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<mods:title id="61D0729806EE65EAE6149D7DE504FC35">On some species of Zygophylax Quelch, 1885 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from off New Caledonia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6E035E98FFA17F270112BB7576FC4BDC">Galea, Horia R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8DA9AA0FB2E57569D1C55D5CE1759A24">Maggioni, Davide</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="91903BAB1457D65DCF635C8488247511">Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Terra, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy. &amp; Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Marine and High Education (MaRHE) Center, 12030 Faafu Magoodhoo, Republic of the Maldives.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A2D69E3CC1820A183FE5720808B06809">Galli, Paolo</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03EB87C9FF8C4D65FF22FF71FD9DF995" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7383649" ID-GBIF-Taxon="205364183" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7383649" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EB87C9FF8C4D65FF22FF71FD9DF995" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EB87C9FF8C4D65FF22FF71FD9DF995" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<subSubSection id="C3586554FF8C4D67FF22FF71FCEAFF75" box="[151,798,151,178]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFF8C4D67FF22FF71FCEAFF75" blockId="29.[151,798,151,214]" box="[151,798,151,178]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<heading id="D0B581B3FF8C4D67FF22FF71FCEAFF75" bold="true" box="[151,798,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8C4D67FF22FF71FCEAFF75" ID-CoL="9FY5Q" authority="Gu, Moura &amp; Song, 2022" authorityName="Gu, Moura &amp; Song" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,798,151,178]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudosibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8C4D67FF22FF71FCEAFF75" bold="true" box="[151,798,151,178]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8C4D67FF22FF71FE28FF76" bold="true" box="[151,476,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zygophylax pseudosibogae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8C4D67FE51FF71FCEAFF75" author="Gu, Z. &amp; Ruthensteiner, B. &amp; Moura, C. J. &amp; Liu, L. &amp; Zhang, R. &amp; Song, X." box="[484,798,151,177]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="52 - 87" refId="ref23418" refString="Gu, Z., Ruthensteiner, B., Moura, C. J., Liu, L., Zhang, R. &amp; Song, X. (2022) Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of fourteen deep-sea species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 196, 52 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlac 036" type="journal article" year="2022">Gu, Moura &amp; Song, 2022</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFF8C4D67FF22FF5DFE2DFF11" blockId="29.[151,798,151,214]" box="[151,473,187,214]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
(
<figureCitation id="13792A5AFF8C4D67FF2AFF5DFF02FF11" box="[159,246,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1879,1903]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,399,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-103@29.[151,1436,396,1856]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 17. Zygophylax pseudosibogae Gu, Moura &amp; Song, 2022 (part). A. Apical part of a colony. B–E. Nematothecate from the auxiliary tubes of the stem. F–K. Cauline (F, G), axillar (H) and cladial (I–K) hydrothecae. From samples MNHN-IK-2015- 2933 (J, K) and -2019-2142 (A–I). Scale bars: B–E = 100 µm; F–K = 300 µm; A = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7381870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7381870/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs 17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13792A5AFF8C4D67FEB7FF5DFED4FF11" box="[258,288,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[154,1429,181,1632]" captionTargetId="figure-32@30.[151,1436,181,1632]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 18. Zygophylax pseudosibogae Gu, Moura &amp; Song, 2022 (continued). A–D. Simple or renovated nematothecae associated to a cladial apophysis and (occasionally to) a hydrothecal pedicel (A), and to the apophyses supporting cladial hydrothecae (B–D). E, F. Diaphragm in frontal (E) and (F) lateral aspects. G. Nematophorous ramulus; note basal nematothecae. H–J. Two gonothecae, one with two (H), the other with three (I, J) apertures, in lateral (H, I) and apical (J) views. From samples MNHN-IK-2015-2933 (G–J) and -2019-2142 (A–F). Scale bars: A–F = 100 µm; G–J = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7381876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7381876/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13792A5AFF8C4D67FE99FF5DFEBFFF12" box="[300,331,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1919,1943]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,561,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-223@40.[151,1436,561,1896]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 25. Phylogenetic hypothesis for the Zygophylaciidae based on the 16S rRNA gene. Numbers at nodes refer to support values of the maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analyses, respectively, and are shown only when&gt; 70 and 0.7. Sequences generated in this study are followed by voucher numbers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7381892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7381892/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">25</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6C00364FF8C4D67FEE3FF5DFE42FF11" box="[342,438,187,213]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="25.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 6. Measurements (in µm) of some species of Zygophylax." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6657FF884D63FF22FF71FCAFFF6B" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" tableUuid="DF3D6657FF884D63FF22FF71FCAFFF6B">Tables 6</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6C00364FF8C4D67FE77FF5DFE24FF11" box="[450,464,187,213]" captionStart="TABLE 8" captionStartId="41.[151,233,472,498]" captionTargetBox="[151,2024,501,1730]" captionText="TABLE 8. Pairwise genetic distances between and within zygophylacid species, calculated as uncorrected p-distances ± standard deviations (in %). N.C. stands for non-calculable." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6657FFB84D53FF22FE3EF8DDFE36" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" tableUuid="DF3D6657FFB84D53FF22FE3EF8DDFE36">8</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFF8C4D67FF22FEE6FBBDFEDC" blockId="29.[151,1437,255,372]" box="[151,1097,255,280]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8C4D67FF22FEE6FD80FEDC" authority="Gu, Moura &amp; Song" authorityName="Gu, Moura &amp; Song" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,628,256,280]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudosibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8C4D67FF22FEE6FE5FFEDC" box="[151,427,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zygophylax pseudosibogae</emphasis>
Gu, Moura &amp; Song
</taxonomicName>
(in Gu
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8C4D67FD77FEE6FD02FEDC" box="[706,758,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
), 2022: 75, figs 13C–D, 14C, 17.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3586554FF8C4D67FF22FEF8FAF9FEB0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5211F1FF8C4D67FF22FEF8FAF9FEB0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8C4D67FF22FEF8FE93FEF2" ID-CoL="5DBLH" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1918" box="[151,359,286,310]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8C4D67FF22FEF8FE93FEF2" box="[151,359,286,310]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zygophylax sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AE310CEFF8C4D67FE3DFEF8FDB5FEF2" author="Ralph, P. M." box="[392,577,286,310]" page="311" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="1958">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8C4D67FE3DFEF8FDB5FEF2" author="Ralph, P. M." box="[392,577,286,310]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="301 - 356" refId="ref24805" refString="Ralph, P. M. (1958) New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part II. Families Lafoeidae, Lineolariidae, Haleciidae and Syntheciidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 85 (2), 301 - 356." type="journal article" year="1958">Ralph, 1958: 311</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 2E–I.—
<treatmentCitation id="0AE310CEFF8C4D67FD78FEF8FC7EFEF2" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[717,906,286,310]" page="21" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="1964">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8C4D67FD78FEF8FC7EFEF2" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[717,906,286,310]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref24199" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1964) The Hydrozoa of the South and West coasts of South Africa. Part II. The Lafoeidae, Syntheciidae and Sertulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum, 48 (1), 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1964">Millard, 1964: 21</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 5G–H.—
<treatmentCitation id="0AE310CEFF8C4D67FB97FEF8FB18FEF2" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[1058,1260,286,310]" page="198" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="1975">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8C4D67FB97FEF8FB18FEF2" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[1058,1260,286,310]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref24248" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard, 1975: 198</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 65A–C.—?
<treatmentCitation id="0AE310CEFF8C4D67FF72FEDBFE7CFE91" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Showa" box="[199,392,317,341]" page="32" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8C4D67FF72FEDBFE7CFE91" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Showa" box="[199,392,317,341]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref23533" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Showa. (1983) Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 6, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1983">Hirohito, 1983: 32</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 12.—Altuna Prados &amp; Álvarez-Claudio, 1994: 10, figs 5, 6.—
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8C4D67FB8EFED8FB96FE91" box="[1083,1122,318,341]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">p.p.</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AE310CEFF8C4D67FBDDFEDBFA6DFE91" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[1128,1433,317,341]" page="80" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8C4D67FBDDFEDBFA6DFE91" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[1128,1433,317,341]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref25310" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003: 80</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 13G–K (not 14A, B =
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8C4D67FE61FEBAFDCAFEB0" ID-CoL="5DBLH" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1918" box="[468,574,348,372]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8C4D67FE61FEBAFDCAFEB0" box="[468,574,348,372]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Z. sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<treatmentCitation id="0AE310CEFF8C4D67FDD7FEBAFCC7FEB0" author="Vervoort, W." box="[610,819,347,372]" page="247" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8C4D67FDD7FEBAFCC7FEB0" author="Vervoort, W." box="[610,819,347,372]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="181 - 318" refId="ref25217" refString="Vervoort, W. (2006) Leptolida (Cnidaria; Hydrozoa) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands [Anthoathecata, various families of Leptothecata and addenda]. Zoologische Meddedelingen, Leiden, 80 - 1 (11), 181 - 318." type="journal article" year="2006">Vervoort, 2006: 247</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 19B, C.—?
<treatmentCitation id="0AE310CEFF8C4D67FC55FEBAFB4EFEB0" author="Schuchert, P." box="[992,1210,347,372]" page="337" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8C4D67FC55FEBAFB4EFEB0" author="Schuchert, P." box="[992,1210,347,372]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="325 - 370" refId="ref25027" refString="Schuchert, P. (2015) On some hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Okinawa Islands, Japan. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 122 (2), 325 - 370." type="journal article" year="2015">Schuchert, 2015: 337</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 10.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF3D6657FF8C4D67FF22F8B1FBD1F873" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7381870" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7381870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7381870/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[151,250,1879,1903]" targetBox="[155,1430,399,1856]" targetPageId="29">
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFF8C4D67FF22F8B1FBD1F873" blockId="29.[151,1436,1879,1976]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8C4D67FF22F8B1FEEBF8AB" bold="true" box="[151,287,1879,1903]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8C4D67FE90F8B1FCCAF8AB" authority="Gu, Moura &amp; Song, 2022" authorityName="Gu, Moura &amp; Song" authorityYear="2022" box="[293,830,1879,1903]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudosibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8C4D67FE90F8B1FDCCF8AB" box="[293,568,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Zygophylax pseudosibogae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8C4D67FD88F8B1FCCAF8AB" author="Gu, Z. &amp; Ruthensteiner, B. &amp; Moura, C. J. &amp; Liu, L. &amp; Zhang, R. &amp; Song, X." box="[573,830,1879,1903]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="52 - 87" refId="ref23418" refString="Gu, Z., Ruthensteiner, B., Moura, C. J., Liu, L., Zhang, R. &amp; Song, X. (2022) Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of fourteen deep-sea species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 196, 52 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlac 036" type="journal article" year="2022">Gu, Moura &amp; Song, 2022</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(part). A. Apical part of a colony. B–E. Nematothecate from the auxiliary tubes of the stem. F–K. Cauline (F, G), axillar (H) and cladial (I–K) hydrothecae. From samples MNHN-IK-2015- 2933 (J, K) and -2019-2142 (A–I). Scale bars: B–E = 100 µm; F–K = 300 µm; A = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3D6657FF8F4D64FF22F991FB93F8E4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7381876" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7381876" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7381876/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" startId="30.[151,250,1655,1679]" targetBox="[154,1429,181,1632]" targetPageId="30">
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFF8F4D64FF22F991FB93F8E4" blockId="30.[151,1437,1655,1824]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8F4D64FF22F991FED0F94B" bold="true" box="[151,292,1655,1679]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8F4D64FE9BF99EFC96F954" authority="Gu, Moura &amp; Song, 2022" authorityName="Gu, Moura &amp; Song" authorityYear="2022" box="[302,866,1656,1680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudosibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8F4D64FE9BF99EFDB1F954" box="[302,581,1656,1680]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Zygophylax pseudosibogae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8F4D64FDFAF99EFC96F954" author="Gu, Z. &amp; Ruthensteiner, B. &amp; Moura, C. J. &amp; Liu, L. &amp; Zhang, R. &amp; Song, X." box="[591,866,1656,1680]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="52 - 87" refId="ref23418" refString="Gu, Z., Ruthensteiner, B., Moura, C. J., Liu, L., Zhang, R. &amp; Song, X. (2022) Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of fourteen deep-sea species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 196, 52 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlac 036" type="journal article" year="2022">Gu, Moura &amp; Song, 2022</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(continued). A–D. Simple or renovated nematothecae associated to a cladial apophysis and (occasionally to) a hydrothecal pedicel (A), and to the apophyses supporting cladial hydrothecae (B–D). E, F. Diaphragm in frontal (E) and (F) lateral aspects. G. Nematophorous ramulus; note basal nematothecae. H–J. Two gonothecae, one with two (H), the other with three (I, J) apertures, in lateral (H, I) and apical (J) views. From samples MNHN-IK-2015-2933 (G–J) and -2019-2142 (A–F). Scale bars: A–F = 100 µm; G–J = 500 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3586554FF8F4D64FF22F8ABFB26F874" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFF8F4D64FF22F8ABFB26F874" blockId="30.[151,1436,1869,2041]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8F4D64FF22F8ABFE8EF8A3" bold="true" box="[151,378,1869,1895]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Material examined</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B2A3C82FF8F4D64FE3CF8A8FB3BF874" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3979548312" accessionNumber="OP724383" collectorName="Stn. CP &amp; Stn. DW" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" specimenCount="1">
MNHN-IK-2019-2142, KANADEEP 2
<collectorName id="26B75309FF8F4D64FCFCF8A8FC55F8AD" box="[841,929,1870,1897]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Stn. CP</collectorName>
5095: two infertile colonies 5.5 ×
<quantity id="4CBA9B3AFF8F4D64FAAAF8A8FA98F8AC" box="[1311,1388,1870,1897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="cm" value="5.5">5.5 cm</quantity>
and 6.5 ×
<quantity id="4CBA9B3AFF8F4D64FF6FF894FEDFF848" box="[218,299,1906,1933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="cm" value="5.5">5.5 cm</quantity>
; GenBank:
<accessionNumber id="9411AB3CFF8F4D64FE04F894FDDFF849" box="[433,555,1906,1933]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/OP724383" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">OP724383</accessionNumber>
.—MNHN-IK-2015-2933, KANADEEP
<collectorName id="26B75309FF8F4D64FC4DF894FBA9F848" box="[1016,1117,1906,1932]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Stn. DW</collectorName>
4962: a colony composed of three stems, tallest
<quantity id="4CBA9B3AFF8F4D64FEDBF870FE4EF874" box="[366,442,1942,1969]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="cm" value="3.5">3.5 cm</quantity>
high, all bearing a coppinia (one of them was removed and dissected)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3586554FF8F4D65FF72F85FFD76FA91" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFF8F4D65FF72F85FFD76FA91" blockId="30.[151,1436,1869,2041]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1437,151,1617]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8F4D64FF72F85FFEA5F817" bold="true" box="[199,337,1977,2003]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Description</emphasis>
. Colonies detached from their substrates above origin from hydrorhiza; erect, flabellate, reaching 6.5 ×
<quantity id="4CBA9B3AFF8F4D64FF68F838FED8F83C" box="[221,300,2014,2041]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="cm" value="5.5">5.5 cm</quantity>
(height × width), irregularly branched (up to the 3
<superScript id="7C379B97FF8F4D64FCCCF838FC73F828" attach="left" box="[889,903,2014,2028]" fontSize="6" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">rd</superScript>
order); stems and branches fascicled for most of their length, the former
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FE65FF71FE1EFF74" box="[464,490,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4CBA9B3AFF8E4D65FE49FF71FDB4FF75" box="[508,576,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide basally. Main cauline tube slightly geniculate, usually unsegmented, composed of a succession of modules comprising a proximal apophysis (and its axillar hydrotheca atop its own apophysis) supporting a cladium, two alternate apophyses above, each bearing hydrotheca, and a distal apophysis (together with its axillar hydrotheca mounted on its apophysis) supporting another cladium, given off on the opposite side to the preceding counterpart; apophyses shifted on to the “anterior” side of the stem, distant from one another, those supporting the cladia comparatively longer than those bearing the hydrothecae; usually a “fronto”- adaxial nematotheca (exceptionally twins) per cladial apophysis, sometimes a pair (a theca per side); hydrothecal apophyses with single, adaxial nematothecae; all apophyses ending distally in transverse node. Auxiliary tubes of the stem slightly tortuous, running parallel to the main tube, occasionally branching and anastomosing, bearing numerous tubular nematothecae (often renovated) of varied lengths. Cladia to
<quantity id="4CBA9B3AFF8E4D65FBA2FE3DFBAEFE31" box="[1047,1114,475,501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
long, almost straight, either undivided or irregularly divided by transverse nodes into internodes bearing 1–3 apophyses, each supporting a hydrotheca, and bearing adaxially a single nematotheca, the latter simple or renovated; up to 12 distant hydrothecae per hydrocladium; hydrothecal apophyses of comparable length to their cauline counterparts, alternate, equally shifted on to the “anterior” side of the colony; developing cladia gain increasing fasciculation and length, and transform themselves into branches that can rebranch again. Hydrothecae biseriate, alternate, the two rows forming a very acute angle between them; pedicellate; pedicels of either the same length or longer than the hydrothecae themselves; occasionally one (exceptionally two) nematothecae (either simple or renovated) per pedicel, generally in middle part; pedicels smooth-walled, gradually widening and merging imperceptibly with their hydrothecae, demarcation internal, as transverse septa, with raised, V-shaped edge on abaxial side; hydrotheca relatively long, tubular, distinctly curved adaxially in middle, occasionally with conspicuous internal notch at the site of curvature; walls finely and densely striated transversely; apertures set at right angle to the main axis of hydrotheca, often renovated several times, margin everted, rim even, rounded in apical view; on stem, thecal apertures facing obliquely upwards on both sides; on cladia, apertures of the hydrothecae facing either obliquely upwards (row close to the stem) or outwards (row away from the stem); finally, all hydrothecal apertures, regardless their belonging to the stem or cladia, facing towards the “posterior” side of the colony. Nematothecae tubular, of varied length, often renovated (renovations marked by transverse constrictions), slightly tapering distally towards a small, circular, transversely-set aperture. Coppinia borne on a side branch; small (
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FC29FBD9FC42FB9C" box="[924,950,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ca</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4CBA9B3AFF8E4D65FC7DFBD9FBF8FB9D" box="[968,1036,1087,1113]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
wide), globular, composed of 6–7 unfused gonothecae and nematophorous tubules, all arising from the accessory tubes of the branch; gonothecae vasiform, thick-walled, finely and densely striated transversely, tapering basally, distally with 2–3 lateral, curved projections, each bearing terminally a rounded aperture; sex female, about 7–8 large, ovoid oocytes per gonotheca; nematophorous tubules protruding from amidst the gonothecae, simple proximally for a length slightly surpassing the height of the gonothecae themselves, then dichotomously-branched several times, branchlets often anastomosing and forming a thick canopy over the gonothecae; nematothecae digitiform, tapering abruptly apically, where they are provided with a small, circular aperture.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3586554FF8E4D65FF72FAB9FC75FA05" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFF8E4D65FF72FAB9FC75FA05" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1617]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FF72FAB9FEC0FABD" bold="true" box="[199,308,1375,1401]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Remarks</emphasis>
. Several records of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8E4D65FDA0FAB9FCD1FABD" authority="Billard, 1918" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1918" box="[533,805,1375,1401]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FDA0FAB9FD7EFABD" box="[533,650,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Z. sibogae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8E4D65FD24FAB9FCD1FABD" author="Billard, A." box="[657,805,1375,1401]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="21 - 27" refId="ref22421" refString="Billard, A. (1918) Notes sur quelques especes d'hydroides de l'Expedition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 57, 21 - 27." type="journal article" year="1918">Billard, 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are likely attributable to the present species. Indeed, the hydrothecae depicted by a number of authors (see the proposed synonymy above) do not show the distinctive bent of the adaxial wall (compare their illustrations to
<figureCitation id="13792A5AFF8E4D65FD74FA41FCD7FA05" box="[705,803,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionTargetBox="[154,1424,995,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-356@35.[151,1436,993,1805]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 21. Zygophylax sibogae Billard, 1918 (continued). A. Nematotheca associated to an apophysis supporting a cladial hydrotheca. B, C. Same hydrotheca in lateral (B) and dorsal (C) aspects. D. Nematothecate ramulus. E, F. Two gonothecae, one with two apertures (seen laterally, E), the other with three apertures (seen apically, F). All from sample MNHN-IK-2019-2136. Scale bars: A–C = 100 µm; D–F = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7381884" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7381884/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 21B</figureCitation>
herein).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3586554FF8E4D65FF72FA2CFD9DF995" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFD36DFFF8E4D65FF72FA2CFD9DF995" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1617]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FF72FA2CFEADFA20" bold="true" box="[199,345,1482,1508]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="F355764FFF8E4D65FED3FA2DFE31FA21" box="[358,453,1483,1509]" name="Portugal" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8E4D65FE67FA2DFD80FA21" author="Gu, Z. &amp; Ruthensteiner, B. &amp; Moura, C. J. &amp; Liu, L. &amp; Zhang, R. &amp; Song, X." box="[466,628,1483,1509]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="52 - 87" refId="ref23418" refString="Gu, Z., Ruthensteiner, B., Moura, C. J., Liu, L., Zhang, R. &amp; Song, X. (2022) Systematic affinities of Zygophylacidae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Macrocolonia) with descriptions of fourteen deep-sea species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 196, 52 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlac 036" type="journal article" year="2022">
Gu
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FE49FA2DFDD8FA21" box="[508,556,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
. 2022
</bibRefCitation>
), Gulf of Biscay (Altuna Prados &amp; Álvarez-Claudio 1994, as
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8E4D65FAACFA2DFA78FA21" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1918" box="[1305,1420,1483,1509]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FAACFA2DFA78FA21" box="[1305,1420,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Z. sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Canary Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8E4D65FEF8FA09FE07F9CD" author="Vervoort, W." box="[333,499,1519,1545]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="181 - 318" refId="ref25217" refString="Vervoort, W. (2006) Leptolida (Cnidaria; Hydrozoa) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands [Anthoathecata, various families of Leptothecata and addenda]. Zoologische Meddedelingen, Leiden, 80 - 1 (11), 181 - 318." type="journal article" year="2006">Vervoort 2006</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8E4D65FDA8FA09FD65F9CD" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1918" box="[541,657,1519,1545]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FDA8FA09FD65F9CD" box="[541,657,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Z. sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<collectingCountry id="F355764FFF8E4D65FD1CFA09FCCCF9CD" box="[681,824,1519,1545]" name="South Africa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8E4D65FCF3FA09FC2AF9CD" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[838,990,1519,1545]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref24199" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1964) The Hydrozoa of the South and West coasts of South Africa. Part II. The Lafoeidae, Syntheciidae and Sertulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum, 48 (1), 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1964">Millard 1964</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8E4D65FC5CFA08FBD0F9CD" author="Millard, N. A. H." box="[1001,1060,1518,1545]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref24248" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8E4D65FBF8FA09FB36F9CD" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1918" box="[1101,1218,1519,1545]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FBF8FA09FB36F9CD" box="[1101,1218,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Z. sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),?
<collectingCountry id="F355764FFF8E4D65FB58FA09FAD9F9CD" box="[1261,1325,1519,1545]" name="Japan" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8E4D65FA8EFA09FF26F9E9" author="Hirohito &amp; Emperor of Showa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref23533" refString="Hirohito, Emperor of Showa. (1983) Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 6, 1 - 83." type="journal article" year="1983">Hirohito 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8E4D65FF55F9F5FE60F9E9" author="Schuchert, P." box="[224,404,1554,1581]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="325 - 370" refId="ref25027" refString="Schuchert, P. (2015) On some hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Okinawa Islands, Japan. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 122 (2), 325 - 370." type="journal article" year="2015">Schuchert 2015</bibRefCitation>
; both as
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8E4D65FE49F9F5FD87F9E9" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1918" box="[508,627,1555,1581]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FE49F9F5FD87F9E9" box="[508,627,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Z. sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<collectingCountry id="F355764FFF8E4D65FD39F9F5FCD0F9E9" box="[652,804,1555,1581]" name="New Zealand" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8E4D65FC81F9F5FC49F9E9" author="Ralph, P. M." box="[820,957,1554,1581]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="301 - 356" refId="ref24805" refString="Ralph, P. M. (1958) New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part II. Families Lafoeidae, Lineolariidae, Haleciidae and Syntheciidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 85 (2), 301 - 356." type="journal article" year="1958">Ralph 1958</bibRefCitation>
;
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FC7EF9F5FC01F9E8" box="[971,1013,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">p.p.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B2EFF8E4D65FC48F9F5FAE9F9E9" author="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E." box="[1021,1309,1555,1581]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref25310" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (thecate hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson 2003</bibRefCitation>
; both as
<taxonomicName id="4C424D5CFF8E4D65FA33F9F5FF1AF995" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1918" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zygophylacidae" genus="Zygophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sibogae">
<emphasis id="B936EACDFF8E4D65FA33F9F5FF1AF995" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Z. sibogae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<collectingCountry id="F355764FFF8E4D65FEB3F9D1FE47F995" box="[262,435,1591,1617]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
(present study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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