587 lines
68 KiB
XML
587 lines
68 KiB
XML
<document id="CEF208F67CB74953EA4B74EC10E28712" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.188166" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2a4175a4-962d-411e-9ec7-d13eb8174930" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="188166" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461084738225" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pimenta, Bruno V. S., Napoli, Marcelo F. & Haddad, Célio F. B." docDate="2009" docId="AB6B692EFFC9FFE656BE6244FE4616F7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02123p054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2123" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Aparasphenodon arapapa Pimenta, Napoli & Haddad, 2009, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="57521156FFC8FFE356296571FFEB1105" masterDocTitle="A new species of casque-headed tree frog, genus Aparasphenodon Miranda-Ribeiro (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="46" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1698587889131" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2111998E0B2E4D932498A269D747C9B3">
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<mods:title id="5CFC7A9A9FB91051B6D35B237201AF4D">A new species of casque-headed tree frog, genus Aparasphenodon Miranda-Ribeiro (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="9E0522284798EFEBEF31E3638F2D7499" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E9FF4BF44F6E6948386881FAB3BD0A14">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="614123A19782C405B15E640D36700682">Pimenta, Bruno V. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="AF871F1777F96D20F389B6B75B256467" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5C44356E85355B9158C8F00EA99FF51D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="AF135810405D364FC0A562D6D6950122">Napoli, Marcelo F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="DE3656A89841959B38E335816152C2A1" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="66669ED3E2677C4BB974D7606C0B3D19">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="AB700B310AC872692B7ED800C64201C6">Haddad, Célio F. B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7609903F69BBE3FA0EFADC397BC1438A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DAB844A0975E8972800919550FBC346F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="815B9AA32ED72F85897C403AE5E41358">
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<mods:date id="53DC06035E7B616B8E6C39ADFBC92A68">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="BCE88C3A4440D5A83013075B75854AEC" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="D7997DEB20CF4DE0CF3AA7AA23594F10">2123</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="06F479366AD8AFF0755F8DA07C15032A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="2DDE3A25E3AD79B80BF382E268127E18" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.188166</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="551A1E4DF81B1E2EB5BB112025158773" type="GBIF-Dataset">2a4175a4-962d-411e-9ec7-d13eb8174930</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="925237287FF2D48A16FD9ACA4F26A8C4" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="88CB10DDB6413B19EFB04764992DA054" type="Zenodo-Dep">188166</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="AB6B692EFFC9FFE656BE6244FE4616F7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6218889" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119618886" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6218889" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB6B692EFFC9FFE656BE6244FE4616F7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB6B692EFFC9FFE656BE6244FE4616F7" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">
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<subSubSection id="6BD88BB3FFC9FFE256BE6244FEC9169D" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="237DD838FFC9FFE256BE6244FDDE164A" blockId="1.[151,674,1845,1944]" box="[151,565,1845,1871]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">
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<heading id="78356F54FFC9FFE256BE6244FDDE164A" bold="true" box="[151,565,1845,1871]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFC9FFE256BE6244FDDE164A" bold="true" box="[151,565,1845,1871]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">
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||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFC9FFE256BE6244FE3B164A" ID-CoL="67KH3" box="[151,464,1845,1871]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arapapa" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFC9FFE256BE6244FE3B164A" bold="true" box="[151,464,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Aparasphenodon arapapa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="0A85B951FFC9FFE257FE6244FDDE164A" box="[471,565,1845,1871]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="237DD838FFC9FFE256BE6229FEC9169D" blockId="1.[151,674,1845,1944]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">Bahia’s broad-snout casque-headed tree frog Figures 1–2</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6BD88BB3FFC9FFE156BE62BFFF0D104A" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="237DD838FFC9FFE156BE62BFFEE711DD" blockId="1.[151,1437,1995,2025]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,722]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFC9FFE256BE62BFFEFB16ED" bold="true" box="[151,272,1998,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">
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<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFC9FFE256BE62BFFEE716ED" box="[151,268,1998,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="45D340FDFFC9FFE2573062BEFE8316EC" box="[281,360,1999,2025]" pageId="1" pageNumber="47">UFBA</collectionCode>
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3948, adult male, collected at Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Pratigi (
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<geoCoordinate id="46F6BEFFFFC9FFE252CB62BEFAAD16EC" box="[1250,1350,1995,2025]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" precision="925" value="-13.733334">13o44' S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="46F6BEFFFFC9FFE1537D62BEFF5F11B7" direction="west" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="48" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" precision="925" value="-39.016666">39o01' W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="E43A75DDFFCAFFE156E965E9FF1511B7" box="[192,254,152,178]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="27.0">27 m</quantity>
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above sea level), Municipality of Ituberá, State of Bahia,
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<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCAFFE155EB65E9FBE411B7" box="[962,1039,152,178]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, on
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<date id="577CFEF8FFCAFFE1526A65E9FAC411B7" box="[1091,1327,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" value="2003-11-25">25 November 2003</date>
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, by R.A. Machado.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="237DD838FFCAFFE156EC6599FF0D104A" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,722]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCAFFE156EC6599FEAB1007" bold="true" box="[197,320,232,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
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<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCAFFE156EC6599FED01007" box="[197,315,232,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="45D340FDFFCAFFE157616599FE7E1007" box="[328,405,232,258]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3q7f-dnij" name="Universidade Estadual Paulista" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">CFBH</collectionCode>
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3700, adult male, collected at Fazenda Subaúma (
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<geoCoordinate id="46F6BEFFFFCAFFE155DD6599FBB21007" box="[1012,1113,229,258]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" precision="925" value="-13.516666">13o31' S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="46F6BEFFFFCAFFE1524E6599FB3F1007" box="[1127,1236,229,258]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" precision="925" value="-39.05">39o03' W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="E43A75DDFFCAFFE152C86599FAF51007" box="[1249,1310,232,258]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
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above sea level), Municipality of Cairu, State of Bahia,
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<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCAFFE154E1647EFCFD102C" box="[712,790,271,297]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, on 0
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<date id="577CFEF8FFCAFFE15570647EFBD0102C" box="[857,1083,271,297]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" value="2000-09-02">2 September 2000</date>
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, by B.V.S. Pimenta and R.V. Lopes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6BD88BB3FFCAFFE156EF642AFDE71627" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="237DD838FFCAFFE156EF642AFDFE13D7" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,722]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCAFFE156EF642AFEAD1070" bold="true" box="[198,326,347,373]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Species characterized by the following combination of traits: (1) size small (male SVL
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<quantity id="E43A75DDFFCAFFE156BE64F3FEA11099" box="[151,330,386,412]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.775" metricValueMax="5.81" metricValueMin="5.74" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="57.75" valueMax="58.1" valueMin="57.4">57.4–58.1 mm</quantity>
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); (2) head longer than wide, its length 2.6 times smaller than snout-vent length; (3) canthus rostralis curved, rounded, poorly elevated, not outlining straight sharp ridges; (4) loreal region flattened, slightly concave, its greater diameter wider than the larger distance between the canthi rostrales; (5) maxilla expanded laterally; (6) eye large (ED/SVL 0.1), directed forward; (7) tympanum medium-sized, nearly circular, its width 1.9-2.4 times smaller than eye diameter; (8) supratympanic fold developed, partially covering the tympanum; (9) nostrils superolateral; (10) internarial region furrowed, laterally and anteriorly delimited by two bony crests; (11) skin of the dorsal surfaces of the skull poorly co-ossified with underlying bone; (12) fingers lacking webbing; (13) legs short, sum of thigh and tibia lengths 78-82 % of snout-vent length; (14) toes poorly webbed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="237DD838FFCAFFE156BE6391FDE71627" blockId="2.[151,1436,1760,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCAFFE156BE6391FEC017FF" bold="true" box="[151,299,1760,1786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCAFFE1571D6390FD9F17FF" box="[308,628,1761,1786]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arapapa" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCAFFE1571D6390FD9F17FF" box="[308,628,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Aparasphenodon arapapa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="0A85B951FFCAFFE154556391FD3517FF" box="[636,734,1760,1786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCAFFE154556391FD3517FF" bold="true" box="[636,734,1760,1786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">sp. nov.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCAFFE154C66390FCB617FE" box="[751,861,1761,1787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, UFBA 3948, adult male,
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<quantity id="E43A75DDFFCAFFE1528B6390FAFB17FE" box="[1186,1296,1761,1787]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.81" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="58.1">58.1 mm</quantity>
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SVL. Left, dorsal view; right, ventral view.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6BD88BB3FFCAFFE756EC6220FD2B1608" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="237DD838FFCAFFE056EC6220FC231331" blockId="2.[151,1437,1873,2015]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,564]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCAFFE156EC6220FE12166F" box="[197,505,1873,1898]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arapapa">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCAFFE156EC6220FE12166F" box="[197,505,1873,1898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Aparasphenodon arapapa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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presents the loreal region wide and shallow, while all congeneric species have narrow, oblique, and deep loreal regions. The rounded, poorly elevated canthus rostralis, not outlining straight sharp ridges distinguishes
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<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCAFFE157DA62EFFD6E16B2" box="[499,645,1950,1975]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arapapa">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCAFFE157DA62EFFD6E16B2" box="[499,645,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">A. arapapa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from congeneric species, in which it is elevated and ridged.
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<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCAFFE156BE62B4FE3816DB" box="[151,467,1989,2014]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arapapa">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCAFFE156BE62B4FE3816DB" box="[151,467,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="48">Aparasphenodon arapapa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shows laterally expanded maxilla and a labial flange touching the lower eyelid (both absent in all congeneric species), eyes directed forward (sideward in all congeneric species), dorsal and lateral surfaces immaculate and light brown (
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<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCBFFE0549165CEFC8211DD" box="[696,873,191,216]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE0549165CEFC8211DD" box="[696,873,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">A. bokermanni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has dorsum dark brown, head blackish brown, and flanks with cream spots;
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<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCBFFE057DF6594FD4211FB" box="[502,681,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venezolanus">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE057DF6594FD4211FB" box="[502,681,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">A. venezolanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCBFFE054CD6594FCBE11FB" box="[740,853,229,254]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunoi">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE054CD6594FCBE11FB" box="[740,853,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">A. brunoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have dorsum marbled with irregular dark brown markings, and arms and legs with transversal dark brown stripes or irregular dark brown markings), nostril superolateral (lateral in all congeneric species), and skin of dorsal surfaces of the skull poorly co-ossified with underlying bone (in all congeneric species it is strongly co-ossified). The new species also differs from
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<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCBFFE053AB6428FEC6109C" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venezolanus">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE053AB6428FEC6109C" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">A. venezolanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the head longer than wide (wider than long in
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<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCBFFE055B464F1FBBD109C" box="[925,1110,384,409]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venezolanus">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE055B464F1FBBD109C" box="[925,1110,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">A. venezolanus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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), fingers lacking webbing (webbing well developed in
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<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCBFFE057CC64D6FD7E10C5" box="[485,661,423,448]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venezolanus">
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<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE057CC64D6FD7E10C5" box="[485,661,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">A. venezolanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<date id="577CFEF8FFCBFFE0548C64D7FD3610C5" box="[677,733,422,448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">I 3-3</date>
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1/
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<date id="577CFEF8FFCBFFE054D264D7FCCF10C5" box="[763,804,422,448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">3 II</date>
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2-3
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<date id="577CFEF8FFCBFFE0557264D7FC6410C5" box="[859,911,422,448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">III 2</date>
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2/3-2 1/
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<date id="577CFEF8FFCBFFE055D864D7FBC010C5" box="[1009,1067,422,448]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">2 IV</date>
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), and toes poorly webbed (well webbed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCBFFE0573F64BCFE2E10E3" box="[278,453,461,486]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venezolanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE0573F64BCFE2E10E3" box="[278,453,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">A. venezolanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="577CFEF8FFCBFFE057FA64BCFE1910E2" box="[467,498,461,487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">I 1</date>
|
||
2/3-2 1/2
|
||
<date id="577CFEF8FFCBFFE0544064BCFD7A10E2" box="[617,657,461,487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">II 1</date>
|
||
1/3-3
|
||
<date id="577CFEF8FFCBFFE054F464BCFCE410E2" box="[733,783,461,487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">III 1</date>
|
||
1/2-2 2/3
|
||
<date id="577CFEF8FFCBFFE055AF64BCFC5010E2" box="[902,955,461,487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">IV 2</date>
|
||
2/3-1 1/3). Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCBFFE052CA64BCFA8D10E3" box="[1251,1382,461,486]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arapapa">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE052CA64BCFA8D10E3" box="[1251,1382,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">A. arapapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCBFFE057076485FE741308" box="[302,415,500,525]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE057076485FE741308" box="[302,415,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">A. brunoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the canthus rostralis slightly curved (straight in the latter species). For distinction from other Neotropical casque-headed tree frogs, see Remarks below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="77BD88B0FFCBFFE056BE62C4FC3916EA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188167/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" targetBox="[171,1425,640,1940]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="237DD838FFCBFFE056BE62C4FC3916EA" blockId="3.[151,1436,1973,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE056BE62C4FEF216C8" bold="true" box="[151,281,1973,1997]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCBFFE0570862C4FDD116C9" box="[289,570,1973,1996]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arapapa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE0570862C4FDD116C9" box="[289,570,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">Aparasphenodon arapapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0A85B951FFCBFFE0546862C4FD7C16C8" box="[577,663,1973,1997]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCBFFE0546862C4FD7C16C8" bold="true" box="[577,663,1973,1997]" pageId="3" pageNumber="49">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, UFBA 3948, holotype, adult male. (A) Dorsal and (B) lateral views of head; (C) hand, and (D) foot. Upper and lower horizontal lines equal 3.0 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="237DD838FFCCFFE756EC65E6FBEE1296" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE756EC65E6FE0411B4" bold="true" box="[197,495,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCCFFE7575565E6FE0111B4" box="[380,490,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Body small (
|
||
<quantity id="E43A75DDFFCCFFE754A365E9FD1F11B7" box="[650,756,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.81" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="58.1">58.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL). Head longer than wide, its length 2.6 times smaller than snout-vent length. Snout rounded in dorsal outline (Figs 1, 2A), acute in profile (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBF9C4BDFFCCFFE752E965CFFAE011DD" box="[1216,1291,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,254,1973,1997]" captionTargetBox="[171,1425,640,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,622,1947]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Aparasphenodon arapapa sp. nov., UFBA 3948, holotype, adult male. (A) Dorsal and (B) lateral views of head; (C) hand, and (D) foot. Upper and lower horizontal lines equal 3.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188167/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Canthus rostralis slightly curved, rounded, poorly elevated, not outlining straight sharp ridges. Loreal region flattened, slightly concave, with its larger diameter wider than the larger distance between the canthi rostrales. Eyes large (ED/SVL 0.1), directed forward. Tympanum medium-sized, nearly circular, its width 2.4 times smaller than eye diameter. Supratympanic fold developed, partially covering the tympanum. Nostrils superolateral. Internarial region furrowed, laterally and anteriorly delimited by two bony crests. Skin of the dorsal surfaces of the skull poorly co-ossified with underlying bone. Choanae elliptical, narrow, elongated. Vomerine teeth row in two straightened oblique posteromedial patches between choanae, with their posterior borders directed towards the posterior margins of the choanae and the anterior borders pointed to the midpoint between them. Vocal slits present, lateral; vocal sac single, subgular. Tongue large, covering almost all the mouth floor, cordiform. Forearm robust; arm slender. Palmar subarticular tubercles rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBF9C4BDFFCCFFE752726730FB4F135E" box="[1115,1188,577,603]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,254,1973,1997]" captionTargetBox="[171,1425,640,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,622,1947]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Aparasphenodon arapapa sp. nov., UFBA 3948, holotype, adult male. (A) Dorsal and (B) lateral views of head; (C) hand, and (D) foot. Upper and lower horizontal lines equal 3.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188167/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C); distal tubercle of fourth finger bifid; palmar supernumerary tubercles present; palmar tubercle weakly developed. Fingers lacking webbing; fingers disks large, nearly elliptical. Legs short; thigh length smaller than tibia length, sum of them (
|
||
<quantity id="E43A75DDFFCCFFE7572A67C4FE9A13CA" box="[259,369,693,719]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.51" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="45.1">45.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
) much smaller than snout-vent length (
|
||
<quantity id="E43A75DDFFCCFFE7556D67C4FC5F13CA" box="[836,948,693,719]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.81" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="58.1">58.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Tarsus without calcar; plantar tubercles small (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBF9C4BDFFCCFFE756CF67ADFEC613F3" box="[230,301,732,758]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,254,1973,1997]" captionTargetBox="[171,1425,640,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,622,1947]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Aparasphenodon arapapa sp. nov., UFBA 3948, holotype, adult male. (A) Dorsal and (B) lateral views of head; (C) hand, and (D) foot. Upper and lower horizontal lines equal 3.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188167/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D); inner metatarsal tubercle large, elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle small; plantar subarticular tubercles rounded; plantar supernumerary tubercles distinct; modal webbing formula,
|
||
<date id="577CFEF8FFCCFFE752A36674FB41121A" box="[1162,1194,773,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">I 2</date>
|
||
- -2 3/4
|
||
<date id="577CFEF8FFCCFFE752D46674FACC121A" box="[1277,1319,773,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">II 2</date>
|
||
- -3+
|
||
<date id="577CFEF8FFCCFFE7537C6674FA63121A" box="[1365,1416,773,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">III 2</date>
|
||
+- 3 3/4
|
||
<date id="577CFEF8FFCCFFE756F6665DFEFC1243" box="[223,279,812,838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">IV 3</date>
|
||
1/2-
|
||
<date id="577CFEF8FFCCFFE75778665DFE6E1243" box="[337,389,812,838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">2 V.</date>
|
||
Dorsal texture smooth. Belly glandular; ventral surfaces of thighs, throat, and arms smooth; chest weakly grained. In preservative, dorsal surfaces and flanks uniform dull light brown, immaculate. Ventral surfaces cream, immaculate. Color in life is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="237DD838FFCCFFE756EC66D1FBE412E4" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE756EC66D1FD8F12BF" bold="true" box="[197,612,928,954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Measurements of
|
||
<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCCFFE7578D66D1FDFB12BF" box="[420,528,928,954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(mm).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
SVL 58.1, HL 22.1, HW 17.2, ED 5.9, UEW 4.5,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCCFFE7529566D1FB1312BF" box="[1212,1272,928,954]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">END</collectingCountry>
|
||
9.7,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCCFFE7531D66D1FA8312BF" box="[1332,1384,928,954]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">IND</collectingCountry>
|
||
2.7, TD 2.4, IOD 5.7, NSD 3.9, THL 22.1, TL 23.0, FL 30.7, 3FD 2.8, 4TD 2.4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="237DD838FFCCFFE756EC669CFB5A1551" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE756EC669CFEA81502" bold="true" box="[197,323,1005,1031]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCCFFE757A8669CFE0C1502" box="[385,487,1005,1031]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
CFBH 3700 presents the same color pattern and general morphology described for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCCFFE756C26165FEBE152B" box="[235,341,1044,1070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Measurements of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCCFFE754756165FD2A152B" box="[604,705,1044,1070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(mm): SVL 57.4, HL 22.4, HW 16.6, ED 5.9, UEW 4.2,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCCFFE753496165FA77152B" box="[1376,1436,1044,1070]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">END</collectingCountry>
|
||
9.7,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCCFFE756E3614BFF151551" box="[202,254,1082,1108]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">IND</collectingCountry>
|
||
3.0, TD 3.0, IOD 6.3, NSD 4.0, THL 23.2, TL 24.3, FL 30.5, 3FD 2.3, 4TD 2.3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="237DD838FFCCFFE756EC6110FD2414D2" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE756EC6110FEC7157E" bold="true" box="[197,300,1121,1147]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
The only two localities where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE754BE6110FC22157F" box="[663,969,1121,1146]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arapapa">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE754BE6110FC22157F" box="[663,969,1121,1146]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Aparasphenodon arapapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found (
|
||
<figureCitation id="BBF9C4BDFFCCFFE752736110FB74157E" box="[1114,1183,1121,1147]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,254,1161,1185]" captionTargetBox="[165,1421,205,1133]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[161,1426,197,1136]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of Aparasphenodon arapapa sp. nov. on topographic map featuring the coastline of the State of Bahia, Brazil." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/188168/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) are characterized by fragmented patches of arboreal “restingas” (see below), in which terrestrial bromeliads and palm trees are very abundant.
|
||
<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCCFFE7576261DEFE5315CC" box="[331,440,1199,1225]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCCFFE757D961DEFDBE15CC" box="[496,597,1199,1225]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
were collected from terrestrial bromeliads, and the latter was producing advertisement calls (not recorded). The forest canopy at the Fazenda Subaúma (in which the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCCFFE752D761A4FA8D15EA" box="[1278,1382,1237,1263]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
was obtained) is characterized by the dominance of the “piaçava” palm tree (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE755D9618DFB411410" box="[1008,1194,1276,1301]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Attalea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE755D9618DFB411410" box="[1008,1194,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Attalea funifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which is exploited for natural fibers, preventing deforestation. A narrow stream with sandy bottom crosses this forest fragment, accompanied to some extent of flooding areas. Other anuran species found in simpatry with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE752DF6038FA951467" box="[1270,1406,1353,1378]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arapapa">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE752DF6038FA951467" box="[1270,1406,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">A. arapapa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Fazenda Subaúma were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE7579D6001FD2A148C" box="[436,705,1392,1417]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aplastodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sibilatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE7579D6001FD2A148C" box="[436,705,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Aplastodiscus sibilatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE754F96001FC1D148C" box="[720,1014,1392,1417]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pernambucensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE754F96001FC1D148C" box="[720,1014,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Frostius pernambucensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE7522C6001FB19148C" box="[1029,1266,1392,1417]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Gastrotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fissipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE7522C6001FB19148C" box="[1029,1266,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Gastrotheca fissipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE753286001FF1414B5" class="Amphibia" family="Brachycephalidae" genus="Ischnocnema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilineata">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE753286001FF1414B5" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Ischnocnema bilineata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE7572760E6FE5914B5" box="[270,434,1431,1456]" class="Amphibia" family="Brachycephalidae" genus="Ischnocnema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paulodutrai">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE7572760E6FE5914B5" box="[270,434,1431,1456]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">I. paulodutrai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE757E860E6FD4414B5" box="[449,687,1431,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Phyllodytes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE757E860E6FD4414B5" box="[449,687,1431,1456]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Phyllodytes luteolus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE754D860E6FC5914B5" box="[753,946,1431,1456]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">P. m e l a n o m y s t a x</emphasis>
|
||
. The two localities where the type-series was collected are
|
||
<quantity id="E43A75DDFFCCFFE7574160CCFE5914D2" box="[360,434,1469,1495]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
|
||
distant from each other.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="237DD838FFCCFFE756EC6095FD2B1608" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The “restinga” is a typical coastal formation grown over sandy soils that has been largely exploited by the real estate business in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCCFFE75786637BFE141721" box="[431,511,1546,1572]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCCFFE75422637BFC8F1721" author="Sazima" box="[523,868,1546,1572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Sazima, I. & Cardoso, A. J. (1980) Notas sobre a distribuicao de Corythomantis greeningi Boulenger, 1896 e Aparasphenodon brunoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (Amphibia, Hylidae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 55, 3 - 7." type="journal article" year="1980">Sazima and Cardoso (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have already reported on the decline of some populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE757626340FE50174F" box="[331,443,1585,1610]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE757626340FE50174F" box="[331,443,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">A. brunoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the State of São Paulo due to the destruction of “restingas”. In the Baixo Sul region of Bahia, real estate is not considered a serious threat to this formation, but deforestation for cattle (mainly buffalos) and shrimp farming has increased in the last years. Although the exploitation of the natural fibers produced by the “piaçava” palm tree (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE7548563D7FC8317BA" box="[684,872,1702,1727]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Attalea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="funifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE7548563D7FC8317BA" box="[684,872,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Attalea funifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is a harmless activity to the forest, since trees must be preserved to guarantee its production over the years, the low cost of such a raw product may lead farmers to search for more profitable activities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6BD88BB3FFCCFFE656EF6268FD3F1652" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="237DD838FFCCFFE656EF6268FEE013AD" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2036]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,2034]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE756EF6268FEAB1636" bold="true" box="[198,320,1817,1843]" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCCFFE7576E6268FDBD1636" box="[327,598,1817,1843]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Faivovich J., Haddad, C. F. B., Garcia, P. C. A., Frost, D. R., Campbell, J. A. & Wheeler, W. C. (2005) Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 294, 1 - 240." type="journal article">
|
||
Faivovich
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE757ED6268FDEB1637" box="[452,512,1817,1842]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conducted a systematic review of the frog family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE7528E6268FAEC1636" box="[1191,1287,1817,1843]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which resulted two main casque-headed clades: a South American/West Indian clade (tribe Lophiohylini Miranda-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCCFFE756BE6216FEAB1684" author="Ribeiro" box="[151,320,1895,1921]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Miranda-Ribeiro, A. (1926) Notas para servirem ao estudo dos Gymnobatrachios (Anura) brasileiros. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 27, 1 - 227." type="journal article" year="1926">Ribeiro, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a Middle American/Holarctic clade (within tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE755F76216FBDA1684" box="[990,1073,1895,1921]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Hylini">Hylini</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE752E46216FA771685" box="[1229,1436,1895,1920]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE752E46216FA771685" box="[1229,1436,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Aparasphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(allocated in Lophiohylini) was diagnosed by the presence of a prenasal bone as the unique possible morphological synapomorphy (only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE7546B62C5FD5B16C8" box="[578,688,1972,1997]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE7546B62C5FD5B16C8" box="[578,688,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">A. brunoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was included in the analysis). However, prenasal bones are also observed in other casque-headed hylids, as in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCCFFE7556A62AAFAF416F1" authority="Cope, 1866 (Duellman, 2001)" authorityName="Cope, 1866 (Duellman" authorityYear="2001" box="[835,1311,2010,2036]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Triprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCCFFE7556A62AAFC4D16F1" box="[835,934,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="50">Triprion</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCCFFE7559962ABFBD016F1" author="Cope" box="[944,1083,2010,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Cope, E. D. (1866) Fourth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 18, 123 - 132." type="journal article" year="1866">Cope, 1866</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCCFFE7526462ABFAFD16F1" author="Duellman" box="[1101,1302,2010,2036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2001) The Hylid Frogs of Middle America. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York, 1170 pp." type="book" year="2001">Duellman, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE656BE65E9FE6B11B7" box="[151,384,152,178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Smith, S. A., Arif, S., Oca, A. N. M. & Wiens, J. J. (2007) A phylogenetic hot spot for evolutionary novelty in Middle American treefrogs. Evolution, 61, 2075 - 2085." type="journal article">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE656C165E9FECD11B4" box="[232,294,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-analyzed phylogenetically the casque-headed hylids of Middle
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCDFFE6528665E9FAFC11B7" box="[1199,1303,152,178]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6530365E9FEDF11DD" authority="Smith, 1939" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1939" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Anotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6530365E9FA7711B4" box="[1322,1436,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Anotheca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE656BE65CFFEDF11DD" author="Smith" box="[151,308,190,216]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Smith, H. M. (1939) Mexican herpetological novelties. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 52, 187 - 196." type="journal article" year="1939">Smith, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6576A65CEFD4111DD" authority="Boulenger, 1882" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[323,682,190,216]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Pternohyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6576A65CEFE2511DD" box="[323,462,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Pternohyla</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE657FF65CFFD4111DD" author="Boulenger" box="[470,682,190,216]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1882) Description of a new genus and species of frogs of the family Hylidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 10, 326 - 328." type="journal article" year="1882">Boulenger, 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6549065CEFC2A11DD" authority="Cope, 1865" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1865" box="[697,961,190,216]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Smilisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6549065CEFCC811DD" box="[697,803,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Smilisca</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE6550565CFFC2A11DD" author="Cope" box="[812,961,190,216]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Cope, E. D. (1865) Third contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 17, 185 - 198." type="journal article" year="1865">Cope, 1865</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6522D65CEFB8011DD" box="[1028,1131,191,216]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Triprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6522D65CEFB8011DD" box="[1028,1131,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Triprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by both molecular and morphological approaches, and also included an additional phylogenetic analysis for the hylid frogs of Lophiohylini. In Lophiohylini, the prenasal evolved once (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE65559647DFBD11020" box="[880,1082,268,293]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE65559647DFBD11020" box="[880,1082,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Aparasphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thus homoplastic to prenasal of the Middle American genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE654286443FD8A104E" box="[513,609,306,331]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Triprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE654286443FD8A104E" box="[513,609,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Triprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and gained a dermal sphenethmoid four different times (which in turn is homoplastic within Lophiohylini, and also to the Middle American genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE652176428FB4A1077" box="[1086,1185,345,370]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Triprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE652176428FB4A1077" box="[1086,1185,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Triprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE652F76428FF31109F" authority="Cope, 1887" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1887" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Diaglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE652F76428FAA61077" box="[1246,1357,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Diaglena</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE6537C6428FF31109F" author="Cope" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Cope, E. D. (1887) Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and Mexico. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 32, 1 - 98." type="journal article" year="1887">Cope, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This scenario shows that novel cranial elements (non apomorphic modifications of pre-existing structures), like that present on the skull roof of casque-headed hylids (e.g., dermal sphenethmoid, prenasal, and internasal), have evolved in parallel within these hylids as a whole. Yet,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE6522664BCFB0110E2" box="[1039,1258,461,487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Smith, S. A., Arif, S., Oca, A. N. M. & Wiens, J. J. (2007) A phylogenetic hot spot for evolutionary novelty in Middle American treefrogs. Evolution, 61, 2075 - 2085." type="journal article">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6527564BCFB7D10E3" box="[1116,1174,461,486]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
results pointed out that these novel elements are associated to phragmotic behavior (using the head to plug burrows), which suggests that they may have adaptive functional and ecological significance, which in turn favors the development of such structures by parallelism (homoplasy). In this sense, we understand that the presence of a prenasal bone is insufficient to morphologically allocate the new species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6521E6719FAEA1384" box="[1079,1281,616,641]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6521E6719FAEA1384" box="[1079,1281,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Aparasphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE653386719FA981384" box="[1297,1395,616,641]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Triprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE653386719FA981384" box="[1297,1395,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Triprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE656BE67FEFEEF13AD" box="[151,260,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Diaglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE656BE67FEFEEF13AD" box="[151,260,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Diaglena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="237DD838FFCDFFE656EC67C4FA73157D" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Two other possible morphological synapomorphies that could aid to diagnose the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE652FD67C4FA7713CB" box="[1236,1436,693,718]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE652FD67C4FA7713CB" box="[1236,1436,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Aparasphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE656FF67ADFEDD13F0" box="[214,310,732,757]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Triprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE656FF67ADFEDD13F0" box="[214,310,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Triprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and consequently from the re-validated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6553167ADFC6E13F0" box="[792,901,732,757]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Diaglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6553167ADFC6E13F0" box="[792,901,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Diaglena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) stated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE6522D67ADFB2713F3" author="Duellman" box="[1028,1228,732,758]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2001) The Hylid Frogs of Middle America. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York, 1170 pp." type="book" year="2001">Duellman (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is the presence in the latter of a maxilla greatly expanded laterally and parasphenoid odontoids. In the new species, although maxillae were not represented in the X-ray images we have obtained from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCDFFE6524C6658FB3A1246" box="[1125,1233,809,835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(and nor a good picture of the parasphenoid, and thus not considered herein), the co-ossified head clearly shows the articulations between maxillae and nasal bones, which allows to distinguish a large flat maxilla in dorsal view, resembling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6570F66ECFE6112B3" box="[294,394,925,950]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Triprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6570F66ECFE6112B3" box="[294,394,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Triprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s maxillae. The main problem to morphologically define a clear distinction between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE656BE66B5FE8B12D8" box="[151,352,964,989]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE656BE66B5FE8B12D8" box="[151,352,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Aparasphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE657B366B5FE1112D8" box="[410,506,964,989]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Triprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE657B366B5FE1112D8" box="[410,506,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Triprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by means of Duellman’s (2001) phylogenetic hypothesis is that the author did not consider South-American species in his analysis, and thus we do not have extensive information about these character states among the latter. Yet, the expanded maxillae of the new species may be another parallelism (homoplasy) related to the phragmotic behavior of casque-headed tree frogs to their microhabitat usage, as demonstrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE657F8612FFD44157D" box="[465,687,1118,1144]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Smith, S. A., Arif, S., Oca, A. N. M. & Wiens, J. J. (2007) A phylogenetic hot spot for evolutionary novelty in Middle American treefrogs. Evolution, 61, 2075 - 2085." type="journal article">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE65436612EFDB1157D" box="[543,602,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for other skull roof bones of casque-headed hylids (see above).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="237DD838FFCDFFE656EC61F4FC34174D" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Another character that could contribute to allocate the new species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE652A161F4FAB8159B" box="[1160,1363,1157,1182]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE652A161F4FAB8159B" box="[1160,1363,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Aparasphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the presence of a single, median, subgular vocal sac, considered a diagnostic character state for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE652FD61DDFA7715C0" box="[1236,1436,1196,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE652FD61DDFA7715C0" box="[1236,1436,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Aparasphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE6569561A3FEB115E9" author="Trueb" box="[188,346,1234,1260]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Trueb, L. (1970) Evolutionary relationships of casque-headed treefrogs with co-ossified skulls. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 18, 547 - 716." type="journal article" year="1970">Trueb (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and a primitive state for hylids by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE654D761A3FC2015E9" author="Duellman" box="[766,971,1234,1260]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2001) The Hylid Frogs of Middle America. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York, 1170 pp." type="book" year="2001">Duellman (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Almost all West Indian casque-headed hylids have paired subgular sacs (a derived condition), with exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE655D86188FA731416" authority="Gunther, 1882" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1882" box="[1009,1432,1273,1299]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Diaglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spatulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE655D86188FB391417" box="[1009,1234,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Diaglena spatulata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE652C86188FA651416" author="Gunther" box="[1249,1422,1273,1299]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Gunther, A. C. L. G. (1882) Notice of a second species of Triprion. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 10, 279." type="journal article" year="1882">Günther, 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that presents the primitive condition (a reversal). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE6555D6051FBDF143F" author="Cochran" box="[884,1076,1312,1338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Cochran, D. M. 〔 1955) Frogs of southeastern Brazil. Bulletin of United States National Museum, 206, 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1955">Cochran (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE652586051FF0E1465" author="Lynch" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Lynch, J. D. & Vargas-Ramirez, M. A. (2000) Lista preliminar de especies de anuros del Departamento del Guainia, Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 24, 579 - 589." type="journal article" year="2000">Lynch & Varga-Ramírez (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE657A46036FE161465" box="[397,509,1351,1376]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE657A46036FE161465" box="[397,509,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">A. brunoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE654116036FD011465" box="[568,746,1351,1376]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="venezolanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE654116036FD011465" box="[568,746,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">A. venezolanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively, present paired lateral vocal sacs resembling those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE656D5601CFE431483" box="[252,424,1389,1414]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE656D5601CFE431483" box="[252,424,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Osteocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE657CB601CFD851483" box="[482,622,1389,1414]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Phrynohyas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE657CB601CFD851483" box="[482,622,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Phrynohyas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE65490601CFC981483" box="[697,883,1389,1414]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE65490601CFC981483" box="[697,883,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE65599601CFB5E1482" author="Faivovich" box="[944,1205,1389,1415]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Faivovich J., Haddad, C. F. B., Garcia, P. C. A., Frost, D. R., Campbell, J. A. & Wheeler, W. C. (2005) Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 294, 1 - 240." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Faivovich
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE65205601CFB8C1483" box="[1068,1127,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE652DF601CFA771482" author="Rivero" box="[1270,1436,1389,1415]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1961) Salientia of Venezuela. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 126, 1 - 207." type="journal article" year="1961">Rivero (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6570960E5FE0714A8" box="[288,492,1428,1453]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6570960E5FE0714A8" box="[288,492,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Aparasphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to have a subgular vocal sac based on his examination of a male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6530A60E5FA7F14A8" box="[1315,1428,1428,1453]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brunoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6530A60E5FA7F14A8" box="[1315,1428,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">A. brunoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This character was not available for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="FC79669AFFCDFFE6545460CBFD0D14D1" box="[637,742,1466,1492]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6552660CAFC2B14D1" box="[783,960,1467,1492]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bokermanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6552660CAFC2B14D1" box="[783,960,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">A. bokermanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, since it is a female, but we analyzed a male from the neighboring Municipality of Cananéia, State of São Paulo (ZUEC 11575), and observed that its vocal sac is not like the paired lateral structures seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE655176379FC171724" box="[830,1020,1544,1569]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Trachycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE655176379FC171724" box="[830,1020,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Trachycephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but rather a single subgular or, at most, paired subgular (bilobate
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE65422635EFDA7174D" box="[523,588,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
vocal sac standards of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE65575635FFC39174D" author="Cei" box="[860,978,1582,1608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Cei, J. M. (1980) Amphibians of Argentina. Monitore Zoologico Italiano (N. S.) Monografia, 2, 1 - 609." type="journal article" year="1980">Cei, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="237DD838FFCDFFE656EC6324FD3F1652" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">
|
||
In view of the current non conclusive morphological data on which are apomorphic or homoplastic for each South American/West Indian casque-headed taxa, and also to the unknown degree of intra-specific character variation and/or misleading identification of morphological features by previous authors, we decided to allocate the new species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE654DA63B8FC2F17E7" box="[755,964,1737,1762]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE654DA63B8FC2F17E7" box="[755,964,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Aparasphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including in our decision the general morphological aspect and the great geographic hiatus between the ranges of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE652666381FB5F160C" box="[1103,1204,1776,1801]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Triprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE652666381FB5F160C" box="[1103,1204,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Triprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE652966381FADA160C" box="[1215,1329,1776,1801]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Diaglena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE652966381FADA160C" box="[1215,1329,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Diaglena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Middle
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCDFFE656BE6267FEEA1635" box="[151,257,1814,1840]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Yucatan peninsula of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCDFFE654216267FD8E1635" box="[520,613,1814,1840]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCDFFE654596267FD191635" box="[624,754,1814,1840]" name="Guatemala" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCDFFE655066267FC4E1635" box="[815,933,1814,1840]" name="Honduras" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4753A5C9FFCDFFE655996267FBDB1635" author="Frost" box="[944,1072,1814,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Frost, D. R. (2008) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.2 (15 July, 2008). Electronic Database available from http: // research. amnh. org / herpetology / amphibia / index. php. New York, American Museum of Natural History (accessed 11 October 2008)." type="journal article" year="2008">Frost 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE652586266FAD21635" box="[1137,1337,1815,1840]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE652586266FAD21635" box="[1137,1337,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Aparasphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(coastal lowlands of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCDFFE65701624CFE9B1652" box="[296,368,1853,1879]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCDFFE65463624CFD231652" box="[586,712,1853,1879]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6BD88BB3FFCDFFE656EC6212FE4616F7" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="237DD838FFCDFFE656EC6212FE4616F7" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE656EC6212FEBD1678" bold="true" box="[197,342,1891,1917]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE657406215FE3D167B" box="[361,470,1892,1918]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arapapa">Arapapá</taxonomicName>
|
||
” is a Tupi indigenous name for the Boat-billed Heron
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6525B6215FA771678" box="[1138,1436,1892,1917]" class="Aves" family="Ardeidae" genus="Cochlearius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pelecaniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cochlearius">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE6525B6215FA771678" box="[1138,1436,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Cochlearius cochlearius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Ciconiiformes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE6577E62FAFE2C16A0" box="[343,455,1931,1957]" class="Aves" family="Ardeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pelecaniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ardeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a paludicolous nocturnal bird occurring from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCDFFE655DA62FAFBA716A0" box="[1011,1100,1931,1957]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
south to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5BD598A8FFCDFFE6529362FAFAD916A0" box="[1210,1330,1931,1957]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Its wide and flattened beak resembles the snout of the new
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E4C2A3BBFFCDFFE654C062C0FC5A16CF" box="[745,945,1969,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Aparasphenodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11B6042AFFCDFFE654C062C0FC5A16CF" box="[745,945,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="51">Aparasphenodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described here. The species name is used as a noun in apposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |