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<mods:title id="1AF448BDF33D918B327561ACAC9D318D">Glaciambulata neumayeri gen. et sp. nov., a new Antarctic trachymedusa (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with a revision of the family Ptychogastriidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C99D90F047B9B2ECBDAFB5117BCA3E81">Horia R. Galea</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="110DA39BEA03AD7DE3BB31745582480D">Cornelia Roder</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="15E1F576F32D573ABF1D43120692802A">Marco Warmuth</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF81FFB3FD95056AFC5BE098" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[605,983,871,897]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FD95056AFCAAE098" bold="true" box="[605,806,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pectis antarctica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FCE5056AFC5BE098" author="Haeckel E." box="[813,983,871,897]" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fisher, Jena" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46856" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln. Gustav Fisher, Jena. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" title="Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln" type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13792A08FF81FFB3FD0D0587FC87E0BC" box="[709,779,906,933]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="19.[189,231,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[195,1392,305,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[189,1398,301,1817]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 5. — Pectis antarctica Haeckel, 1879. A – B. Medusa in lateral (A) and oral (B) views. C. Longitudinal section through the manubrium. D. Lateral view of the manubrium showing the outer, gastric pouches. E. Lateral view of Voragonema laciniata Bouillon et al., 2001. F – G. Manubrium of V. laciniata in oral (F) and lateral (G) views. [A – D redrawn after Haeckel (1881 b); E – G redrawn after Bouillon et al. (2001)]. Scale bars: A, B, E = 1 cm; F, G = 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221254/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6C00336FF81FFB3FCD00587FCE3E0BD" box="[792,879,906,932]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="20.[189,258,268,294]" captionTargetBox="[197,1390,394,1992]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Table 2 (continued on next page). Morphological comparison between the nominal species Pectis antarctica Haeckel, 1879 and Voragonema laciniata Bouillon et al., 2001." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6605FF87FFB5FF750701FBAFE250" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" tableUuid="DF3D6605FF87FFB5FF750701FBAFE250">Table 2</tableCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF81FFB3FF7505C1FDF8E0FC" authority="Haeckel, 1879: 266" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityPageNumber="266" authorityYear="1879" box="[189,628,971,998]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FF7505C1FE0FE0FC" box="[189,387,972,997]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pectis antarctica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FE4305C6FDB5E0FF" author="Haeckel E." box="[395,569,971,998]" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fisher, Jena" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46856" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln. Gustav Fisher, Jena. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" title="Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln" type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
: 266
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF81FFB3FF7505FDFC61E710" blockId="18.[189,1005,971,1034]" box="[189,1005,1007,1034]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF81FFB3FF7505FDFD74E710" ID-CoL="7Z6Z3" authority="Bouillon et al., 2001: 841" authorityName="Bouillon et al." authorityPageNumber="841" authorityYear="2001" box="[189,760,1007,1033]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FF7505FDFE4DE710" box="[189,449,1007,1033]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Voragonema laciniata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FE0005E2FD33E710" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M." box="[456,703,1007,1033]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="839 - 845" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100289" refString="Bouillon J., Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. 2001. New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea. Polar Biology 24: 839 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000100289" title="New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea" type="journal article" year="2001">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FDFE05FDFDE6E710" box="[566,618,1007,1033]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
., 2001
</bibRefCitation>
: 841
</taxonomicName>
, Fgs 4–5 (syn. nov.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF81FFB3FF75023CFCC5E777" blockId="18.[189,1399,1072,1275]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF81FFB3FF75023CFE0BE753" box="[189,391,1073,1098]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FF75023CFE0BE753" box="[189,391,1073,1098]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pectis antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FE63023DFDEEE753" author="Haeckel E." box="[427,610,1072,1098]" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 a. Monographie der Medusen. Zweiter Theil. Erste Halfte: Die Tiefsee-Medusen der Challenger-Reise. Zweite Halfte: Der Organismus der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" title="Monographie der Medusen. Zweiter Theil. Erste Halfte: Die Tiefsee-Medusen der Challenger-Reise. Zweite Halfte: Der Organismus der Medusen" type="book" year="1881" yearSuffix="a">Haeckel 1881a</bibRefCitation>
: 13, pls 5–6; 1881b: 15, pls 5–6. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FBE2023CFB5DE753" author="Browne E. T." box="[1066,1233,1072,1099]" journalOrPublisher="Bergens Museum Arbog" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 36" part="1903" refString="Browne E. T. 1903. Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen. Bergens Museum Arbog 1903: 1 - 36." title="Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen" type="journal article" year="1903">Browne 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 29. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FAFF023CFEACE774" author="Maas O." journalOrPublisher="Fauna Arctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="479 - 526" part="4" refString="Maas O. 1906 a. Die arktischen Medusen (ausschlieβlich der Polypenmedusen). Fauna Arctica 4 (3): 479 - 526." title="Die arktischen Medusen (ausschlieβlich der Polypenmedusen)" type="journal article" year="1906" yearSuffix="a">Maas 1906a</bibRefCitation>
: 484. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FE420259FDAEE777" author="Kramp P. L." box="[394,546,1107,1134]" journalOrPublisher="Discovery &quot; Reports" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 128" part="29" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.12484" refString="Kramp P. L. 1957. Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections. &quot; Discovery &quot; Reports 29: 1 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12484" title="Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections" type="journal article" year="1957">Kramp 1957</bibRefCitation>
: 46. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FDB60259FC86E777" author="Beyer F." box="[638,778,1107,1134]" journalOrPublisher="Nytt Magasin for Zoologi" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="121 - 143" part="6" refString="Beyer F. 1959. A new, bottom-living trachymedusa from the Oslofjord. Description of the species, and a general discussion of the life conditions and fauna of the fjord deeps. Nytt Magasin for Zoologi 6: 121 - 143." title="A new, bottom-living trachymedusa from the Oslofjord. Description of the species, and a general discussion of the life conditions and fauna of the fjord deeps" type="journal article" year="1959">Beyer 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 128.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF81FFB3FF75027AFD66E7CE" blockId="18.[189,1399,1072,1275]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF81FFB3FF75027AFE69E789" ID-CoL="6WNMS" box="[189,485,1143,1169]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FF75027AFE69E789" box="[189,485,1143,1169]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ptychogastria antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FDC1027AFD2CE789" author="Maas O." box="[521,672,1142,1169]" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Arctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="479 - 526" part="4" refString="Maas O. 1906 a. Die arktischen Medusen (ausschlieβlich der Polypenmedusen). Fauna Arctica 4 (3): 479 - 526." title="Die arktischen Medusen (ausschlieβlich der Polypenmedusen)" type="journal article" year="1906" yearSuffix="a">Maas 1906a</bibRefCitation>
: 493; 1906b: 19. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FC6B027AFBB5E788" author="Mayer A. G." box="[931,1081,1143,1169]" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="231 - 498" part="109" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5996" refString="Mayer A. G. 1910. Medusae of the world. Vol. II. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 109: 231 - 498. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5996" title="Medusae of the world. Vol. II. The hydromedusae" type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 375. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FB67027BFAFFE788" author="Vanhoffen E." box="[1199,1395,1142,1169]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologie" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="351 - 396" part="5" refString="Vanhoffen E. 1912. Die craspedoten Medusen der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 1903, Zoologie 5 (3): 351 - 396." title="Die craspedoten Medusen der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 1903" type="journal article" year="1912">Vanhöffen 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 386. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FEFE0297FE40E7AD" author="Thiel M. E." box="[310,460,1178,1204]" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, n. ser. 1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="435 - 514" part="3" refString="Thiel M. E. 1932 b. Die Hydromedusen-Fauna des Nordlichen Eismeeres in tiergeographischer Betrachtung. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, n. ser. 1 (3): 435 - 514." title="Die Hydromedusen-Fauna des Nordlichen Eismeeres in tiergeographischer Betrachtung" type="journal article" year="1932" yearSuffix="b">Thiel 1932b</bibRefCitation>
: 478. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FDF30297FD59E7AD" author="Kramp P. L." box="[571,725,1178,1204]" journalOrPublisher="Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 D" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 66" part="14" refString="Kramp P. L. 1947. Medusae. III. Trachylina and Scyphozoa. Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 D (14): 1 - 66." title="Medusae. III. Trachylina and Scyphozoa" type="journal article" year="1947">Kramp 1947</bibRefCitation>
: 5; 1957: 46; 1961: 241; 1968: 111, 174. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FB380297FEEEE7CE" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Boero F." journalOrPublisher="Thalassia Salentina" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="47 - 296" part="24" refString="Bouillon J. &amp; Boero F. 2000. Phylogeny and classiFcation of Hydroidomedusae. Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hydroidomedusae of the world, with a list of the worldwide species. Thalassia Salentina 24: 47 - 296." title="Phylogeny and classiFcation of Hydroidomedusae. Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hydroidomedusae of the world, with a list of the worldwide species" type="journal article" year="2000">Bouillon &amp; Boero 2000</bibRefCitation>
: 68. —
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FE7502B0FD20E7CE" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Gravili C. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. &amp; Boero F." box="[445,684,1213,1240]" journalOrPublisher="Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="194" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi" refString="Bouillon J., Gravili C., Pages F., Gili J. M. &amp; Boero F. 2006. An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 194, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1086 / 586983" title="An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" type="book chapter" year="2006">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FDE402B3FDD3E7CE" box="[556,607,1213,1239]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
: 112.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF81FFB3FF7502ECFCC5E7E3" blockId="18.[189,1399,1072,1275]" box="[189,841,1248,1275]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF81FFB3FF7502ECFE4DE7E3" ID-CoL="7Z6Z3" box="[189,449,1248,1274]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FF7502ECFE4DE7E3" box="[189,449,1248,1274]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Voragonema laciniata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FE1602EDFD61E7E3" author="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F." box="[478,749,1248,1274]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="31 - 39" part="2671" refString="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F. 2010. Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae). Zootaxa 2671: 31 - 39." title="Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae)" type="journal article" year="2010">Lindsay &amp; Pagès 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 36–37.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3586506FF81FFB7FF75032FFEDFE4A8" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF81FFB3FF75032FFEA3E625" blockId="18.[189,303,1314,1340]" box="[189,303,1314,1340]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D0B581E1FF81FFB3FF75032FFEA3E625" bold="true" box="[189,303,1314,1340]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FF75032FFEA3E625" bold="true" box="[189,303,1314,1340]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF81FFB3FF75035DFE79E5BE" blockId="18.[189,1399,1360,1703]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FE93035DFD8BE673" author="Haeckel E." box="[347,519,1360,1386]" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fisher, Jena" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46856" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln. Gustav Fisher, Jena. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" title="Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln" type="book" year="1879">Haeckel (1879</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FDD9035DFDD0E673" author="Haeckel E." box="[529,604,1360,1386]" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 a. Monographie der Medusen. Zweiter Theil. Erste Halfte: Die Tiefsee-Medusen der Challenger-Reise. Zweite Halfte: Der Organismus der Medusen. Gustav Fischer, Jena. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" title="Monographie der Medusen. Zweiter Theil. Erste Halfte: Die Tiefsee-Medusen der Challenger-Reise. Zweite Halfte: Der Organismus der Medusen" type="book" year="1881" yearSuffix="a">1881a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FDAE035DFD3FE672" author="Haeckel E." box="[614,691,1360,1387]" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 154" part="4" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6513" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 b. Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology 4 (2): 1 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" title="Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76" type="journal article" year="1881" yearSuffix="b">1881b</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF81FFB3FD0E035CFC07E673" box="[710,907,1361,1386]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FD0E035CFC07E673" box="[710,907,1361,1386]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pectis antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a hydromedusa exhibiting the following characters: 1) bell nearly hemispherical; 2) exumbrella Fnely ribbed radially; 3) mesoglea moderately thick in the upper half, and comparatively thinner in the lower half; 4) eight radial canals connecting with the ring canal, the latter giving rise to 11–13 centripetal canals in each octant; 5) eight ovoid, convoluted gonads, extending along the proximal half of the radial canals; 6) a quadrangular manubrium provided with 8 pairs of outer, hollow, hemispherical pouches; 7) a strong, muscular velum; 8) a great number of solid marginal tentacles not arising in distinct clusters, but showing a certain regularity in their arrangement around the bell margin; 9) a continuous ring of nematocysts between the velum and the lowest row of tentacles; 10) the occurrence of a number of free, small, club-shaped statocysts with single, spherical statoliths.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF81FFB3FF7500C2FE0DE46C" blockId="18.[189,1399,1742,1909]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
In light of these characters, especially the presence of centripetal canals, also found in
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF81FFB3FB1A00C3FE37E415" authority="Allman, 1878" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1878" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FB1A00C3FE9CE415" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ptychogastria polaris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FEDF00FFFE37E415" author="Allman G. J." box="[279,443,1778,1804]" editor="Feilden H. W." journalOrPublisher="G. S. Nares" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="290 - 292" part="2" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6828" refString="Allman G. J. 1878. Appendix No. XI. Hydrozoa. In: Feilden H. W. (ed.) Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875 - 6 in H. M. ships &quot; Alert &quot; and &quot; Discovery &quot; by Capt. G. S. Nares 2: 290 - 292. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle &amp; Rivington, London. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6828" title="Appendix No. XI. Hydrozoa" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875 - 6 in H. M. ships &quot; Alert &quot; and &quot; Discovery &quot; by Capt" year="1878">Allman, 1878</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FE0100FFFDE7E415" author="Maas O." box="[457,619,1777,1804]" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Arctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="479 - 526" part="4" refString="Maas O. 1906 a. Die arktischen Medusen (ausschlieβlich der Polypenmedusen). Fauna Arctica 4 (3): 479 - 526." title="Die arktischen Medusen (ausschlieβlich der Polypenmedusen)" type="journal article" year="1906" yearSuffix="a">Maas (1906a)</bibRefCitation>
transferred Haeckel’s species to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF81FFB3FBA400FFFF77E436" authority="Allman, 1878" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1878" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FBA400FFFA9DE415" box="[1132,1297,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ptychogastria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FADF00FFFF77E436" author="Allman G. J." editor="Feilden H. W." journalOrPublisher="G. S. Nares" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="290 - 292" part="2" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6828" refString="Allman G. J. 1878. Appendix No. XI. Hydrozoa. In: Feilden H. W. (ed.) Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875 - 6 in H. M. ships &quot; Alert &quot; and &quot; Discovery &quot; by Capt. G. S. Nares 2: 290 - 292. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle &amp; Rivington, London. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6828" title="Appendix No. XI. Hydrozoa" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875 - 6 in H. M. ships &quot; Alert &quot; and &quot; Discovery &quot; by Capt" year="1878">Allman, 1878</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. He acknowledged only “relative” differences in the arrangement of the marginal tentacles, and noted a remarkable reduction of the “mesenteries” (
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FCDF0135FCCDE44B" box="[791,833,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">sic!</emphasis>
) compared to both
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF81FFB3FBEC0134FB13E44B" box="[1060,1183,1848,1874]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FBEC0134FB13E44B" box="[1060,1183,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pt. polaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF81FFB3FB1F0134FEF2E46C" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="asteroides">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF81FFB3FB1F0134FAFBE44B" box="[1239,1399,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pt. asteroides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF81FFB3FF0D0156FEF9E46C" author="Haeckel E." box="[197,373,1883,1909]" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fisher, Jena" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46856" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln. Gustav Fisher, Jena. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" title="Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln" type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3D6605FF80FFB2FF750149FD2CE4F2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/221254/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" targetBox="[195,1392,305,1811]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF80FFB2FF750149FD2CE4F2" blockId="19.[189,1400,1860,2028]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FF750149FE84E447" bold="true" box="[189,264,1860,1886]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF80FFB2FEF80148FD12E447" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[304,670,1860,1886]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FEF80148FEFAE447" box="[304,374,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pectis</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FEB40148FE7DE447" box="[380,497,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">antarctica</emphasis>
Haeckel, 1879
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FD600149FD52E447" bold="true" box="[680,734,1860,1887]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A–B</emphasis>
. Medusa in lateral (A) and oral (B) views.
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FB090149FB5AE447" bold="true" box="[1217,1238,1860,1886]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
. Longitudinal section through the manubrium.
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FDF50165FDDEE49B" bold="true" box="[573,594,1896,1922]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">D</emphasis>
. Lateral view of the manubrium showing the outer, gastric pouches.
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FF750186FF5CE4BC" bold="true" box="[189,208,1931,1957]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E</emphasis>
. Lateral view of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF80FFB2FE5A0186FC0FE4BC" authority="Bouillon et al., 2001" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="2001" box="[402,899,1930,1957]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FE5A0186FD03E4BD" box="[402,655,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Voragonema laciniata</emphasis>
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FCC80186FCBDE4BD" box="[768,817,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
., 2001
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FC450186FC48E4BD" bold="true" box="[909,964,1930,1957]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">F–G</emphasis>
. Manubrium of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF80FFB2FBB50186FB72E4BD" box="[1149,1278,1930,1956]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FBB50186FB72E4BD" box="[1149,1278,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">V. laciniata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in oral (F) and lateral (G) views. [A–D redrawn after Haeckel (1881b); E–G redrawn after Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF80FFB2FB1D01A2FA85E4D1" box="[1237,1289,1966,1992]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
. (2001)]. Scale bars: A, B, E = 1 cm; F, G = 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3D6605FF87FFB5FF750701FBAFE250" ID-Table-UUID="DF3D6605FF87FFB5FF750701FBAFE250" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3D6605FF87FFB5FF750701FBAFE250" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" targetBox="[197,1390,394,1992]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF87FFB5FF750701FBAFE250" blockId="20.[189,1399,267,329]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FF750701FE92E23C" bold="true" box="[189,286,267,294]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Table 2</emphasis>
(continued on next page). Morphological comparison between the nominal species
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF87FFB5FAE70701FE6AE250" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FAE70701FEB9E251" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pectis antarctica</emphasis>
Haeckel, 1879
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF87FFB5FDD60722FB93E250" authority="Bouillon et al., 2001" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="2001" box="[542,1055,302,329]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FDD60722FCAEE250" box="[542,802,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Voragonema laciniata</emphasis>
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FC5F0722FC47E250" box="[919,971,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
., 2001
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF87FFB5FEBC0786FBFBE4BE" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<table id="F942C42DFF87005EFF0D0787FAE2E4D1" box="[197,1390,394,1992]" colsContinueIn="21.[197,1390,283,1460]" gridcols="3" gridrows="8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<tr id="357234CFFF87005EFF0D0787FAE2E2BA" box="[197,1390,394,419]" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76A35DB3FF87005EFEBC0787FCD2E2BA" box="[372,862,394,419]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF87FFB5FEBC0786FD2EE2BB" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[372,674,394,419]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FEBC0786FD2EE2BB" bold="true" box="[372,674,394,419]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FEBC0786FE71E2BB" bold="true" box="[372,509,394,418]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. antarctica</emphasis>
Haeckel, 1879
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76A35DB3FF87005EFCA50787FAE2E2BA" box="[877,1390,394,419]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF87FFB5FCA50786FB42E2BB" authority="Bouillon et al., 2001" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="2001" box="[877,1230,394,419]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FCA50786FB42E2BB" bold="true" box="[877,1230,394,419]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FCA50786FC65E2BB" bold="true" box="[877,1001,394,418]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">V. laciniata</emphasis>
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FB9F0786FB0AE2BB" bold="true" box="[1111,1158,394,418]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
., 2001
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF87005EFF0D07BEFAE2E2D5" box="[197,1390,435,460]" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76A35DB3FF87005EFF0D07BEFED0E2D5" box="[197,348,435,460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FF0D07BEFECDE2D2" bold="true" box="[197,321,435,459]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">References</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFEBC07BEFCD2E2D5" box="[372,862,435,460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Haeckel (1881b)</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFCA507BEFAE2E2D5" box="[877,1390,435,460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FC1907B8FB8CE2D5" box="[977,1024,436,460]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
. (2001), Lindsay &amp; Pagès (2010)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF87005EFF0D07D6FBE1E10C" box="[197,1133,475,533]" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76A35DB3FF87005EFF0D07D6FED0E10C" box="[197,348,475,533]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FF0D07D1FEDCE2ED" bold="true" box="[197,336,476,500]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Distribution</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFEBC07D6FCD2E10C" box="[372,862,475,533]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
60°52′ S, 80°20′ E (500–600 km off eastern
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF87FFB5FEBC07F0FE69E10C" box="[372,485,509,533]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="20" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">Antarctica</taxonomicName>
)
</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFCA507D6FAE2E10C" box="[877,1390,475,533]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Weddell Sea,
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF87FFB5FC3607D0FBE1E2EC" box="[1022,1133,477,501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="20" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">Antarctica</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF87005EFF0D042BFAE2E75A" box="[197,1390,550,1091]" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76A35DB3FF87005EFF0D042BFED0E75A" box="[197,348,550,1091]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FF0D042BFEBDE127" bold="true" box="[197,305,550,574]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Umbrella</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFEBC042BFCD2E75A" box="[372,862,550,1091]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Dome-shaped to “almost hemispherical; about 1½ times as broad as high”,
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FD78044AFD45E147" box="[688,713,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ca</emphasis>
. 24 mm high and 36 mm wide “Exumbrella Fnely radially ribbed” “The gelatinous substance of the umbrella […] is nearly of equal thickness in the upper aboral half of the umbrella”; “much thinner in the lower oral half, hardly one-fourth or one- Ffth as thick as in the upper half” “The ectodermal epithelium of […] the subumbrella consists of cells of dark brown pigment” “The underlying annular system of the subumbrella forms numerous compact circular folds”
</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFCA5042BFAE2E75A" box="[877,1390,550,1091]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Dome-shaped to hemispherical, almost as high (30 mm) as wide (35 mm) Exumbrella transparent, with numerous Fne, meridional ridges Mesoglea 4 mm thick in the apex, thinning out towards umbrella margin Subumbrella dark red-brownish colored Musculature of subumbrella consisting of both circular and crossed oblique-radial muscles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF87005EFF0D025EFAE2E7D5" box="[197,1390,1107,1228]" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76A35DB3FF87005EFF0D025EFED0E7D5" box="[197,348,1107,1228]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FF0D025EFE95E772" bold="true" box="[197,281,1107,1131]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Gastric</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FF0D0279FEA7E795" bold="true" box="[197,299,1140,1164]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">peduncle</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFEBC025EFCD2E7D5" box="[372,862,1107,1228]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">The mesoglea “is very much thickened in the centre of the apex, and projects into the fundus of the gastral cavity in the form of a short, conical, gelatinous appendage”</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFCA5025EFAE2E7D5" box="[877,1390,1107,1228]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Large, circular from above and slightly octagonal from the subumbrellar cavity</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF87005EFF0D02D0FAE2E54C" box="[197,1390,1245,1621]" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76A35DB3FF87005EFF0D02D0FED0E54C" box="[197,348,1245,1621]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FF0D02D0FED0E7EC" bold="true" box="[197,348,1245,1269]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Canal system</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFEBC02D0FCD2E54C" box="[372,862,1245,1621]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">“The eight radial canals […] which run from the basis of the stomach to the umbrella margin, and there open into the circular canal, as well as the circular canal itself […], and the blind centripetal canals proceeding from it, are not cylindrical tubes, but Fattened band- like vessels which are sharply distinguished by then milk-white colour from the dark violet subumbrella”; “11-13 blind radial canals (3 larger and 8-10 smaller) between each two radial canals […] have the form of a pointed equilateral triangle”; “number and</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFCA502D0FAE2E54C" box="[877,1390,1245,1621]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">8, white-cream colored, straight; peduncular part 5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide; proximal half of the subumbrellar part narrow, 0.5 mm wide, distal half broader, 1.3 mm wide. Ring canal wide, giving rise to 11–13 conically-shaped, irregular in length and width, centripetal canals in each octant</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF87005EFF0D0050FAE2E56F" box="[197,1390,1629,1654]" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFEBC0050FCD2E56F" box="[372,862,1629,1654]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">arrangement […] not perfectly regular”</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF87005EFF0D008BFAE2E4D1" box="[197,1390,1670,1992]" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<th id="76A35DB3FF87005EFF0D008BFED0E4D1" box="[197,348,1670,1992]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF87FFB5FF0D008BFEDCE587" bold="true" box="[197,336,1670,1694]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Manubrium</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFEBC008BFCD2E4D1" box="[372,862,1670,1992]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">“The central oesophagus hangs down from the fundus of the umbrella cavity till past the middle of it in the shape of a quadrangular tube […]” “Oral cavity with with 8 pairs of hemispherical side pouches”. “These form hemispherical, or, more properly, semioval evaginations of the gastral wall, and hang together in pairs in such a way that eight pairs appear as oral bifurcated terminal shoots of the eight gastral grooves”</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF87005EFCA5008BFAE2E4D1" box="[877,1390,1670,1992]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Short, broad, square, slightly longer than the peduncle, with thick muscular walls. Gastric peduncle and manubrium taken together about half the height of the sumbumbrella cavity. Manubrial cavity divided into eight longitudinally folded gastric pouches that open into the radial canals. The presence of septal pouches presumably increases the absorption surface of the endoderm.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF86FFB4FEBC0716FB7BE62A" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<table id="F942C42DFF86005EFF0D0716FAE2E6AD" box="[197,1390,283,1460]" colsContinueFrom="20.[197,1390,394,1992]" gridcols="3" gridrows="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<tr id="357234CFFF86005EFF0D0716FAE2E22A" box="[197,1390,283,307]" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-0="1">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FEBC0716FB42E22A" bold="true" box="[372,1230,283,307]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<th id="76A35DB3FF86005EFEBC0716FCD2E22A" box="[372,862,283,307]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF86FFB4FEBC0716FD2EE22A" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[372,674,283,307]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FEBC0716FD2EE22A" bold="true" box="[372,674,283,307]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FEBC0716FE71E22A" bold="true" box="[372,509,283,307]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. antarctica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF86FFB4FDCC0716FD2EE22A" author="Haeckel E." box="[516,674,283,307]" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fisher, Jena" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46856" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln. Gustav Fisher, Jena. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" title="Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln" type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76A35DB3FF86005EFCA50716FAE2E22A" box="[877,1390,283,307]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF86FFB4FCA50716FB42E22A" authority="Bouillon et al., 2001" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="2001" box="[877,1230,283,307]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FCA50716FB42E22A" bold="true" box="[877,1230,283,307]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FCA50716FC65E22A" bold="true" box="[877,1001,283,307]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">V. laciniata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF86FFB4FC380716FB42E22A" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M." box="[1008,1230,283,307]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="839 - 845" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100289" refString="Bouillon J., Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. 2001. New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea. Polar Biology 24: 839 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000100289" title="New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea" type="journal article" year="2001">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FB9F0716FB0AE22A" bold="true" box="[1111,1158,283,307]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
., 2001
</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</emphasis>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF86005EFF0D0749FAE2E2C5" box="[197,1390,324,476]" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFEBC0749FCD2E2C5" box="[372,862,324,476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
“Oral margin Feshy and thickened, quadrate, with four radial oral tentacles” (
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FD1C0768FD76E265" box="[724,762,357,380]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">sic!</emphasis>
). “These folds are divided into four interradial groups by four perradial longitudinal muscles, ending in the four short heart-shaped oral lobes”
</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFCA50749FAE2E2C5" box="[877,1390,324,476]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Mouth with four prominent, elongated perradial lips, and swollen interradial edges</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF86005EFF0D07E0FAE2E15C" box="[197,1390,493,581]" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<th id="76A35DB3FF86005EFF0D07E0FEC6E15C" box="[197,330,493,581]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FF0D07E0FE90E11C" bold="true" box="[197,284,493,517]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Gonads</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFEBC07E0FCD2E15C" box="[372,862,493,581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">“The eight genitalia […] are wide, folded, thick-walled pouches, which occupy the proximal half of the radial canals”</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFCA507E0FAE2E15C" box="[877,1390,493,581]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">8, extending along the proximal half of the radial canals; Fattened, with distal part free and slightly pendant</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF86005EFF0D047BFAE2E1B6" box="[197,1390,630,687]" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<th id="76A35DB3FF86005EFF0D047BFEC6E1B6" box="[197,330,630,687]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FF0D047BFEC6E197" bold="true" box="[197,330,630,654]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Nematocyst</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FF0D049BFF78E1B7" bold="true" box="[197,244,662,686]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">ring</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFEBC047BFCD2E1B6" box="[372,862,630,687]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">“Umbrella margin, thickened into a roll”</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFCA5047BFAE2E1B6" box="[877,1390,630,687]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bell margin thickened by a conspicuous ring of cnidocysts</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF86005EFF0D04CDFAE2E081" box="[197,1390,704,920]" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<th id="76A35DB3FF86005EFF0D04CDFEC6E081" box="[197,330,704,920]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FF0D04CDFE82E1C1" bold="true" box="[197,270,704,728]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Velum</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFEBC04CDFCD2E081" box="[372,862,704,920]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">“The velum […] is distinguished by a very unusual development of the muscular system”, and is characterized by the presence of “numerous highly-developed circular folds”. “The breadth of the velum is so great that when fully extended it can probably close the entire umbrella cavity like a sphincter”</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFCA504CDFAE2E081" box="[877,1390,704,920]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Wide, with marked circular muscles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF86005EFF0D05A4FAE2E7F3" box="[197,1390,937,1258]" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<th id="76A35DB3FF86005EFF0D05A4FEC6E7F3" box="[197,330,937,1258]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FF0D05A4FEA3E0D8" bold="true" box="[197,303,937,961]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Tentacles</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFEBC05A4FCD2E7F3" box="[372,862,937,1258]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
“The numerous sucking-cups (
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FD1A05A4FD74E0D9" box="[722,760,937,960]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">sic!</emphasis>
) form 6 to 8 alternating rows placed one above the other on the umbrella margin; in each of the thirty-two small groups, which have an almost rhomboidal outline, they are placed in 5 to 6 diagonal rows, each with 4 to 5 tentacles”; “about a thousand”. Types, shapes and arrangement well- illustrated in Haeckel’s Pl. 3 Fig. 12.
</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFCA505A4FAE2E7F3" box="[877,1390,937,1258]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">About 1200 per medusa, ca 150 per octant, superimposed in 5–6 rows; their size increases from the adaxial to the abaxial side 2 types of tentacles: solid, with adnate base in the outermost row, and shorter and thinner in the innermost rows</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357234CFFF86005EFF0D02F6FAE2E6AD" box="[197,1390,1275,1460]" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<th id="76A35DB3FF86005EFF0D02F6FEC6E6AD" box="[197,330,1275,1460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FF0D02F6FEBBE60A" bold="true" box="[197,311,1275,1299]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Statocysts</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFEBC02F6FCD2E6AD" box="[372,862,1275,1460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
“The auditory clubs (
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FDB802F1FD1BE60A" box="[624,663,1276,1299]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">sic!</emphasis>
) […] lie on the axial side of the umbrella margin, under the insertion of the velum, inside the lowest row of tentacles. After most careful search, I was only able to discover two or three of them, very small”
</td>
<td id="76A35DB3FF86005EFCA502F6FAE2E6AD" box="[877,1390,1275,1460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Numerous, free, placed among the marginal tentacles; with single, large statoliths</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF86FFB4FF750012FAFBE599" blockId="21.[189,1399,1567,1665]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF86FFB4FEAA002DFD95E523" author="Browne E. T." box="[354,537,1568,1594]" journalOrPublisher="Bergens Museum Arbog" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 36" part="1903" refString="Browne E. T. 1903. Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen. Bergens Museum Arbog 1903: 1 - 36." title="Report on some medusae from Norway and Spitzbergen" type="journal article" year="1903">Browne (1903)</bibRefCitation>
, the type specimen of
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FCE1002DFC5DE520" box="[809,977,1568,1593]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Pe.
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF86FFB4FC91002DFC5DE520" box="[857,977,1568,1593]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">antarctica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
“had been thoroughly dissected by Haeckel and just a few pieces placed back into a bottle”, an observation later conFrmed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF86FFB4FAED004EFE82E598" author="Kramp P. L." journalOrPublisher="Discovery &quot; Reports" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 128" part="29" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.12484" refString="Kramp P. L. 1957. Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections. &quot; Discovery &quot; Reports 29: 1 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12484" title="Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections" type="journal article" year="1957">Kramp (1957)</bibRefCitation>
, who added that the “tiny fragments […] give no idea of the original appearance of the medusa”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF86FFB4FF7500AAFBF9E457" blockId="21.[189,1399,1703,1871]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Earlier,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF86FFB4FED400A5FE4AE5D8" author="Kramp P. L." box="[284,454,1703,1730]" journalOrPublisher="Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 D" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 66" part="14" refString="Kramp P. L. 1947. Medusae. III. Trachylina and Scyphozoa. Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 D (14): 1 - 66." title="Medusae. III. Trachylina and Scyphozoa" type="journal article" year="1947">Kramp (1947)</bibRefCitation>
acknowledged that “
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF86FFB4FD0B00AAFBEAE5DB" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="Haeckel" box="[707,1126,1703,1730]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FD0B00AAFCE4E5D8" box="[707,872,1703,1729]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ptychogastria</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FCB900A5FC65E5D8" box="[881,1001,1704,1729]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">antarctica</emphasis>
(Haeckel)
</taxonomicName>
differs too much from
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF86FFB4FF7500C6FEA2E5FC" box="[189,302,1739,1765]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FF7500C6FEA2E5FC" box="[189,302,1739,1765]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. polaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be placed in the same genus, or even in the same family”. Later, he added: “if Haeckel’s account […] is correct, this species is entirely different from
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF86FFB4FC5200E2FB87E411" box="[922,1035,1774,1800]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FC5200E2FB87E411" box="[922,1035,1774,1800]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. polaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF86FFB4FB5E00E2FB77E411" box="[1174,1275,1775,1800]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="opposita">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FB5E00E2FB77E411" box="[1174,1275,1775,1800]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">opposita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF86FFB4FAEB00E3FF70E435" author="Kramp P. L." journalOrPublisher="Discovery &quot; Reports" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 128" part="29" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.12484" refString="Kramp P. L. 1957. Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections. &quot; Discovery &quot; Reports 29: 1 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 12484" title="Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections" type="journal article" year="1957">Kramp 1957</bibRefCitation>
). He noted that “the numerous and closely packed tentacles were not arranged in groups as in
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF86FFB4FAA9011FFE9CE457" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polaris">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF86FFB4FAA9011FFE9CE457" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. polaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The ring of tentacles seems to be homogenous, equally thick and dense”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF86FFB4FF750178FDB1E4AA" blockId="21.[189,1399,1909,1972]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Although his remark is entirely justiFed, a couple of morphological features resulting from Haeckel’s (1881b) account are noteworthy:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF85FFB7FF750706FADFE275" blockId="22.[189,1399,267,365]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
1) unlike
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FEE60706FE5FE23C" box="[302,467,267,293]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FEE60706FE5FE23C" box="[302,467,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Ptychogastria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the gonads of which occur in pairs on either side of the manubrial lobes, those of
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FF170722FE0AE251" box="[223,390,303,328]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Pe.
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FEC70722FE0AE251" box="[271,390,303,328]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">antarctica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
are not only conFned to the radial canals, but they also exhibit a radically different shape, being “wide, folded, thick-walled” and slightly pendant distally (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FBCF075FFACFE275" author="Haeckel E." box="[1031,1347,338,365]" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 154" part="4" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6513" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 b. Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology 4 (2): 1 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" title="Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76" type="journal article" year="1881" yearSuffix="b">Haeckel 1881b: pl. 5 Fg. 2</bibRefCitation>
);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF85FFB7FF750789FD97E111" blockId="22.[189,1399,388,520]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
2) the mesoglea of
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FE6C0788FDC7E287" box="[420,587,389,414]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Pe.
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FE1B0788FDC7E287" box="[467,587,389,414]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">antarctica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is “very much thickened in the centre of the apex, and projects into the fundus of the gastral cavity in the form of a short, conical, gelatinous appendage”, leaving no doubts that this corresponds in fact to a gastric peduncle, even though the illustrations given by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FB7D07C7FEECE111" author="Haeckel E." journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 154" part="4" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6513" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 b. Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology 4 (2): 1 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" title="Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76" type="journal article" year="1881" yearSuffix="b">Haeckel (1881b: pl. 5 Fgs 2, 4)</bibRefCitation>
are misleading.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF85FFB7FF75043DFBD0E1AA" blockId="22.[189,1399,559,691]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
It is realized that, taken together, the morphological characters displayed by
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FBE2043DFB42E150" box="[1066,1230,560,585]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Pe.
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FB9E043DFB42E150" box="[1110,1230,560,585]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">antarctica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
are distinctive features of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FE7D045EFD73E175" authority="Naumov, 1971" authorityName="Naumov" authorityYear="1971" box="[437,767,594,621]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FE7D045EFDC5E175" box="[437,585,595,620]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Voragonema</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FD98045EFD73E175" author="Naumov D. V." box="[592,767,594,621]" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Instituta Okeanologii" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="9 - 17" refString="Naumov D. V. 1971. Gydroidnye i stsifoidnye medusy iz Kurilo-Kamchatskogo zhelova (Hydromedusae and Scyphomedusae from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii 92: 9 - 17." title="Gydroidnye i stsifoidnye medusy iz Kurilo-Kamchatskogo zhelova (Hydromedusae and Scyphomedusae from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench)" type="book chapter" year="1971">Naumov, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Among the four species assigned to it (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FB32045FFEC1E189" author="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="31 - 39" part="2671" refString="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F. 2010. Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae). Zootaxa 2671: 31 - 39." title="Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae)" type="journal article" year="2010">Lindsay &amp; Pagès 2010</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FEAF047BFC88E189" authority="Bouillon et al., 2001" authorityName="Bouillon et al." authorityYear="2001" box="[359,772,629,656]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FEAF047BFE7EE196" box="[359,498,629,655]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">V. laciniata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FE370478FC88E189" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M." box="[511,772,629,656]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="839 - 845" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100289" refString="Bouillon J., Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. 2001. New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea. Polar Biology 24: 839 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000100289" title="New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea" type="journal article" year="2001">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FDBA047BFD20E196" box="[626,684,629,655]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
., 2001
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, originating from the Weddell Sea, shows striking resemblances with the present species, and both are thought to be coterminous.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3D6605FF85FFB7FF7504D7FC5FE0F3" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF85FFB7FF7504D7FC5FE0F3" blockId="22.[189,1399,730,1003]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Table 2 compares all morphological characters assigned by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FCB604D7FBC8E1EC" author="Haeckel E." box="[894,1092,730,757]" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 154" part="4" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6513" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 b. Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology 4 (2): 1 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" title="Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76" type="journal article" year="1881" yearSuffix="b">Haeckel (1881b)</bibRefCitation>
to his
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FB5D04D6FAB7E1ED" box="[1173,1339,731,756]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Pe.
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FB0B04D6FAB7E1ED" box="[1219,1339,731,756]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">antarctica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
with those provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FE5E04F0FD1EE00E" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M." box="[406,658,765,792]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="839 - 845" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100289" refString="Bouillon J., Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. 2001. New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea. Polar Biology 24: 839 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000100289" title="New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea" type="journal article" year="2001">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FDCB04F3FDBAE00E" box="[515,566,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. (2001)
</bibRefCitation>
for their
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FCC804F3FC08E00E" box="[768,900,765,791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FCC804F3FC08E00E" box="[768,900,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">V. laciniata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is, however, acknowledged that several morphological features described by Haeckel are a matter of debate. For example, the shape of the umbrella is rather peculiar, and it may represent an artifact resulting from a strong contraction during the hauling and/or Fxation of the type material, as already suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FC1F056AFB25E098" author="Vanhoffen E." box="[983,1193,871,897]" journalOrPublisher="Zoologie" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="351 - 396" part="5" refString="Vanhoffen E. 1912. Die craspedoten Medusen der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 1903, Zoologie 5 (3): 351 - 396." title="Die craspedoten Medusen der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 1903" type="journal article" year="1912">Vanhöffen (1912)</bibRefCitation>
. Indeed, a similar shape is assumed post-collection and Fxation by the medusae of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FC770586FBC3E0BD" box="[959,1103,906,932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tatsunoko">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FC770586FBC3E0BD" box="[959,1103,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">P. tatsunoko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FB970587FEB1E0DE" author="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="31 - 39" part="2671" refString="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F. 2010. Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae). Zootaxa 2671: 31 - 39." title="Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae)" type="journal article" year="2010">Lindsay &amp; Pagès 2010, Fig. 2A–B</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, a strong contraction of the umbrella would explain the presence of the “thirtytwo more prominent ribs towards the margin” reported by Haeckel.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF85FFB7FF75021FFE9BE7C5" blockId="22.[189,1399,1042,1244]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
The “eight narrow mesogonia” apparently occurring in
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FCF1021EFC50E735" box="[825,988,1043,1068]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Pe.
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FCAC021EFC50E735" box="[868,988,1043,1068]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">antarctica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
represent, with little doubt, nothing more than the proximal parts of the gonads. The observation that the tentacles are “rather arranged in eight larger and thirty-two smaller groups” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FD180255FC0AE76A" author="Haeckel E." box="[720,902,1112,1139]" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 154" part="4" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6513" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 b. Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology 4 (2): 1 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" title="Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76" type="journal article" year="1881" yearSuffix="b">Haeckel 1881b</bibRefCitation>
) around the umbrella margin, is possibly not totally unfounded. Indeed,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FDE00276FCCBE78F" author="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F." box="[552,839,1147,1174]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="31 - 39" part="2671" refString="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F. 2010. Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae). Zootaxa 2671: 31 - 39." title="Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae)" type="journal article" year="2010">Lindsay &amp; Pagès (2010)</bibRefCitation>
noted a “regular pattern” in the arrangement of tentacles in
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FE8302ADFE57E7A0" box="[331,475,1183,1209]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tatsunoko">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FE8302ADFE57E7A0" box="[331,475,1183,1209]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">P. tatsunoko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and it is quite possible that a similar situation may occur in Haeckel’ species as well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF85FFB7FF750309FD03E543" blockId="22.[189,1399,1283,1626]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Last but not least, Haeckel’s statement that “All the tentacles of this genus are solid; their endodermal axis consists of large, clear chordal cells which are sometimes placed in a discoid row one behind the other” is more problematic in its interpretation. Indeed, we cannot be sure whether or not Haeckel made sections through both the large, outermost and the shorter, innermost tentacles, given that only the latter are reportedly hollow in
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FE11039CFDADE6B3" box="[473,545,1425,1450]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FE11039CFDADE6B3" box="[473,545,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pectis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FDE7039DFC7BE6B3" author="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F." box="[559,1015,1424,1451]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="31 - 39" part="2671" refString="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F. 2010. Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae). Zootaxa 2671: 31 - 39." title="Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae)" type="journal article" year="2010">
Lindsay &amp; Pagès 2010, as
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FCAB039CFC7BE6B3" box="[867,1015,1425,1450]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FCAB039CFC7BE6B3" box="[867,1015,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Voragonema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
). It has been proved, indeed, that Haeckel’s observations on the hollow nature of the tentacles of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FC7003B9FBD6E6D4" box="[952,1114,1459,1485]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="asteroides">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FC7003B9FBD6E6D4" box="[952,1114,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pt. asteroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were totally unfounded (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FF0D03DBFED7E6E8" author="Picard J." box="[197,347,1494,1521]" journalOrPublisher="Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="59 - 71" part="15" refString="Picard J. 1955. Nouvelles recherches sur les hydromeduses des herbiers mediterraneens de posidonies. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume 15: 59 - 71." title="Nouvelles recherches sur les hydromeduses des herbiers mediterraneens de posidonies" type="journal article" year="1955">Picard 1955</bibRefCitation>
), even though he provided an illustration (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FCA203DBFB30E6E8" author="Haeckel E." box="[874,1212,1494,1521]" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 154" part="4" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6513" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 b. Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology 4 (2): 1 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" title="Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76" type="journal article" year="1881" yearSuffix="b">Haeckel 1881b: pl. 7 Fg. 4</bibRefCitation>
), of apparently irrefutable evidence, to support his statement. It is also interesting to note that
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FBBA03F7FAFAE50D" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M." box="[1138,1398,1530,1556]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="839 - 845" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100289" refString="Bouillon J., Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. 2001. New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea. Polar Biology 24: 839 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000100289" title="New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea" type="journal article" year="2001">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FB2A03F6FA94E50D" box="[1250,1304,1530,1556]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. (2001)
</bibRefCitation>
noted only hollow tentacles in
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FDD70013FD2FE52E" box="[543,675,1565,1591]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FDD70013FD2FE52E" box="[543,675,1565,1591]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">P. laciniata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although it was shown that two types, solid and hollow, occur in this species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FEB9004DFD0EE543" author="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F." box="[369,642,1600,1626]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="31 - 39" part="2671" refString="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F. 2010. Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae). Zootaxa 2671: 31 - 39." title="Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae)" type="journal article" year="2010">Lindsay &amp; Pagès 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF85FFB7FF75008FFB6DE431" blockId="22.[189,1399,1666,1833]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Reversal of precedence for the speciFc name could not be applied for the following reasons: the senior synonym,
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FEF100ABFE3CE5A6" box="[313,432,1702,1727]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FEF100ABFE3CE5A6" box="[313,432,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has been used several times as a valid name after 1899 (see synonymy), so the conditions relative to Art. 23.9.1.1. are not met; the junior synonym,
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FC2300C5FBDFE5FB" box="[1003,1107,1736,1762]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FC2300C5FBDFE5FB" box="[1003,1107,1736,1762]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">laciniata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has been used only Fve times in the literature (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FE1E00E6FD5CE41C" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M." box="[470,720,1771,1798]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="839 - 845" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100289" refString="Bouillon J., Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. 2001. New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea. Polar Biology 24: 839 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000100289" title="New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea" type="journal article" year="2001">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FD8100E1FD0DE41C" box="[585,641,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FD2800E6FC92E41C" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Gravili C. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. &amp; Boero F." box="[736,798,1771,1797]" journalOrPublisher="Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="194" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi" refString="Bouillon J., Gravili C., Pages F., Gili J. M. &amp; Boero F. 2006. An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 194, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1086 / 586983" title="An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle" type="book chapter" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FCE600E6FBC4E41C" author="Stepanjants S. &amp; Coretese G. &amp; Kruglikova SB. &amp; Bjorklund K. R." box="[814,1096,1771,1798]" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="200 - 241" part="2" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000600781767" refString="Stepanjants S., Coretese G., Kruglikova SB. &amp; Bjorklund K. R. 2006. A review of bipolarity concepts: history and examples from Radiolaria and Medusozoa (Cnidaria). Marine Biology Research 2 (3): 200 - 241. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000600781767" title="A review of bipolarity concepts: history and examples from Radiolaria and Medusozoa (Cnidaria)" type="journal article" year="2006">
Stepanjants
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FC0900E1FC74E41C" box="[961,1016,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FB9000E6FAFEE41C" author="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F." box="[1112,1394,1771,1797]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="31 - 39" part="2671" refString="Lindsay D. &amp; Pages F. 2010. Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae). Zootaxa 2671: 31 - 39." title="Voragonema tatsunoko (Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae), a new species of benthopelagic medusa, host to the hyperiid amphipod Mimonectes spandli (Physosomata: Mimonectidae)" type="journal article" year="2010">Lindsay &amp; Pagès 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FF750103FD8AE430" author="Mahuzier S. &amp; Sylvestre J. P." box="[189,518,1806,1833]" journalOrPublisher="Quae, Versailles" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Mahuzier S. &amp; Sylvestre J. P. 2016. Cap sur le grand continent blanc. Quae, Versailles." title="Cap sur le grand continent blanc" type="book" year="2016">Mahuzier &amp; Sylvestre 2016</bibRefCitation>
), instead of at least 25 times, and Art. 23.9.1.2. is not fulFlled.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF85FFB7FF75015DFEDFE4A8" blockId="22.[189,1398,1872,1969]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
Consequently, prevailing usage of
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FD9C015DFD30E473" box="[596,700,1872,1898]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FD9C015DFD30E473" box="[596,700,1872,1898]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">laciniata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could not be maintained, and this name should be assigned to synonymy with
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FE5F0179FD82E494" box="[407,526,1908,1933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FE5F0179FD82E494" box="[407,526,1908,1933]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For a modern description of this species, refer to
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF85FFB7FB94017EFADFE494" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M." box="[1116,1363,1907,1934]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="839 - 845" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100289" refString="Bouillon J., Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. 2001. New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea. Polar Biology 24: 839 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000100289" title="New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea" type="journal article" year="2001">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FB020179FB71E494" box="[1226,1277,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
. (2001
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF85FFB7FF75019AFECEE4A9" box="[189,322,1942,1968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF85FFB7FF75019AFECEE4A9" box="[189,322,1942,1968]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">V. laciniata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3586506FF84FFB6FF750706FB09E26E" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF84FFB6FF750706FEACE23C" blockId="23.[189,1399,267,375]" box="[189,288,267,293]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<heading id="D0B581E1FF84FFB6FF750706FEACE23C" bold="true" box="[189,288,267,293]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FF750706FEACE23C" bold="true" box="[189,288,267,293]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ecology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF84FFB6FF750734FB09E26E" blockId="23.[189,1399,267,375]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Almost nothing, except for the depth range of its habitat, is known about the ecology of this species. It was recorded from 1583 m (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF84FFB6FDC00751FD7AE26E" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M." box="[520,758,348,375]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="839 - 845" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100289" refString="Bouillon J., Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. 2001. New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea. Polar Biology 24: 839 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000100289" title="New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea" type="journal article" year="2001">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FDB00750FD20E26E" box="[632,684,349,375]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
) and ca 2300 m (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF84FFB6FC090751FBF4E26E" author="Haeckel E." box="[961,1144,348,375]" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 154" part="4" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6513" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 b. Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology 4 (2): 1 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" title="Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76" type="journal article" year="1881" yearSuffix="b">Haeckel 1881b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3586506FF84FFB6FF750793FAABE113" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF84FFB6FF750793FEDAE2A1" blockId="23.[189,342,414,440]" box="[189,342,414,440]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<heading id="D0B581E1FF84FFB6FF750793FEDAE2A1" bold="true" box="[189,342,414,440]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FF750793FEDAE2A1" bold="true" box="[189,342,414,440]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF84FFB6FF7507C1FAABE113" blockId="23.[189,1398,460,523]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Recorded so far from two localities, one situated 500–600 km off eastern
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF84FFB6FBC407C1FB0AE2FF" box="[1036,1158,460,486]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">Antarctica</taxonomicName>
(60°52’ S, 80°20’ E;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF84FFB6FF7507FDFEE3E112" author="Haeckel E." box="[189,367,496,523]" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 154" part="4" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6513" refString="Haeckel E. 1881 b. Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology 4 (2): 1 - 154. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" title="Report on the deep-sea medusae dredged by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the ScientiFc Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76" type="journal article" year="1881" yearSuffix="b">Haeckel 1881b</bibRefCitation>
) and the other in the Weddell Sea (73°27.5’ S, 22°43.1’ W;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF84FFB6FBE307FDFA96E113" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M." box="[1067,1306,496,522]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="839 - 845" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100289" refString="Bouillon J., Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. 2001. New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea. Polar Biology 24: 839 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000100289" title="New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea" type="journal article" year="2001">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FB5107FCFB41E113" box="[1177,1229,496,522]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3586506FF84FFB6FF750439FE06E7AB" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF84FFB6FF750439FED5E14A" blockId="23.[189,345,564,595]" box="[189,345,564,595]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<heading id="D0B581E1FF84FFB6FF750439FED5E14A" bold="true" box="[189,345,564,595]" fontSize="13" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="0">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FF750439FED5E14A" bold="true" box="[189,345,564,595]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Discussion</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF84FFB6FF750467FD70E04E" blockId="23.[189,1399,618,856]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
A new hydromedusa is described based on specimens from westernAntarctica. Some of its morphological features,
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FEE20483FEC7E1BE" box="[298,331,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">viz</emphasis>
. the number of radial canals, the number and arrangement of gonads, the lack of a gastric peduncle, the numerous tentacles occurring in superimposed rows, and the presence of free statocysts, place it within the family
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF84FFB6FE3804DEFCD9E1F7" authority="Mayer, 1910" authorityName="Mayer" authorityYear="1910" box="[496,853,723,750]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Ptychogastriidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF84FFB6FD7404D9FCD9E1F7" author="Mayer A. G." box="[700,853,724,750]" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="231 - 498" part="109" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5996" refString="Mayer A. G. 1910. Medusae of the world. Vol. II. The hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 109: 231 - 498. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5996" title="Medusae of the world. Vol. II. The hydromedusae" type="journal article" year="1910">Mayer, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Unlike both
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF84FFB6FC3E04D9FAC8E1F7" authority="Allman, 1878" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1878" box="[1014,1348,723,750]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FC3E04D9FB17E1F7" box="[1014,1179,724,750]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ptychogastria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF84FFB6FB6904DEFAC8E1F7" author="Allman G. J." box="[1185,1348,723,750]" editor="Feilden H. W." journalOrPublisher="G. S. Nares" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="290 - 292" part="2" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6828" refString="Allman G. J. 1878. Appendix No. XI. Hydrozoa. In: Feilden H. W. (ed.) Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875 - 6 in H. M. ships &quot; Alert &quot; and &quot; Discovery &quot; by Capt. G. S. Nares 2: 290 - 292. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle &amp; Rivington, London. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6828" title="Appendix No. XI. Hydrozoa" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875 - 6 in H. M. ships &quot; Alert &quot; and &quot; Discovery &quot; by Capt" year="1878">Allman, 1878</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF84FFB6FF7504F5FD89E008" authority="Beyer, 1959" authorityName="Beyer" authorityYear="1959" box="[189,517,758,785]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Tesserogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FF7504F5FEE4E008" box="[189,360,760,785]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Tesserogastria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF84FFB6FEBA04FAFD89E008" author="Beyer F." box="[370,517,758,785]" journalOrPublisher="Nytt Magasin for Zoologi" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="121 - 143" part="6" refString="Beyer F. 1959. A new, bottom-living trachymedusa from the Oslofjord. Description of the species, and a general discussion of the life conditions and fauna of the fjord deeps. Nytt Magasin for Zoologi 6: 121 - 143." title="A new, bottom-living trachymedusa from the Oslofjord. Description of the species, and a general discussion of the life conditions and fauna of the fjord deeps" type="journal article" year="1959">Beyer, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, this medusa has a Fattened, watch glass-shaped umbrella, and is devoid of a velum. These features justify the creation of a new, presently monotypic genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF84FFB6FB680517FADCE02D" box="[1184,1360,794,820]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Glaciambulata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="23" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FB680517FADCE02D" box="[1184,1360,794,820]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Glaciambulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to accommodate these new character combinations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFD368DFF84FFB6FF750573FE06E7AB" blockId="23.[189,1399,894,1202]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The revision of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF84FFB6FE3E0572FD17E080" box="[502,667,895,921]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptychogastriidae" genus="Ptychogastria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FE3E0572FD17E080" box="[502,667,895,921]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ptychogastria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provided herein demonstrates that
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF84FFB6FBF60572FF76E0A5" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FBF60572FB0AE081" box="[1086,1158,895,920]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pectis</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FB470572FA8BE081" box="[1167,1287,895,920]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">antarctica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF84FFB6FAC70573FF76E0A5" author="Haeckel E." journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fisher, Jena" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46856" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln. Gustav Fisher, Jena. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" title="Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Mit einem Atlas von vierzig Tafeln" type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, a species assigned to it by a number of authors, does not belong here. Indeed, its Fnely ribbed exumbrella, the pigmented subumbrella, the presence of a gastric peduncle and of centripetal canals, the number and arrangement of gonads, the types and arrangement of the marginal tentacles, and the occurrence of free statocysts, are characters of the contemporary rhopalonematid genus
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF84FFB6FB2A0201FEE1E750" authority="Naumov, 1971" authorityName="Naumov" authorityYear="1971" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FB2A0201FAFAE73C" box="[1250,1398,1036,1061]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Voragonema</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF84FFB6FF750222FEE1E750" author="Naumov D. V." box="[189,365,1071,1097]" journalOrPublisher="Trudy Instituta Okeanologii" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="9 - 17" refString="Naumov D. V. 1971. Gydroidnye i stsifoidnye medusy iz Kurilo-Kamchatskogo zhelova (Hydromedusae and Scyphomedusae from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii 92: 9 - 17." title="Gydroidnye i stsifoidnye medusy iz Kurilo-Kamchatskogo zhelova (Hydromedusae and Scyphomedusae from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench)" type="book chapter" year="1971">Naumov, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, it is demonstrated that
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF84FFB6FCCF0222FB0BE750" authority="Bouillon et al., 2001" authorityName="Bouillon et al." authorityYear="2001" box="[775,1159,1070,1097]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rhopalonematidae" genus="Voragonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trachymedusae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="laciniata">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FCCF0222FC00E750" box="[775,908,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">V. laciniata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD34B7CFF84FFB6FC5C0223FB0BE750" author="Bouillon J. &amp; Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M." box="[916,1159,1070,1097]" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="839 - 845" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000100289" refString="Bouillon J., Pages F. &amp; Gili J. M. 2001. New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea. Polar Biology 24: 839 - 845. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000100289" title="New species of benthopelagic hydromedusae from the Weddel Sea" type="journal article" year="2001">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FBCA0222FBBAE750" box="[1026,1078,1071,1097]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
., 2001
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is coterminous with
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF84FFB6FF75025EFEDFE775" box="[189,339,1107,1132]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FF75025EFEDFE775" box="[189,339,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">P. antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus clarifying the morphology and the taxonomic status of this poorly-known species, 137 years after its discovery. The binomen
<taxonomicName id="4C424D0EFF84FFB6FD1B027BFC12E796" box="[723,926,1142,1167]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pectis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antarctica">
<emphasis id="B936EA9FFF84FFB6FD1B027BFC12E796" box="[723,926,1142,1167]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pectis antarctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is retained in light of the Principle of Priority of ICZN.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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