271 lines
36 KiB
XML
271 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f37895dc-7316-48e6-ac3e-901aa5f79eeb" ID-PMC="PMC4982377" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-608-1" ID-PubMed="27559303" ID-ZBK="F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-608-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 608" ModsDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" checkinTime="1470408253360" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Borowiec, Marek L." docDate="2016" docId="159C422D2E915B699F9570CABB377B49" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 608: 1-280" docOrigin="ZooKeys 608" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" docTitle="Eusphinctus Emery 1893, gen. rev." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="D563FF93FFEAD163FF9A3E6FFFDDF937" masterDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="280" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="117" updateTime="1668163389984" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Borowiec, Marek L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>608</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>280</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-608-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127875748" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:159C422D2E915B699F9570CABB377B49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/159C422D2E915B699F9570CABB377B49" lastPageId="120" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
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<subSubSection pageId="116" pageNumber="117" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="116" pageNumber="117" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
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<taxonomicName authority="Emery, 1893 a" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus Emery, 1893a</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="116" pageNumber="117">gen. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="116" pageNumber="117" type="type-species">
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<paragraph pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Type-species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">Eusphinctus furcatus</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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is a species-poor South East Asian genus with apparently small colonies.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="117" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="116" pageNumber="117">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
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Worker.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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workers belong to dorylines with conspicuous gastral constrictions visible between abdominal segments IV, V, and VI. This morphology is also seen in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictogiton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictogiton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictogiton</taxonomicName>
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, certain species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptanilloides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leptanilloides</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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is unique in the combination of propodeal spiracle situated low on the sclerite and propodeal lobes present, a large pygidium armed with modified setae, pronotomesopleural Pronotomesopleural suture present, and cinctus of abdominal segment IV simple and not cross-ribbed. This genus is thus far known only from India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand and the only lineage with gastral constriction that is currently known to overlap with it is
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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. In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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the pronotomesopleural Pronotomesopleural suture is fused, in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictogiton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictogiton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictogiton</taxonomicName>
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the propodeal spiracle is positioned high and there are no propodeal lobes,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptanilloides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leptanilloides</taxonomicName>
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has a reduced and unarmed pygidium, and the neotropical
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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has 12-segmented antennae and the cinctus on abdominal segment IV smooth. The relative proportions of abdominal segments are also different, with segments IV, V, and VI being about equal in size in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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, while in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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segment IV is the largest of the three.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="117" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="116" pageNumber="117">
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Male. The male of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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can be recognized by a combination of 12-segmented antennae, pronounced propodeal lobes, narrow axial helcium, conspicuous constrictions present between abdominal segments IV, V, and VI, costal (C) cell present in
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<pageBreakToken pageId="117" pageNumber="118" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
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fore wing, submarginal cell closed by Rs·f2-3, R·f3 present past pterostigma, and marginal cell open. Abdominal sternite IX (subgenital plate) in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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gradually tapers caudad and has simple, straight spines directed posteriorly.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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also have constrictions between abdominal segments IV, V, and VI but the former always has 13-segmented antennae and the latter lacks veins C and R·f3 in the fore wing.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="118" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
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Worker.Head: Antennae with 11 segments. Apical antennal segment moderately enlarged, broader than and about equal in length to two preceding segments combined. Clypeus without cuticular apron. Lateroclypeal teeth present.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
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reduced. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Antennal scrobes absent. Labrum unknown. Proximal face of stipes unknown. Maxillary palps unknown. Labial palps unknown. Mandibles triangular, with teeth. Eyes present, composed of fewer than five ommatidia. Ocelli absent. Head capsule with differentiated vertical posterior surface above occipital foramen. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Posterior head corners dorsolaterally immarginate. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally present. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange separated from collar by distinct ridge. Promesonotal connection with Pronotomesopleural suture completely fused.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Pronotomesopleural" lsidName="Pronotomesopleural suture" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suture">Pronotomesopleural suture</taxonomicName>
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visible, unfused up to notal surface.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Mesometapleural" lsidName="Mesometapleural groove" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">Mesometapleural groove</taxonomicName>
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weakly impressed. Transverse
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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dividing mesopleuron present. Pleural endophragmal pit concavity present. Mesosoma dorsolaterally immarginate. Metanotal depression or
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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on mesosoma absent. Propodeal spiracle situated low on sclerite. Propodeal declivity with distinct dorsal edge or margin and rectangular in posterior view. Metapleural gland without bulla visible through cuticle. Propodeal lobes present, well developed. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle marginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at posttergite and axial. Prora forming a simple U-shaped margin. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
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circular. Abdominal segment III anterodorsally immarginate and dorsolaterally immarginate. Abdominal segment III more than half size of succeeding segment IV, which is weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like, not sculptured. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal tergite IV not folding over sternite, and anterior portions of sternite and tergite equally well visible in lateral view. Girdling constriction between pre- and posttergites of abdominal segments V and VI present. Girdling constriction between pre- and poststernites of abdominal segments V and VI present. Pygidium large, with impressed medial field, armed with modified setae, and deeply notched at apex. Hypopygium unarmed. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind basitarsus not widening distally, circular in cross-section. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland absent. Metabasitarsal gland absent. Hind pretarsal claws simple. Polymorphism: Monomorphic.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="118" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
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Male.Head: Antennae with 12 segments. Clypeus with cuticular apron.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
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absent. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Maxillary palps unknown.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="118" pageNumber="119" start="start">Labial</pageBreakToken>
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palps unknown. Mandibles triangular, edentate. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally present. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange not separated from collar by distinct ridge.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Notauli" lsidName="Notauli" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Notauli</taxonomicName>
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present. Transverse
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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dividing mesopleuron present. Propodeal declivity with distinct dorsal edge or margin. Metapleural gland opening absent. Propodeal lobes present. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle marginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at posttergite and supraaxial. Prora forming a V-shaped protrusion. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
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circular. Abdominal segment III more than half size of succeeding segment IV; latter weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like, not sculptured. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of abdominal segments V and VI present. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal sternite VII simple. Abdominal sternite IX distally armed with two spines, with lateral apodemes about as long as medial apodeme, directed anteriorly (towards head). Genitalia: Cupula long relative to rest of genital capsule and of approximately equal length on both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Basimere broadly fused to telomere, with sulcus discernable at junction, and ventrally with left and right arms abutting. Telomere gradually tapering toward apex.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mytilidae" genus="Volsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volsella" order="Mytilida" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Volsella</taxonomicName>
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narrow, hook-shaped. Penisvalva laterally compressed, rounded at apex. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland absent. Metabasitarsal glands absent. Hind pretarsal claws simple. Wings: Tegula present, broad, demiovate in shape. Vein C in fore wing present. Pterostigma broad. Abscissa R·f3 absent. Abscissae Rs·f2-3 present, disconnected from Rs+M. Cross-vein 2r-rs present, differentiated from Rs·f4 by presence of Rs·f2-3. Abscissae Rs·f4-5 present, fused in absence of 2rs-m. Abscissa M·f2 in fore wing contiguous with Rs+M. Abscissa M·f4 in fore wing present, reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1m-cu in fore wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in fore wing present, arising from Cu and distal to, at or near M·f1. Vein Cu in fore wing present, with only Cu1 branch prominent. Vein A in fore wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present. Vein C in hind wing absent. Vein R in hind wing absent. Vein Sc+R in hind wing present. Abscissa Rs·f1 in hind wing present, shorter than 1rs-m. Abscissa Rs·f2 in hind wing absent. Cross-vein 1rs-m in hind wing fused with M·f1. Vein M+Cu in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f1 in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f2 in hind wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in hind wing present. Vein Cu in hind wing present. Vein A in hind wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
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Gyne. Ergatoid, 'scarcely different in size from the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="workers’">workers'</normalizedToken>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown 1975</bibRefCitation>
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) except slightly larger eyes and wider abdominal segment II (petiole). Presence of ocelli unknown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Larva. Larva not known. Presence of cocoons unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="118" pageNumber="119" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Indomalayan, known from India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="119" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" type="taxonomy and phylogeny">
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<paragraph pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Taxonomy and phylogeny.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="119" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
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Based on morphological and molecular evidence (Borowiec in prep.), I revive
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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from synonymy with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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. The
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<pageBreakToken pageId="119" pageNumber="120" start="start">taxonomic</pageBreakToken>
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history of taxa classified under
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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is somewhat complicated. Detailed discussions can be found in
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<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" pagination="215 - 265" title="The Australian ants of the ponerine tribe Cerapachyini." url="10.2307/25129989" volume="53" year="1918">Wheeler (1918)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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, and I only briefly recount the history of taxonomic changes to provide a background for an arrangement proposed here. The genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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was established by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koeniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" pagination="885 - 908" title="Diagnosen neuer und wenig gekannter Formiciden." url="10.5962/bhl.part.20570" volume="16" year="1866 b">Mayr (1866b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based on a single dealate gyne specimen from Brazil. Mayr emphasized the prominent constrictions between abdominal segments present in the specimen in the description, which gave inspiration for the name. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Bimensuel de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="196" pageNumber="197" pagination="cclxxv - cclxxvii" volume="1892" year="1893 a">Emery (1893a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a new genus from Myanmar,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, for an ant with similar constrictions. Other species from the Old World followed, described under either name. Wheeler in 1918 decided (after
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Andre, E" journalOrPublisher="Revue d'Entomologie (Caen)" pageId="189" pageNumber="190" pagination="205 - 208" title="Description d'un genre nouveau et de deux especes nouvelles de fourmis d'Australie." volume="24" year="1905">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="André">Andre</normalizedToken>
|
||
1905
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to reserve
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
for all New World forms and further split
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
into three subgenera,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
s. str.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nothosphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nothosphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nothosphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, according to various combinations of the gyne morphology, number of antennal segments (11 or 12), and presence or absence of eyes in the worker.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the taxonomic history of the genus and all of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wheeler’s">Wheeler's</normalizedToken>
|
||
characters in detail. He pointed out that the characters used to differentiate these vary and the combinations enumerated by Wheeler do not hold as generic diagnoses with newly discovered species. Brown thus concluded that it was most sensible to synonymize all the genus-level names under
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
until more evidence, particularly from male morphology, was gathered. However, he allowed for a possibility that two species,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">Eusphinctus furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus taylori" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taylori">Eusphinctus taylori</taxonomicName>
|
||
indeed deserved a separate generic status (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
Here I propose a new classification where all the New World species are retained in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while most of the described Old World forms are relegated to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The two remaining above mentioned Old World species are separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Molecular data shows that all three genera arose independently on the dorylomorph tree (see Figure 1; Borowiec, in prep.). Despite sharing characteristic gastral constrictions, these lineages are also discrete in worker and male morphology (see diagnosis above). Both morphology and molecules support the notion that abdominal constrictions have been independently derived several times in the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" lsidName="" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Dorylinae">Dorylinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
: in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and also in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aenictogiton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aenictogiton" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aenictogiton</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptanilloides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leptanilloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to a clade that also includes
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Borowiec, in prep.). The members of this clade share the universal reduction in the number of antennal segments, from 12 to 11 or fewer in the worker caste and from 13 to 12 or fewer in males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
There are only two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both quite similar, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown (1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 75) allowed the possibility that specimens described as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus taylori" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taylori">Eusphinctus taylori</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be just small workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">Eusphinctus furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but he decided not to synonymize them until more specimens are available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="119" pageNumber="120" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
|
||
A. B. Soans and W. L. Brown collected two colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">Eusphinctus furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Kottiyoor, Kerala, India. One was located in leaf litter near a rotting log and the other one was found under a stone in a shaded creek bottom. There were about 50 workers in each of the observed nests, and one colony contained two ergatoid gynes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="species of eusphinctus">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="120" pageNumber="121" start="start">Species</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus furcatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcatus">Eusphinctus furcatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Emery, 1893a: Myanmar, comb. rev.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus taylori" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taylori">Eusphinctus taylori</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forel, 1900b): Bangladesh, India, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |