in the suborder Monogynaspida, and of its cohorts, regarded the family most closely related to the Epicriina,
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5FFAFBE63E64EC64" box="[151,303,1052,1077]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Microgyniina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Microgyniina</taxonomicName>
or Zerconina, but no synapomorphy could place the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5C10FBE63B6BEC64" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[893,1056,1052,1077]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
in any of these cohorts.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5A5CFBE63E67EC09" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref9097" refString="Lindquist, E. E., Krantz, G. w. &amp; walter, D. E. (2009 a) Classification. In: Krantz, G. w. &amp; walter, D. E. (Eds.), A Manual of Acarology. 3 rd Edition. TeXas Tech University Press, Lubbock, TeXas, pp. 97 - 103." type="book chapter">
Lindquist
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5FFAFBBB3F8CEC09" box="[151,199,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
. (2009a)
</bibRefCitation>
essentially followed Walter (1997) by classifying the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5CE8FBC53B63EC09" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[901,1064,1087,1112]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
in its own monogynaspid cohort, the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5FADFB9E3E11EC2C" box="[192,346,1124,1149]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Heatherellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Heatherellina</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5EFDFB9E3DD1EC2C" box="[400,666,1124,1149]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref9167" refString="Lindquist, E. E., Krantz, G. w. &amp; walter, D. E. (2009 b) Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G. w. &amp; walter, D. E. (Eds.), A Manual of Acarology. 3 rd Edition. TeXas Tech University Press, Lubbock, TeXas, pp. 124 - 232." type="book chapter">
Lindquist
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5D6FFB9F3D78EC2C" box="[514,563,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
. (2009b)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested a close relationship with the Epicrioidea.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E660D524B735A5FAAFB733AD9ED04" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
In regards to the Epicrioidea, and in contrast to the state of classification in 1997,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5BE7FB7D3AD7ECF1" box="[1162,1436,1159,1184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref9097" refString="Lindquist, E. E., Krantz, G. w. &amp; walter, D. E. (2009 a) Classification. In: Krantz, G. w. &amp; walter, D. E. (Eds.), A Manual of Acarology. 3 rd Edition. TeXas Tech University Press, Lubbock, TeXas, pp. 97 - 103." type="book chapter">
Lindquist
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5A6DFB733A78ECF1" box="[1280,1331,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
. (2009a)
</bibRefCitation>
treated the Epicriina and Zerconina as superfamilies of the Epicriiae, a subcohort of the cohort
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5B84FB563A16EC94" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1881" box="[1257,1373,1196,1221]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Gamasina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gamasina</taxonomicName>
. This classification is supported by molecular evidence, which placed the Epicriiae as the first branch within the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5FFAFB0E3E4CED5C" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,263,1268,1293]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Gamasina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gamasina</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5E78FB0E3EB4ED5D" box="[277,511,1268,1293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref8857" refString="Klompen, H., Lekveishvili, M. &amp; Black, w. C. (2007) Phylogeny of parasitiform mites (Acari) based on rRNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 936 - 951. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.10.024" type="journal article">
Klompen
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5EE8FB0F3EFFED5C" box="[389,436,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). This molecular evidence also excluded the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5C9CFB0E3BC2ED5C" box="[1009,1161,1268,1293]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Microgyniina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Microgyniina</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5BD2FB0E3A7CED5C" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1881" box="[1215,1335,1268,1293]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Uropodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Uropodina</taxonomicName>
from the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5FFAFAED3E40ED61" authorityName="Kramer" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,267,1303,1328]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraOrder="Gamasina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gamasina</taxonomicName>
. Thus, if the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5EF0FAED3D0BED61" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[413,576,1303,1328]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
share a sister-relationship with the Epicrioidea, then under the classification of
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5FD8FAC63EE5ED05" box="[181,430,1340,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref8857" refString="Klompen, H., Lekveishvili, M. &amp; Black, w. C. (2007) Phylogeny of parasitiform mites (Acari) based on rRNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 936 - 951. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.10.024" type="journal article">
Klompen
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5E49FAC73E1EED04" box="[292,341,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
. (2007)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5E89FAC63DBAED04" box="[484,753,1340,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref9167" refString="Lindquist, E. E., Krantz, G. w. &amp; walter, D. E. (2009 b) Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G. w. &amp; walter, D. E. (Eds.), A Manual of Acarology. 3 rd Edition. TeXas Tech University Press, Lubbock, TeXas, pp. 124 - 232." type="book chapter">
Lindquist
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5D3AFAC73DC3ED04" box="[599,648,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
. (2009b)
</bibRefCitation>
, the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5C48FAC63C83ED04" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[805,968,1340,1365]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
are gamasine mites within the Epicriiae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E660D524B735A5FAAFAA53E8AEEC9" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
Evidence for a Heatherellidae-Epicriidae sister relationship was provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5B2BFAA53A17ED29" box="[1094,1372,1375,1400]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref9167" refString="Lindquist, E. E., Krantz, G. w. &amp; walter, D. E. (2009 b) Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G. w. &amp; walter, D. E. (Eds.), A Manual of Acarology. 3 rd Edition. TeXas Tech University Press, Lubbock, TeXas, pp. 124 - 232." type="book chapter">
Lindquist
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5BD6FA9B3BBBED29" box="[1211,1264,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">et al</emphasis>
. (2009b)
</bibRefCitation>
, who noted the possible synapomorphies of a thick cerotegument (
<figureCitation id="130A7A88524B735A5CFFFA7E3B55EDCD" box="[914,1054,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 3031" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1814,1836]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,1302,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,1302,1788]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 3031. Heatherella acanthocharis walter, 1997, scanning electron micrographs. (30) idiosoma, showing sloughed certotegument, scale bar = 100 µm; (31) podonotum, with mostly intact cerotegument (fractured behind setae j3 and laterad z3)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1292219/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">Figs 3031</figureCitation>
), hypertrophied cheliceral seta, fragmented sternal shields and loss of the peritreme. Our new genus has a short but well-developed peritreme, thus eliminating this synapomorphy, although we note that the Epicriiae show considerable variation in peritreme development. Usually, nymphs have well-developed peritremes that are reduced, sometimes entirely, in adults (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5FF3F9EE3E03EE7D" box="[158,328,1556,1581]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref9537" refString="Solomon, L. (1978) Epicriidae from the Romanian fauna. Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Serie de Biologie Animale, 23, 9 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647959708683559" type="journal article">Solomon 1978</bibRefCitation>
; Lindquist &amp; Moraza 1998; Moraza &amp; Lindquist 1998).
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5CAAF9EE3B21EE7C" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[967,1130,1556,1581]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
also show this ontogenetic reduction. Deutonymphs of the new genus have long peritremes, which are greatly reduced in the adult, and some poorly preserved deutonymphs of
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5D78F9A73D9CEE24" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[533,727,1628,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" genus="Heatherella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acanthocharis">
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5D78F9A73D62EE25" box="[533,553,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">H</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5D5AF9A63D9CEE24" box="[567,727,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">acanthocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5C60F9A73CFAEE24" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[781,945,1628,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" genus="Heatherella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="callimaulos">
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5C60F9A73C6AEE25" box="[781,801,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">H</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5C43F9A63CFAEE24" box="[814,945,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">callimaulos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have short but distinct peritremes; these are obsolete in the adult stage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E660D524B735A5FAAF95E3DB2EFC4" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">
Further putative synapomorphies with the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5DD5F95E3C60EEEC" box="[696,811,1700,1725]" class="Arachnida" family="Epicriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Epicriidae</taxonomicName>
are the laterally placed cheliceral seta, leg I without apotele and, usually in
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5EF1F93D3D59EEB1" box="[412,530,1735,1760]" class="Arachnida" family="Epicriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Epicriidae</taxonomicName>
, a large, idiosomal pustule near seta
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5CDDF9323C82EE8E" box="[944,969,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">s5</emphasis>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFA01BFC524B735A5B68F93D3BD2EEB1" box="[1029,1177,1735,1760]" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" refId="ref8616" refString="Alberti, G. (2013) Fine structure of the idiosomatic protuberances in the gamasid mite Epicrius mollis (Acari, Gamasida, Epicriidae). International Journal of Acarology, 39, 481 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647954.2013.823462" type="journal article">Alberti 2013</bibRefCitation>
). The dorsal setation is also similar to some
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5EEDF9163D4AEF54" box="[384,513,1772,1797]" class="Arachnida" family="Zerconidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Zerconidae</taxonomicName>
, with a trend towards the marginal placement of the
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5B3DF9173B3FEF55" box="[1104,1140,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">z -Z</emphasis>
series (except
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5A71F9173A7EEF55" box="[1308,1333,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">z5</emphasis>
) close to the
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5FACF8EB3FA8EF76" box="[193,227,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">s -S</emphasis>
series, and hypertrichy in the
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5D56F8EB3D14EF79" box="[571,607,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">r -R</emphasis>
series. In three
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5C78F8F53CF3EF79" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[789,952,1807,1832]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
species this hypertrichy is similar to some
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5FFAF8CE3E5EEF1C" box="[151,277,1844,1869]" class="Arachnida" family="Zerconidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Zerconidae</taxonomicName>
in that the
<emphasis id="B945BA1F524B735A5EDBF8CF3E90EF1D" box="[438,475,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="443">r -R</emphasis>
setae are duplicated (i.e. there are 22 pairs). Therefore, we propose that the
<taxonomicName id="4C311D8E524B735A5FFAF8AD3E71EF21" authorityName="Walter" authorityYear="1997" box="[151,314,1879,1904]" class="Arachnida" family="Heatherellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heatherellidae</taxonomicName>
should be considered as a superfamily of the subcohort Epicriiae, and represent the only known southern hemisphere representatives of this subcohort.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>