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34 KiB
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231 lines
34 KiB
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<document id="9124FED1B49F63ED0E04AB2E9E6EF3D8" ID-CLB-Dataset="7860" ID-DOI="10.1206/3926.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45088234-aee2-4d14-b8b7-484df11670ce" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4566400" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614361801433" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cole, Charles J. & Hardy, Laurence M." docDate="2019" docId="AB7487A6FFEABD57FEB9FF6A2AE8F947" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2019.3926.1-13.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2019 (3926)" docSource="https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2019/issue-3926/3926.1/Karyotypes-of-Six-Species-of-Colubrid-Snakes-from-the-Western/10.1206/3926.1.full" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Lampropeltini Dowling 1975" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="574DFFDEFFEFBD52FFA1FF8B2B21FFF9" masterDocTitle="Karyotypes of Six Species of Colubrid Snakes from the Western Hemisphere, and the 140 - Million-Year-Old Ancestral Karyotype of Serpentes" masterLastPageNumber="16" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698931436940" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E8BA099343787BA85F9FC844CA6F9420">Karyotypes of Six Species of Colubrid Snakes from the Western Hemisphere, and the 140 - Million-Year-Old Ancestral Karyotype of Serpentes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AF419B2A41158EED7860FF5A8D8F5569">Cole, Charles J.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="AB7487A6FFEABD57FEB9FF6A2AE8F947" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4588553" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180301684" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4588553" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB7487A6FFEABD57FEB9FF6A2AE8F947" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB7487A6FFEABD57FEB9FF6A2AE8F947" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="6BC7653BFFEABD57FEB9FF6A2F31FF02" box="[280,1040,225,252]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="236236B0FFEABD57FEB9FF6A2F31FF02" blockId="5.[280,1040,225,252]" box="[280,1040,225,252]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="782A81DCFFEABD57FEB9FF6A2F31FF02" allCaps="true" box="[280,1040,225,252]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
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COMPARISONS WITHIN
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<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FD8AFF6A29C8FF02" authorityName="Dowling" authorityYear="1975" box="[555,745,225,251]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Lampropeltini">LAMPROPELTINI</taxonomicName>
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AND OTHER COLUBRIDS
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6BC7653BFFEABD57FF3DFE922AE8F947" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
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<paragraph id="236236B0FFEABD57FF3DFE922A3EFB06" blockId="5.[108,1214,281,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Representatives of nearly all genera of the
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<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FD2CFE922814FECA" authorityName="Dowling" authorityYear="1975" box="[653,821,281,307]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Lampropeltini">Lampropeltini</taxonomicName>
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have been karyotyped, including
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<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FFCCFEB42851FEA0" box="[109,880,319,345]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FFCCFEB42BEEFEA0" box="[109,207,319,345]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Arizona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arizona</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FF43FEB42A51FEA0" authorityName="Dowling & R.Price" authorityYear="1988" box="[226,368,319,345]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Bogertophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bogertophis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FE23FEB4292FFEA0" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1860" box="[386,526,319,345]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Cemophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cemophora</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FD81FEB4299DFEA0" box="[544,700,319,345]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lampropeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lampropeltis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FD6EFEB4284DFEA0" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[719,876,319,345]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Pantherophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pantherophis</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FC18FEB42F09FEA0" authorityName="Holbrook" authorityYear="1842" box="[953,1064,319,345]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Pituophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FC18FEB42F09FEA0" box="[953,1064,319,345]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pituophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This clade diverged from other Colubrids about 24.5 mybp (million years before the present;
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<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FBE1FEEE2A05FE5A" author="Pyron, R. A. & F. T. Burbrink" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="524 - 529" refId="ref5990" refString="Pyron, R. A., and F. T. Burbrink. 2009. Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 524 - 529." type="journal article" year="2009">Pyron and Burbrink, 2009</bibRefCitation>
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; note that dates for nodes within phylogenies are estimates). Nearly all these snakes share a basic karyotype extremely similar to that of
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<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FC8CFE242F6DFE30" box="[813,1100,431,457]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lampropeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangulum">
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<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FC8CFE242F6DFE30" box="[813,1100,431,457]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lampropeltis triangulum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="BBE62A35FFEABD57FBFAFE242F8CFE30" box="[1115,1197,431,457]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[108,194,1394,1415]" captionTargetBox="[111,1212,230,1357]" captionTargetId="figure-166@3.[108,1212,224,1365]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Snake chromosomes. A. Karyotype of Cemophora coccinea (2n = 34, with 16 macrochromosomes and 18 microchromosomes), AMNH R-107321, male, with homomorphic sex chromosomes, ZZ. B. Heteromorphic pair of sex chromosomes (ZW) from a female Cemophora coccinea, AMNH R-110750. Scale bar = 10 µm. C. Karyotype of Lampropeltis triangulum (2n = 36, with 16 macrochromosomes and 20 microchromosomes), AMNH R-109512, male, with one more pair of microchromosomes (arrow) than in A, with C representing the ancestral karyotype of colubroids." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4566402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4566402/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">fig. 1C</figureCitation>
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), but with variation in centromere position on one or a few of the smaller macrochromosomes. The similarities include the following details: diploid chromosome number; number of macro-and microchromosomes; and relative sizes and centromere positions on nearly all the macro-chromosomes, including chromosome 6 being telocentric. This condition is shared by a great number of species of colubroids from around the world that have been karyotyped, with minor variation (e.g., see karyotypes in
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<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FE4BFD042954FD50" author="Kobel, H. R." box="[490,629,655,681]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref5601" refString="Kobel, H. R. 1967. Morphometrische karyotypanalyse eineger Schlangen-arten. Genetica 8: 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1967">Kobel, 1967</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FD20FD0428AFFD50" author="Becak, W. & M. L. Becak" box="[641,910,655,681]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="247 - 262" refId="ref4700" refString="Becak, W., and M. L. Becak. 1969. Cytotaxonomy and chromosomal evolution in Serpentes. Cytogenetics 8: 247 - 262." type="journal article" year="1969">Becak and Becak, 1969</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FC38FD042F56FD50" author="Bianchi, N. O. & W. Becak & M. S. A. de Bianchi & M. L. Becak & M. N. Rabello" box="[921,1143,655,681]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="188 - 200" refId="ref4728" refString="Bianchi, N. O., W. Becak, M. S. A. de Bianchi, M. L. Becak, and M. N. Rabello. 1969. Chromosome replication in four species of snakes. Chromosoma 26: 188 - 200." type="journal article" year="1969">Bianchi et al., 1969</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FB22FD042BD0FD37" author="Bury, R. B. & F. Gress & G. C. Gorman" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="461 - 466" refId="ref4873" refString="Bury, R. B., F. Gress, and G. C. Gorman. 1970. Karyotypic survey of some colubrid snakes from western North America. Herpetologica 26: 461 - 466." type="journal article" year="1970">
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<collectingRegion id="E119F852FFEABD57FB22FD042F9CFD50" box="[1155,1213,655,681]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bury" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bury</collectingRegion>
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et al., 1970
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FF5EFD3E2AA0FD37" author="Dutt, K." box="[255,385,692,719]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="455 - 464" refId="ref5150" refString="Dutt, K. 1970. Chromosome variation in two populations of Xenochrophis piscator Schn. from north and south India (Serpentes, Colubridae). Cytologia 35: 455 - 464." type="journal article" year="1970">Dutt, 1970</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FE2FFD3F296CFD37" author="Itoh, I. & M. Sasaki & S. Makino" box="[398,589,692,719]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="121 - 128" refId="ref5523" refString="Itoh, I., M. Sasaki, and S. Makino. 1970. The chromosomes of some Japanese snakes, with special regard to sexual dimorphism. Japanese Journal of Genetics 45: 121 - 128." type="journal article" year="1970">Itoh et al., 1970</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FDFAFD3F280FFD37" author="Baker, R. J. & G. A. Mengden & J. J. Bull" box="[603,814,692,719]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="257 - 265" refId="ref4661" refString="Baker, R. J., G. A. Mengden, and J. J. Bull. 1972. Karyotypic studies of 38 species of North American snakes. Copeia 1972: 257 - 265." type="journal article" year="1972">Baker et al., 1972</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FD23FD512812FD0A" author="De Smet, W. H. O." box="[642,819,729,756]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="85 - 118" refId="ref5121" refString="De Smet, W. H. O. 1978. The chromosomes of 23 species of snakes. Acta Zoologica Pathologica Antverpiensia 70: 85 - 118." type="journal article" year="1978">De Smet, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FFCCFCAF2A02FCC7" author="Wei, G. & N. Xu & J. Wang & D. Li" box="[109,291,804,831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="151 - 155" refId="ref6355" refString="Wei, G., N. Xu, J. Wang, and D. Li. 1992. Karyotype, C-band and Ag-NORs of Elaphe mandarina. Snake 24: 151 - 155." type="journal article" year="1992">Wei et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FE8EFCAF2ADCFCC7" author="Aprea, G. & G. Odierna & F. Andreone & F. Glaw & M. Vences" box="[303,509,804,831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="215 - 219" refId="ref4567" refString="Aprea, G., G. Odierna, F. Andreone, F. Glaw, and M. Vences. 2003. Unusual karyotype in the Malagasy colubrid snake Mimophis mahfalensis. Amphibia-Reptilia 24: 215 - 219." type="journal article" year="2003">Aprea et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FDA8FCAF282FFCC7" author="Matsubara, K." box="[521,782,804,831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="18190 - 18195" refId="ref5621" refString="Matsubara, K., et al. 2006. Evidence for different origin of sex chromosomes in snakes, birds, and mammals and step-wise differentiation of snake sex chromosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103: 18190 - 18195." type="journal article" year="2006">Matsubara et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FCB8FCAF2F15FCC7" author="Mezzasalma, M." box="[793,1076,804,831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="450 - 460" refId="ref5766" refString="Mezzasalma, M., et al. 2014. Chromosome evolution in pseudoxyrhophiine snakes from Madagascar: a wide range of karyotypic variability. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 112: 450 - 460." type="journal article" year="2014">Mezzasalma et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Neverthe-less, some species have strikingly different karyotypes (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FC8FFCC22F1CFC9A" baseAuthorityName="A.Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[814,1085,841,867]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Bogertophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subocularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FC8FFCC22F1CFC9A" box="[814,1085,841,867]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bogertophis subocularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FBD9FCC22BCDFC70" author="Baker, R. J. & J. J. Bull & G. A. Mengden" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1228 - 1229" refId="ref4608" refString="Baker, R. J., J. J. Bull, and G. A. Mengden. 1971. Chromosomes of Elaphe subocularis (Reptilia: Serpentes), with the description of an in vivo technique for preparation of snake chromosomes. Experientia 27: 1228 - 1229." type="journal article" year="1971">Baker et al., 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Even so, the basic shared karyotype occurs in the species representing the ancestral form (see below), most of the recently derived forms, and the vast majority of the species. In the phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FEC7FC32292FFC2A" authorityName="Dowling" authorityYear="1975" box="[358,526,953,979]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Lampropeltini">Lampropeltini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FDBCFC322877FC2A" author="Pyron, R. A. & F. T. Burbrink" box="[541,854,953,979]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="524 - 529" refId="ref5990" refString="Pyron, R. A., and F. T. Burbrink. 2009. Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 524 - 529." type="journal article" year="2009">Pyron and Burbrink, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FCC3FC312F12FC2A" author="Pyron, R. A. & F. T. Burbrink & J. J. Wiens" box="[866,1075,953,980]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="93" refId="ref6106" refString="Pyron, R. A., F. T. Burbrink, and J. J. Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 2013 13: 93." type="journal article" year="2013">Pyron et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FF10FC542A2CFC00" box="[177,269,991,1017]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Arizona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FF10FC542A2CFC00" box="[177,269,991,1017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Arizona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FEE7FC542AF6FC00" authorityName="Baird & Girard" authorityYear="1853" box="[326,471,991,1017]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Rhinocheilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FEE7FC542AF6FC00" box="[326,471,991,1017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Rhinocheilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently split off prior to the common ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FB96FC542F9AFC00" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1860" box="[1079,1211,991,1017]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Cemophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FB96FC542F9AFC00" box="[1079,1211,991,1017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cemophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FF03FB8F2A16FBE7" box="[162,311,1028,1054]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lampropeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FF03FB8F2A16FBE7" box="[162,311,1028,1054]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lampropeltis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so it appears as if the shift in centromere position on chromosome 6 and apparent loss of a pair of chromosomes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FDC8FBA229CEFBBA" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1860" box="[617,751,1065,1091]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Cemophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FDC8FBA229CEFBBA" box="[617,751,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cemophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred after the clade to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FB99FBA22F9FFBBA" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1860" box="[1080,1214,1065,1091]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Cemophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FB99FBA22F9FFBBA" box="[1080,1214,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cemophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diverged. In fact,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FE98FBC42AF0FB93" author="Kobel, H. R." box="[313,465,1103,1130]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref5601" refString="Kobel, H. R. 1967. Morphometrische karyotypanalyse eineger Schlangen-arten. Genetica 8: 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1967">Kobel (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FDADFBC429C5FB90" author="Aprea, G. & G. Odierna & F. Andreone & F. Glaw & M. Vences" box="[524,740,1103,1129]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="215 - 219" refId="ref4567" refString="Aprea, G., G. Odierna, F. Andreone, F. Glaw, and M. Vences. 2003. Unusual karyotype in the Malagasy colubrid snake Mimophis mahfalensis. Amphibia-Reptilia 24: 215 - 219." type="journal article" year="2003">Aprea et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the basic karyotype of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FFCCFBFF2A34FB77" authorityName="Dowling" authorityYear="1975" box="[109,277,1140,1166]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Lampropeltini">Lampropeltini</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in the European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FD91FBFF282EFB77" box="[560,783,1140,1166]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coronella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="austriaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FD91FBFF282EFB77" box="[560,783,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coronella austriaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the detail of chromosome 6 being telocentric. This species was used as the outgroup by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FCC7FB112F96FB4A" author="Pyron, R. A. & F. T. Burbrink" box="[870,1207,1177,1204]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="524 - 529" refId="ref5990" refString="Pyron, R. A., and F. T. Burbrink. 2009. Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52: 524 - 529." type="journal article" year="2009">Pyron and Burbrink (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which, if correct, extends existence of the same ancestral karyotype back to approximately 24 mybp or more.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="236236B0FFEABD57FF3DFA822AE8F947" blockId="5.[108,1214,281,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Looking further back throughout the phylogeny of Colubroidea to the common ancestor with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FF74FAA42A69FAB0" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[213,328,1327,1353]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Viperidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FE20FAA42ADCFAB0" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1956" box="[385,509,1327,1353]" class="Reptilia" family="Pareatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pareatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to more than approximately 75 mybp (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FC68FAA42B88FA97" author="Pyron, R. A. & F. T. Burbrink" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="163 - 178" refId="ref6032" refString="Pyron, R. A., and F. T. Burbrink. 2012. Extinction, ecological opportunity, and the origins of global snake diversity. Evolution 66: 163 - 178." type="journal article" year="2012">Pyron and Burbrink, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the majority of the known karyotypes remain similar again, although with some differences in centromere positions on chromosomes 5–8 and more frequent divergence from having 20 microchromosomes (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FE67FA1429A8FA40" author="Yang, Y. & F. Zhang & E. Zhao" box="[454,649,1439,1465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="46 - 54" refId="ref6508" refString="Yang, Y., F. Zhang, and E. Zhao. 1989. Karyotypic analyses of four species in four genera of colubrid snakes. Chinese Herpetological Research 2: 46 - 54." type="journal article" year="1989">Yang et al., 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and other references above). Nevertheless,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FB31FA142B9AFA27" author="Ota, H." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="16 - 18" refId="ref5857" refString="Ota, H. 1999. Karyotype of Pareas iwasakii: the first chromosomal description of a pareatine snake (Colubridae). Japanese Journal of Herpetology 18: 16 - 18." type="journal article" year="1999">Ota (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FE97FA4E2ACAFA27" baseAuthorityName="Maki" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[310,491,1476,1502]" class="Reptilia" family="Pareatidae" genus="Pareas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iwasakii">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FE97FA4E2ACAFA27" box="[310,491,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pareas iwasakii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(representing the related family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FCDDFA4F28D8FA26" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1956" box="[892,1017,1476,1503]" class="Reptilia" family="Pareatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pareatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) the same basic karyotype as occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FE21FA6229BFF9FA" box="[384,670,1513,1539]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Lampropeltis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="triangulum">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FE21FA6229BFF9FA" box="[384,670,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lampropeltis triangulum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it was also found in 41 out of 43 species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FF1BF9842A0EF9D0" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[186,303,1551,1577]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Viperidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, representing diverse genera from several continents (see literature review by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FFCCF9BF2BD1F9B7" author="Cole, C. J." box="[109,240,1588,1614]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="533 - 538" refId="ref4942" refString="Cole, C. J. 1990. Chromosomes of Agkistrodon and other viperid snakes. In H. K. Gloyd and R. Conant, Snakes of the Agkistrodon complex: a monographic review. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Contribution in Herpetology 6: 533 - 538." type="journal article" year="1990">Cole, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The same basic karyotype was also found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FCBEF9BF2F24F9B7" box="[799,1029,1588,1614]" class="Reptilia" family="Homalopsidae" genus="Homalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buccata">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FCBEF9BF2F24F9B7" box="[799,1029,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Homalopsis buccata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FB90F9BF2BC3F98A" author="Pinthong, K." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="141 - 150" refId="ref5948" refString="Pinthong, K., et al. 2013. First cytogenetic study of puff-faced water snake, Homalopsis buccata (Squamata, Colubridae) by conventional staining, Ag-NOR banding and GTG-banding techniques. Cytologia 78: 141 - 150." type="journal article" year="2013">Pinthong et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Deviations from this ancestral karyotype, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4DD4D33FFEABD57FC87F9D228FEF98A" box="[806,991,1625,1651]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Oxybelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aeneus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11A9EAA2FFEABD57FC87F9D228FEF98A" box="[806,991,1625,1651]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Oxybelis aeneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported here and in North American natricines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FE7EF9F42991F960" author="Baker, R. J. & G. A. Mengden & J. J. Bull" box="[479,688,1663,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="257 - 265" refId="ref4661" refString="Baker, R. J., G. A. Mengden, and J. J. Bull. 1972. Karyotypic studies of 38 species of North American snakes. Copeia 1972: 257 - 265." type="journal article" year="1972">Baker et al., 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="474C4B41FFEABD57FD1DF9F42871F960" author="Eberle, W. G." box="[700,848,1663,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="98 - 105" refId="ref5184" refString="Eberle, W. G. 1972. Comparative chromosomal morphology of the New World natricine snake genera Natrix and Regina. Herpetologica 28: 98 - 105." type="journal article" year="1972">Eberle, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) appear to be recent modifications on a few specific clades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |