264 lines
19 KiB
XML
264 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58b3b015-a919-456b-9175-f96878341e31" ID-PMC="PMC3497256" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-239-1" ID-PubMed="23226711" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-239-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 239" ModsDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres ( Cyamon and Trikentrion)" checkinTime="1451248578713" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Soest, Rob van, Carballo, Jose Luis & Hooper, John" docDate="2012" docId="78359B49EB343E5E5E50F53DA21E5307" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 239: 1-70" docOrigin="ZooKeys 239" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" docTitle="Cyamon amphipolyactinum Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="3639FF9B0F54FFEACF6A573ADC3CDF3D" masterDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1668154678110" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Soest, Rob van</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Carballo, Jose Luis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hooper, John</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>239</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>70</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-239-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037788" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3AD5636E-F603-4011-9967-F2DF5D32350A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/78359B49EB343E5E5E50F53DA21E5307" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3AD5636E-F603-4011-9967-F2DF5D32350A" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon amphipolyactinum" order="Axinellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="amphipolyactinum">Cyamon amphipolyactinum</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="11" pageNumber="12">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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, 5
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Type specimen: HolotypeZMA Por. 22412, encrusting a stone, preserved in alcohol.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Type locality: Mauritania, off Banc
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Arguin">d'Arguin</normalizedToken>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="19.0833">19.0833°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-16.4167">16.4167°W</geoCoordinate>
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, on sandstone ridge, dredged, 12-18 m. coll. R.W.M. van Soest & J.J. Vermeulen, Mauritania II Exped. Stat. 49, 11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–06–">-06-</normalizedToken>
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1988.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Encrusting a sandstone flake accompanied by several other encrustations (position of holotype indicated by arrow in Fig. 4A). Lateral size of holotype approximately 4x3 cm, thickness up to 3 mm. Color red in life, light orange brown in alcohol. Surface irregularly grooved and venous. Consistency soft, easily damaged.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Skeletal structure: A basal mass of polyactine spicules pierced by erect single or bundled thick styles, alternated by long thin styles protruding beyond the surface. At the periphery, the long styles are surrounded by bouquets of thin (tylo-)styles.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">Spicules</pageBreakToken>
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: of five types, long thin styles, short thin styles, short thick styles, large polyactines and small double polyactines.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Long thin styles (Figs 4B, B1), flexuous or curved snake-like, most were broken in the slides, size (based on 7 complete spicules): 1058
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1294.0–">-1294.0-</normalizedToken>
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1643
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–9.3–">-9.3-</normalizedToken>
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12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Short thin styles (Figs 4C, C1), curved, faintly tylote at the base, 288
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–374.9–">-374.9-</normalizedToken>
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456
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–3.2–">-3.2-</normalizedToken>
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4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Short thick styles (Figs 4D, D1), characteristically curved in the upper half, heads relatively thick with lower half narrowing strongly towards a sharp point, size varying strongly, 204
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–352.1–">-352.1-</normalizedToken>
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558
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–17.4–">-17.4-</normalizedToken>
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33
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Large polyactines (Figs 4E, E1), in full-grown condition with all cladi ending in prominent, heavily spined knobs (Fig. 4E1) except one, the basal cladus, which is bluntly pointed. Cladi are less heavily spined towards the centre and at low magnification appear smooth. Growth stages may be partly or entirely without spines, but they are recognizable as unfinished by their irregularly undulating surface. The number of cladi varies between three and seven. In the largest spicules the cladi may be occasionally bifid. Basal cladi usually slightly shorter than the remaining cladi. Overall length of cladi regardless of condition is 18-51
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3-10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Three-claded forms (rare), basal cladus 36-39
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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8-9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, lateral cladi 39-51
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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7-10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Four-claded forms (most common), basal cladus 18-51
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3-9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, lateral cladi 22-51
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3-9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Five-claded forms (also common), basal cladus 21-36
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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6-10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, lateral cladi 30-48
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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7-10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Six-claded forms (rare), basal cladus 21-36
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4-5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, lateral cladi 24-38
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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4-6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Small double polyactines (Figs 4E and F), here termed amphipolyactines as they are obviously proliferated at both ends of the basal cladus. At first glance they resemble amphiasters or metasters (family Pachastrellidae Carter, 1875), but when studied with SEM they are similar in structure and ornamentation to the larger polyactines, but lack the swollen apices of the cladi of the larger ones. Cladi number from 5 to 10 (average 6.4) and they are spined in full-grown condition, smooth when still unfinished. Longest axis, presumably homologous to the basal cladus, is 18-30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, cladi 9-24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1-3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon amphipolyactinum" order="Axinellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="amphipolyactinum">Cyamon amphipolyactinum</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., holotype ZMA Por. 22412, A shape (arrow) encrusting a fragment of sandstone (scale 1 cm) B long thin style B1 details of apices of long thin style C short thin style C1 details of apices of short thin style D short thick styles showing size variation D1 detail of head of short thick style E polyactines (three-, four-, five-, and seven-claded) and one amphipolyactine showing size differences E1 detail of bulbous end of lateral cladus F amphipolyactines full-grown and spined (left) next to incipient smooth spicule (right).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Figure 5. Map showing locality off the Mauritanian coast, where
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon amphipolyactinum" order="Axinellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="amphipolyactinum">Cyamon amphipolyactinum</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon arguinense" order="Axinellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arguinense">Cyamon arguinense</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. were collected during the Netherlands Mauritania II Expedition, June 1988.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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The name is an adjective that reflects the possession of unique small double polyactines, unprecedented in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
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and sponges in general.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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(Fig. 5). So far known only from the sandstone ridges of coastal flats of the Banc
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Arguin">d'Arguin</normalizedToken>
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, Mauritania, West Africa.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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In shallow-water (12-18 m), highly sedimented environments, in the company of many other sand dwelling sponges such as
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Ciocalypta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ciocalypta" order="Suberitida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Ciocalypta</taxonomicName>
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Bowerbank, 1862 and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polymastia" order="Polymastiida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Polymastia</taxonomicName>
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Bowerbank, 1864 (cf.
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<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" editor="Wolff, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="95 - 106" title="Distribution of sponges on the Mauritanian continental shelf." volume="258" volumeTitle="Ecological Studies in the Coastal Waters of Mauritania." year="1993">Van Soest 1993</bibRefCitation>
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: Pl. I fig. a).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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The new species stands out among all described
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon" order="Axinellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Cyamon</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
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species by having unique double micro-polyactines. Further striking characters of the new species are the prominent heavily spined bulbous knobs of the large po
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<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">lyactines</pageBreakToken>
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, which are only similarly developed in Californian
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon koltuni" order="Axinellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="koltuni">Cyamon koltuni</taxonomicName>
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Sim & Bakus, 1986, and the high frequency of five-claded polyactines, which has been to that extent reported only for
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon quinqueradiatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="quinqueradiatum">Cyamon quinqueradiatum</taxonomicName>
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(Carter, 1880) and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon koltuni" order="Axinellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="koltuni">Cyamon koltuni</taxonomicName>
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. The structure of the skeleton and the overall spiculation is shared with the type species of the genus,
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon vickersii" order="Axinellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vickersii">Cyamon vickersii</taxonomicName>
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and its close relative
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon agnani" order="Axinellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agnani">Cyamon agnani</taxonomicName>
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. Differences are the sizes of the spicules and the less prominent bulbous knobs on the cladi of the polyactines in the latter two species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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The remaining species appear more distinct with differences in the megascleres (apparent lack of thin styles in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon spinispinosum" order="Axinellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="spinispinosum">Cyamon spinispinosum</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon koltuni" order="Axinellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="koltuni">Cyamon koltuni</taxonomicName>
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), or the polyactine spicules (predominantly three cladi in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon neon" order="Axinellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="neon">Cyamon neon</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon argon" order="Axinellida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="argon">Cyamon argon</taxonomicName>
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, smooth cladi except basal
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<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">cladus</pageBreakToken>
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in C. quinqueradiatum and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon arguinense" order="Axinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="arguinense">Cyamon arguinense</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., irregular polyactines in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon spinispinosum" order="Axinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="spinispinosum">Cyamon spinispinosum</taxonomicName>
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, lack of bulbous endings of the cladi and more densely overall spined in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon quadriradiatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="quadriradiatum">Cyamon quadriradiatum</taxonomicName>
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(Carter, 1880), and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon aruense" order="Axinellida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aruense">Cyamon aruense</taxonomicName>
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Hentschel, 1912).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |