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<document id="8B12591C93D7A4B6EEE816E641057609" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.180113" ID-GBIF-Dataset="76a5f5ad-85ba-45d3-8b41-8296fbd050de" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="180113" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460049486453" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pawson, David L." docDate="2007" docId="84468797FFB8BF72D2E07FD3FD35C040" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01668p764.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1668" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Extinct" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="758" masterDocId="787FFFEFFFB0BF7BD2777E04FFFDC202" masterDocTitle="Phylum Echinodermata *" masterLastPageNumber="764" masterPageNumber="749" pageNumber="757" updateTime="1698234457596" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="79E3F8489F494C95988B97930E92D4C8">Phylum Echinodermata *</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0219A5361CB07E54139D7C544F26A92F">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="84468797FFB8BF72D2E07FD3FD35C040" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6244693" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119382801" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6244693" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:84468797FFB8BF72D2E07FD3FD35C040" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/84468797FFB8BF72D2E07FD3FD35C040" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="758" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">
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<paragraph id="0C503681FFB8BF73D2E07FD3FD89C3F3" blockId="8.[151,628,471,497]" box="[151,628,471,497]" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">
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<emphasis id="3E9BEA93FFB8BF73D2E07FD3FD89C3F3" bold="true" box="[151,628,471,497]" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">
Other
<taxonomicName id="CBEF4D02FFB8BF73D29E7FD3FEB9C3F3" box="[233,324,471,497]" class="Mammalia" family="Djebelemuridae" genus="Extinct" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="756" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Extinct</taxonomicName>
Classes of Echinoderms
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C503681FFB8BF73D2E07C26FC0BC0B6" blockId="8.[151,1437,546,692]" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">
A useful and comprehensive classification of fossil echinoderm groups is provided by
<bibRefCitation id="687E4B70FFB8BF73D6D27C26FA65C03E" box="[1189,1432,546,572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="763" refString="Simms, M. J., Gale, A. S., Gilliland, P., Rose, E. P. F. &amp; Sevastopulo, G. D. (1993) Echinodermata. In: Benton, M. J. (Ed.) The fossil record 2. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, pp. 492 - 528." type="journal article">
Simms
<emphasis id="3E9BEA93FFB8BF73D7777C26FAC0C039" box="[1280,1341,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">et al.</emphasis>
(1993)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="687E4B70FFB8BF73D2E07C4EFED3C066" author="Mooi" box="[151,302,586,612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="762" refString="Mooi, R. (2001) Not all written in stone: interdisciplinary syntheses in echinoderm paleontology. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 1209 - 1231." type="journal article" year="2001">Mooi (2001)</bibRefCitation>
discussed (
<figureCitation id="94D42A04FFB8BF73D3CE7C4EFDDDC066" box="[441,544,586,612]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1690,1714]" captionTargetBox="[221,1332,755,1670]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[221,1373,751,1677]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic hypothesis of fossil and extant echinoderms. From Mooi (2001), q. v. Published with permission." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180116/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">Figure 3</figureCitation>
) and critically assessed publications on fossil echinoderms for the period 1980-2000. Ausich and Webster (in press) undoubtedly contains comprehensive summaries of the status of most fossil echinoderm groups, along with an extensive list of references.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="0C503681FFB8BF73D2E0789EFF36C4D6" blockId="8.[151,1435,1690,1748]" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">
<emphasis id="3E9BEA93FFB8BF73D2E0789EFEE4C4B0" bold="true" box="[151,281,1690,1714]" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Phylogenetic hypothesis of fossil and extant echinoderms. From Mooi (2001),
<emphasis id="3E9BEA93FFB8BF73D604789EFB65C4B3" box="[1139,1176,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">q.v.</emphasis>
Published with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="44F5650AFFB8BF72D2B1792CFD35C040" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="758" pageId="8" pageNumber="757" type="description">
<paragraph id="0C503681FFB8BF73D2B1792CFB51C590" blockId="8.[151,1436,1832,2018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">
Lovens law and ray homologies are described in echinoids,
<taxonomicName id="CBEF4D02FFB8BF73D1E1792CFBEAC540" box="[918,1047,1832,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Djebelemuridae" genus="Extinct" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="8" pageNumber="757" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiuroids">ophiuroids</taxonomicName>
, edrioasteroids, and an ophiocistioid by
<bibRefCitation id="687E4B70FFB8BF73D28B7954FE31C568" author="Hotchkiss" box="[252,460,1872,1898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="761" refString="Hotchkiss, F. H. C. (1995) Loven's law and adult ray homologies in echinoids, ophiuroid, edrioasteroids, and an ophiocistioid (Echinodermata: Eleutherozoa). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108 (3), 401 - 435." type="journal article" year="1995">Hotchkiss (1995)</bibRefCitation>
. In a related study with broad implications,
<bibRefCitation id="687E4B70FFB8BF73D1937954FAFCC568" author="Sumrall" box="[996,1281,1872,1898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="764" refString="Sumrall, C. D. &amp; Wray, G. A. (2007) Ontogeny in the fossil record: diversification of body plans and the evolution of &quot; aberrant &quot; symmetry in Paleozoic echinoderms. Paleobiology, 33 (1), 149 - 163." type="journal article" year="2007">Sumrall &amp; Wray (2007)</bibRefCitation>
discuss pentamerous symmetry and its origin in the 30 Cambrian-Ordovician clades of echinoderms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C503681FFB8BF72D2B179A4FB88C3C8" blockId="8.[151,1436,1832,2018]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,152,578]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="758" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">
Shu
<emphasis id="3E9BEA93FFB8BF73D28979A4FEC6C5BB" box="[254,315,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">et al.</emphasis>
(2004) describe, and
<bibRefCitation id="687E4B70FFB8BF73D03279A4FD0FC5B8" author="Smith" box="[581,754,1952,1978]" pageId="8" pageNumber="763" refString="Smith, A. B. (2004 b) Echinoderm roots. Nature, 430, 411 - 412." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">Smith (2004b)</bibRefCitation>
comments on, what are believed to be ancestral echinoderms (“velulocystids”) from the Lower Cambrian of
<collectingCountry id="74F87611FFB8BF73D15279CCFC96C5E0" box="[805,875,1992,2018]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">China</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="94D42A04FFB8BF73D10A79CCFC15C5E0" box="[893,1000,1992,2018]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1295,1319]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,637,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,625,1269]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phylogeny of early deuterostomes. From Shu et al. (2004), q. v. Published with permission." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/180117/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="757">Figure 4</figureCitation>
). The vetulocystids have a globose theca and a tail.
<bibRefCitation id="687E4B70FFB9BF72D32A7E9CFDF8C2B0" author="Smith" box="[349,517,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="763" refString="Smith, A. B. (2004 a) Deuterostome phylogeny and the interpretation of problematic fossil echinoderms. In: Heinzeller, T. &amp; Nebelsick, J. H. (Eds.) Echinoderms: Munchen. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, pp. 543 - 546." type="book chapter" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">Smith (2004a)</bibRefCitation>
studied phylogeny of deuterostomes, and anatomy of carpoids, and concluded that early deuterostomes with a stereom skeleton and gill slits may have existed, but it is not likely that sterom and a notochord co-occurred. These conclusions support in part (gill slits), and disagree in part (notochord) with the ideas of
<bibRefCitation id="687E4B70FFB9BF72D3197F14FD8DC328" box="[366,624,272,298]" pageId="9" pageNumber="761" refString="Jefferies, R. P. S., Brown, N. A. &amp; Daley, P. E. J. (1996) The early phylogeny of chordates and echinoderms and the origins of chordate left-right asymmetry and bilateral symmetry. Acta Zoologica, 77, 101 - 122." type="journal article">
Jefferies
<emphasis id="3E9BEA93FFB9BF72D3AD7F14FDEBC32B" box="[474,534,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="758">et al.</emphasis>
(1996)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="687E4B70FFB9BF72D0FA7F14FC8EC328" box="[653,883,272,298]" pageId="9" pageNumber="760" refString="David, B., Lefebvre, B., Mooi, R. &amp; Parsley, R. (1999) Homalozoans in the light of the extraxial-axial theory of skeletal homologies. In: Candia Carnevali, M. D. C. &amp; Bonasoro, F. (Eds.) Echinoderm research 1998. Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 319." type="journal article">
David
<emphasis id="3E9BEA93FFB9BF72D0AA7F14FCE4C32B" box="[733,793,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="758">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
, applying the extraxial/axial theory, regard the four non-pentamerous classes comprising the homalozoans as early echinoderms, but not indicative of the plesiomorphic morphology of the phylum. Further, the Homalozoa is not a monophyletic assemblage.
<bibRefCitation id="687E4B70FFB9BF72D7457F64FF18C3A0" author="Lefebvre" pageId="9" pageNumber="761" refString="Lefebvre, B. (2007) Early Palaeozoic palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of stylophoran echinoderms. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 245, 156 - 199." type="journal article" year="2007">Lefebvre (2007)</bibRefCitation>
studied in detail the palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology of cornutes and mitrates. Parsley (1999), using a cladistic approach, determined that the Cincta (Homostelea) are blastozoans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C503681FFB9BF72D2B17FDCFB7FC3F0" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,578]" box="[198,1154,472,498]" pageId="9" pageNumber="758">
Ophiocistioids have been reviewed by Haude (2004), and
<bibRefCitation id="687E4B70FFB9BF72D1187FDCFB82C3F0" author="Reich" box="[879,1151,472,498]" pageId="9" pageNumber="763" refString="Reich, M. &amp; Haude, R. (2004). Ophiocistioidea (fossil Echinodermata): an overview. In: Heinzeller, T. &amp; Nebelsick, J. H. (Eds.) Echinoderms: Munchen. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, pp. 489 - 494." type="book chapter" year="2004">Reich &amp; Haude (2004)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0C503681FFB9BF72D2B17C04FD35C040" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,578]" pageId="9" pageNumber="758">
<bibRefCitation id="687E4B70FFB9BF72D2B17C04FDFAC018" author="Dominguez-Alonso" box="[198,519,512,538]" pageId="9" pageNumber="760" refString="Dominguez-Alonso, P. (1999) The early evolution of echinoderms: the class Ctenocystoidea and its closest relatives revisited. In: Candia Carnevali, M. D. C. &amp; Bonasoro, F. (Eds.) Echinoderm research 1998. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 263 - 268." type="journal article" year="1999">Dominguez-Alonso (1999)</bibRefCitation>
presented new data on the structure of ctenocystoids and proposed a new approach to the early evolution of echinoderms.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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