961 lines
103 KiB
XML
961 lines
103 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.81942" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-0743-1-87" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9C25755C46BE57F8B90F4116BDF7AC17" ID-ZooBank="AF9D1D54F1DA44BD9F5747058914BEA7" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16F2DB84-82CD-44B9-B9A8-30A8BA64BD20" ModsDocID="1860-0743-98-1-87" checkinTime="1648057164477" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola & Nijman, Vincent" docDate="2022" docId="9A0702CA93E659EAA10E9C6BC4F865AC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoosystEvol 98(1): 87-92" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 98 (1)" docPubDate="2022-03-23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.81942" docTitle="Xanthonycticebus Nekaris & Nijman 2022, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="16F2DB84-82CD-44B9-B9A8-30A8BA64BD20" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" id="9C25755C46BE57F8B90F4116BDF7AC17" lastPageNumber="87" masterDocId="9C25755C46BE57F8B90F4116BDF7AC17" masterDocTitle="A new genus name for pygmy lorises, Xanthonycticebus gen. nov. (Mammalia, primates)" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="87" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" updateTime="1648057466800" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new genus name for pygmy lorises, Xanthonycticebus gen. nov. (Mammalia, primates)</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX 3 0 BP, UK & Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX 3 0 BP, UK</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nijman, Vincent</mods:namePart>
|
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5600-4276</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX 3 0 BP, UK & Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX 3 0 BP, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">vnijman@brookes.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
|
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2022-03-23</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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||
<mods:number>98</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>87</mods:start>
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<mods:end>92</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.81942</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.98.81942</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-0743-1-87</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">AF9D1D54F1DA44BD9F5747058914BEA7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">9C25755C46BE57F8B90F4116BDF7AC17</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16F2DB84-82CD-44B9-B9A8-30A8BA64BD20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A0702CA93E659EAA10E9C6BC4F865AC" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/16F2DB84-82CD-44B9-B9A8-30A8BA64BD20" authority="Nekaris & Nijman, 2022" authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Xanthonycticebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="87">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Morphological synapomorphies to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include: (i) skull length consistently less than 55 mm, (ii) diastema between P2 and P3, (iii) long black ears, hairless at the tips (iv) relatively narrow interorbital distance compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and (v) full seasonal coat colour change including almost complete loss of dorsal stripe (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Characteristics of pygmy loris Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus gen. nov. A. Photograph of wild adult male X. pygmaeus from Mondulkiri District, Cambodia and skull from Li Chau, Vietnam (FMNH 32499), compared with Nycticebus javanicus from Garut Regency, Indonesia and skull (RMNH 14563) from South Java, Indonesia; and with Loris lydekkerianus nordicus from Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka and skull (FMNH 95029) from Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. Features distinctive to Xanthonycticebus include yellowish-orange colour, mid-broad snout with long premaxilla, M 2 larger than M 1 and ears hairless at the tips; B. Neighbour-joining tree of 175 cytochrome b sequences (alignment 1,068 bp) of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris; C. Neighbour-joining tree of complete mtDNA sequences of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris, with Perodicticus as outgroup, showing considerable divergence of Xanthonycticebus from Nycticebus. All photographs courtesy of K. A. I. Nekaris." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.98.81942.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662395" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The species is furthermore distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by giving birth habitually to twins, frequent sympatry with
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. bengalensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu lato) and more rapid locomotion. Regarding multiple births, this trait occurs with varying frequency in primates. Most of the marmosets and tamarins are polyovulatory and twins are the dominant litter size in the wild and most twins are considered dizygotic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ward, JM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, JAALAS" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="7 - 11" refId="B51" refString="Ward, JM, Buslov, AM, Vallender, EJ, 2014. Twinning and survivorship of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, JAALAS 53: 7 - 11" title="Twinning and survivorship of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)." volume="53" year="2014">Ward et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.042" author="Wahab, F" journalOrPublisher="Current Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="780 - 782" refId="B50" refString="Wahab, F, Drummer, C, Behr, R, 2015. Marmosets. Current Biology 25 (18): 780 - 782, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.042" title="Marmosets." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.042" volume="25" year="2015">Wahab et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Old World monkeys, apes and humans are monovulatory species and while single births are the rule, multiple births do occasionally occur in various species, typically at a rate at, or below one percent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" author="Geissmann, T" journalOrPublisher="Human Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="387 - 396" refId="B10" refString="Geissmann, T, 1990. Twinning frequency in catarrhine primates. Human Evolution 5 (4): 387 - 396, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" title="Twinning frequency in catarrhine primates." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" volume="5" year="1990">Geissmann 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Around two-thirds to three-quarters of these twins are estimated to be monozygotic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" author="Geissmann, T" journalOrPublisher="Human Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="387 - 396" refId="B10" refString="Geissmann, T, 1990. Twinning frequency in catarrhine primates. Human Evolution 5 (4): 387 - 396, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" title="Twinning frequency in catarrhine primates." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437252" volume="5" year="1990">Geissmann 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This contrasts with twinning in strepsirrhines, as here all, or practically all, are dizygotic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pasztor, LM" editor="Andrews, EJ" journalOrPublisher="I. Academic Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="227 - 230" refId="B33" refString="Pasztor, LM, Van Horn, RN, 1979. Twinning. In: Andrews, EJ, Ward, BC, Altman, NH, Eds., Spontaneous Animal Models of Human Disease, Vol. I. Academic Press, New York: 227 - 230" title="Twinning." volumeTitle="Spontaneous Animal Models of Human Disease, Vol." year="1979">Pasztor and Van Horn 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No other species of slow lorises are known to be sympatric, with their distribution similar to gibbons
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1871" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylobatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gray, 1870 and langurs
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="tribe" tribe="Presbytina">Presbytina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gray, 1825, which, even though having more recent evolutionary histories, contain multiple genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rowe, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B40" refString="Rowe, N, Meyers, M, 2016. All the world's primates. Pogonias Press, Charlestown, USA." title="All the world's primates. Pogonias Press, Charlestown, USA." year="2016">Rowe and Meyers 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Where nocturnal primate genera or species are sympatric, different locomotor strategies have evolved, allowing reduced competition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Charles-Dominique, P" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B3" refString="Charles-Dominique, P, 1977. Ecology and behaviour of nocturnal primates: Prosimians of Equatorial West Africa. Columbia University Press, New York." title="Ecology and behaviour of nocturnal primates: Prosimians of Equatorial West Africa. Columbia University Press, New York." year="1977">Charles-Dominique 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additional differences, as well as those from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are summarised in Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Summary of key similarities and differences amongst the three Asian lorisiform genera." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/975DF3AC38AF6C21653F4303B61CA7C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="975DF3AC38AF6C21653F4303B61CA7C9">1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.98.81942.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662395" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Characteristics of pygmy loris
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. nov.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of wild adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mondulkiri District, Cambodia and skull from Li Chau, Vietnam (FMNH 32499), compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus javanicus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Garut Regency, Indonesia and skull (RMNH14563) from South Java, Indonesia; and with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hill" authorityYear="1933" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris lydekkerianus subsp. nordicus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lydekkerianus" subSpecies="nordicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris lydekkerianus nordicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka and skull (FMNH95029) from Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. Features distinctive to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include yellowish-orange colour, mid-broad snout with long premaxilla, M2 larger than M1 and ears hairless at the tips;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Neighbour-joining tree of 175 cytochrome b sequences (alignment 1,068 bp) of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Neighbour-joining tree of complete mtDNA sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Perodicticus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Perodicticus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Perodicticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as outgroup, showing considerable divergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All photographs courtesy of K.A.I. Nekaris.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
The genus name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, masculine, refers to the species orange/ish overall colouration and their nocturnal activity pattern; Xanto, Gr. Yellowish-orange; nykt-, Gr., night;
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="kêbos">kebos</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Gr., monkey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gainsford, P" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" publicationUrl="http://kiwihellenist.blogspot.com/2020/05/ancient-greek-colours.html" refId="B9" refString="Gainsford, P, 2020. How to make sense of ancient Greek colours. Kiwi Hellenist. [Accessed on 9 April 2021] http://kiwihellenist.blogspot.com/2020/05/ancient-greek-colours.html" title="How to make sense of ancient Greek colours. Kiwi Hellenist. [Accessed on 9 April 2021]" url="http://kiwihellenist.blogspot.com/2020/05/ancient-greek-colours.html" year="2020">Gainsford 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Currently, the most frequently used common name of this genus is pygmy slow loris, followed by the rarely used lesser slow loris or intermediary slow loris. For the common English name, we suggest pygmy loris in order to differentiate the new genus from the two other loris genera (slow and slender lorises). We acknowledge, however, that with the recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. menagensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="menagensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. menagensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Munds, Nekaris and Ford 2013, from Borneo, with a minimum adult body mass of 265 g, the small size is no longer a unique feature of the pygmy loris. The most commonly-used name for pygmy lorises in Vietnamese is Cu li nhỏ, in Mnong, it is Tau kless, in Lao, it is Linh lom and in Chinese, it is
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="小懶猴">小懶猴</normalizedToken>
|
||
/
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Xiǎo">Xiǎo</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="lǎn">lǎn</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="hóu">hou</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.066" author="Nijman, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="577 - 579" refId="B30" refString="Nijman, V, Nekaris, KAI, 2016. Provide context when reporting on the use of protected and endangered wildlife in ethnopharmacological surveys. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 194: 577 - 579, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.066" title="Provide context when reporting on the use of protected and endangered wildlife in ethnopharmacological surveys." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.066" volume="194" year="2016">Nijman and Nekaris 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" author="Th ạch, HM" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="45 - 62" refId="B49" refString="Thạch, HM, Le, MD, Vũ, NB, Panariello, A, Sethi, G, Sterling, EJ, Blair, ME, 2018. Slow loris trade in Vietnam: Exploring diverse knowledge and values. Folia Primatologica 89 (1): 45 - 62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" title="Slow loris trade in Vietnam: Exploring diverse knowledge and values." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" volume="89" year="2018">Thạch et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="975DF3AC38AF6C21653F4303B61CA7C9" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/975DF3AC38AF6C21653F4303B61CA7C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Summary of key similarities and differences amongst the three Asian lorisiform genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<th colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">-</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Reference</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Latitudinal range</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">6°N-20°N</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">8°S-28°N</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">10°N-25°N</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" author="Ravosa, MJ" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Primatology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="225 - 243" refId="B38" refString="Ravosa, MJ, 1998. Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus). American Journal of Primatology 45 (3): 225 - 243, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" title="Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" volume="45" year="1998">Ravosa (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Altitudinal range (asl)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">0-2,000 m</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">0-2,400 m</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">50-1,500 m</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nekaris, KAI" editor="Mittermeier, RA" journalOrPublisher="primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="210 - 235" refId="B23" refString="Nekaris, KAI, 2013. Lorisidae. In: Mittermeier, RA, Rylands, AB, Wilson, DE, Eds., Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3. primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona: 210 - 235" title="Lorisidae." volumeTitle="Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3." year="2013">Nekaris (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Twins</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Rare but occasional</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent or very rare</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Habitually</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000073313" author="Fitch-Snyder, H" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="259 - 271" refId="B8" refString="Fitch-Snyder, H, Ehrlich, A, 2003. Mother-infant interactions in slow lorises (Nycticebus bengalensis) and pygmy lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus). Folia Primatologica 74 (5-6): 259 - 271, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000073313" title="Mother-infant interactions in slow lorises (Nycticebus bengalensis) and pygmy lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000073313" volume="74" year="2003">Fitch-Snyder and Ehrlich (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Torpor</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.018" author="Streicher, U" editor="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="187 - 192" refId="B47" refString="Streicher, U, Reinhardt, K, 2020. Thermoregulation in lorises. In: Nekaris, KAI, Burrows, A, Eds., Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 187 - 192, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.018" title="Thermoregulation in lorises." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.018" volumeTitle="Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology)." year="2020">Streicher and Reinhardt (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Venomous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present, 68 volatile and semi-volatile components</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present, 200 volatile and semi-volatile components</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0_12" author="Hagey, LR" editor="Gursky, SL" journalOrPublisher="Springer, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="253 - 272" refId="B13" refString="Hagey, LR, Fry, BG, Fitch-Snyder, H, 2007. Talking defensively, a dual use for the brachial gland exudates of slow and pygmy lorises. In: Gursky, SL, Nekaris, KAI, Eds., Primate anti-predator strategies. Springer, New York: 253 - 272, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0_12" title="Talking defensively, a dual use for the brachial gland exudates of slow and pygmy lorises." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34810-0_12" volumeTitle="Primate anti-predator strategies." year="2007">Hagey et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Seasonal body mass change</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Streicher, U" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B46" refString="Streicher, U, 2004. Aspects of ecology and conservation of the pygmy loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Germany." title="Aspects of ecology and conservation of the pygmy loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Germany." year="2004">Streicher (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Seasonal coat colour change</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Dorsal stripe shortens in some species</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Full coat and dorsal stripe change</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Streicher, U" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B46" refString="Streicher, U, 2004. Aspects of ecology and conservation of the pygmy loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Germany." title="Aspects of ecology and conservation of the pygmy loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Germany." year="2004">Streicher (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Nekaris, unpubl. data.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Species</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Two</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Nine</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">One, possibly two</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rowe, N" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B40" refString="Rowe, N, Meyers, M, 2016. All the world's primates. Pogonias Press, Charlestown, USA." title="All the world's primates. Pogonias Press, Charlestown, USA." year="2016">Rowe and Meyers (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Body size, range</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">120-330 g</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">265-2200 g</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">360-580 g</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nekaris, KAI" editor="Mittermeier, RA" journalOrPublisher="primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="210 - 235" refId="B23" refString="Nekaris, KAI, 2013. Lorisidae. In: Mittermeier, RA, Rylands, AB, Wilson, DE, Eds., Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3. primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona: 210 - 235" title="Lorisidae." volumeTitle="Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3." year="2013">Nekaris (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Ears</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
Haired, larger than in
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nycticebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">Xanthonycticebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Haired and small often with tufts</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Ear length intermediate and naked at tips</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osman-Hill, WC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B31" refString="Osman-Hill, WC, 1953. primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." title="primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." year="1953">Osman Hill (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Multi-male, multi-female social system</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Absent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Present</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.012" author="Poindexter, S" editor="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="129 - 137" refId="B35" refString="Poindexter, S, Nekaris, KAI, 2020. The evolution of social organisation in Lorisiformes. In: Nekaris, KAI, Burrows, A, Eds., Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 129 - 137, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.012" title="The evolution of social organisation in Lorisiformes." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.012" volumeTitle="Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology)." year="2020">Poindexter and Nekaris (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Gestation</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">160-170 d</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">184-197 d</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">184-200 d</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.026" author="Fitch-Snyder, H" editor="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="263 - 276" refId="B7" refString="Fitch-Snyder, H, 2020. Husbandry and reproductive management recommendations for captive lorises and pottos (Nycticebus, Loris and Perodicticus). In: Nekaris, KAI, Burrows, A, Eds., Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 263 - 276, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.026" title="Husbandry and reproductive management recommendations for captive lorises and pottos (Nycticebus, Loris and Perodicticus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.026" volumeTitle="Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology)." year="2020">Fitch-Snyder (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Molar size</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">M2 larger than M1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">M1 larger than M2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">M2 larger than M1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osman-Hill, WC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B31" refString="Osman-Hill, WC, 1953. primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." title="primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." year="1953">Osman Hill (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Karyotype and nucleolus organiser regions (NORs)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">2n = 62</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">2n = 50; NORs on chromosome 1, 6, 9, 15 and 23</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">2n = 50; NORs on chromosome 6, 9 and 15</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" author="Chen, Z" journalOrPublisher="primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="47 - 53" refId="B5" refString="Chen, Z, Zhang, Y, Shi, L, Liu, R, Wang, Y, 1993. Studies on the chromosomes of genus Nycticebus. primates 34 (1): 47 - 53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" title="Studies on the chromosomes of genus Nycticebus." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" volume="34" year="1993">Chen et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000156874" author="Goonan, PM" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="100 - 109" refId="B11" refString="Goonan, PM, Groves, CP, Smith, RD, 1995. Karyotype polymorphism in the slender loris (Loris tardigradus). Folia Primatologica 65 (2): 100 - 109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000156874" title="Karyotype polymorphism in the slender loris (Loris tardigradus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000156874" volume="65" year="1995">Goonan et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Third hand pad</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Smallest</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Intermediate or small</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Largest</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osman-Hill, WC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B31" refString="Osman-Hill, WC, 1953. primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." title="primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." year="1953">Osman Hill (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Nekaris, unpubl data.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Snout</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Narrow and pointy</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Broader and more rounded</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
Broader than
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but longer premaxilla than
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osman-Hill, WC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B31" refString="Osman-Hill, WC, 1953. primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." title="primates: A comparative anatomy and taxonomy. I-Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh." year="1953">Osman Hill (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Interorbit</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Narrowest</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Widest</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Intermediate</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" author="Ravosa, MJ" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Primatology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="225 - 243" refId="B38" refString="Ravosa, MJ, 1998. Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus). American Journal of Primatology 45 (3): 225 - 243, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" title="Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" volume="45" year="1998">Ravosa (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Ocular axial and corneal diameter</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">AD - 14.0 mm; CD - 12.0 mm</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">AD - 15.7 mm; CD - 12.1 mm</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">AD - 15.5 mm; CD - 12.3 mm</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.09.006" author="Ross, CF" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="294 - 313" refId="B39" refString="Ross, CF, Kirk, EC, 2007. Evolution of eye size and shape in primates. Journal of Human Evolution 52 (3): 294 - 313, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.09.006" title="Evolution of eye size and shape in primates." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.09.006" volume="52" year="2007">Ross and Kirk (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="contents">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Contents.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
a single species,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bonhote, 1907) is currently recognised and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dao Van Tien" authorityYear="1960" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus intermedius" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dao Van Tien, 1960 and the not formally described
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. chinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are treated as synonyms. There is clear clinal latitudinal variation in body size and craniofacial size (smaller in the north) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" author="Ravosa, MJ" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Primatology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="225 - 243" refId="B38" refString="Ravosa, MJ, 1998. Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus). American Journal of Primatology 45 (3): 225 - 243, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" title="Cranial allometry and geographic variation in slow lorises (Nycticebus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3%3C225::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-Y" volume="45" year="1998">Ravosa 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Variation in pelage colourations, coupled with a considerable amount of genetic divergence between available sequences deposited in GenBank (e.g. up to 2.0% in
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">cytb</emphasis>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Characteristics of pygmy loris Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus gen. nov. A. Photograph of wild adult male X. pygmaeus from Mondulkiri District, Cambodia and skull from Li Chau, Vietnam (FMNH 32499), compared with Nycticebus javanicus from Garut Regency, Indonesia and skull (RMNH 14563) from South Java, Indonesia; and with Loris lydekkerianus nordicus from Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka and skull (FMNH 95029) from Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. Features distinctive to Xanthonycticebus include yellowish-orange colour, mid-broad snout with long premaxilla, M 2 larger than M 1 and ears hairless at the tips; B. Neighbour-joining tree of 175 cytochrome b sequences (alignment 1,068 bp) of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris; C. Neighbour-joining tree of complete mtDNA sequences of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris, with Perodicticus as outgroup, showing considerable divergence of Xanthonycticebus from Nycticebus. All photographs courtesy of K. A. I. Nekaris." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.98.81942.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662395" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">1</figureCitation>
|
||
), largely from specimens without exact geographic locality data, may lead to the recognition of additional species in the future.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.007" author="Pozzi, L" editor="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="57 - 66" refId="B37" refString="Pozzi, L, Roos, C, Blair, ME, 2020. Molecular advances in lorisid taxonomy and phylogeny. In: Nekaris, KAI, Burrows, A, Eds., Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 57 - 66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.007" title="Molecular advances in lorisid taxonomy and phylogeny." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.007" volumeTitle="Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology)." year="2020">Pozzi et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on monophyletic northern and southern populations of pygmy lorises from Laos PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam, advocate more research to confirm if these are, indeed, two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mein, P" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="783 - 844" refId="B19" refString="Mein, P, Ginsburg, L, 1997. Les mammiferes du gisement miocene inferieur de Li Mae Long, Thailande: Systematique, biostratigraphie et paleoenvironnement. Geodiversitas 19: 783 - 844" title="Les mammiferes du gisement miocene inferieur de Li Mae Long, Thailande: Systematique, biostratigraphie et paleoenvironnement." volume="19" year="1997">Mein and Ginsburg (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
tentatively described a single third upper molar M3 (T Li 41) from Li Mae Long in Lamphum Province, Thailand dated to the early Miocene, 17-18 Mya, as?
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mein & Ginsburg" authorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus linglom" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linglom">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus linglom</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mein & Ginsburg, 1997. The small size (1.29
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.82 mm) shows affinities with
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but absence of a hypocone and a metaconule on M3 on T Li 41 aligns it closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. bengalensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Li Mae Long is situated west of the Mekong River, outside the current distribution range of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We suggest to retain?
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mein & Ginsburg" authorityYear="1997" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus linglom" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linglom">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus linglom</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
The holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a juvenile male collected by J. Vassal on 13 November 1905 in Nha Thrang Vietnam [12.24, 109.19], that is currently stored in the Natural History Museum London under registration number 1906.11.6.2. It is described in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01797.x" author="Bonhote, JL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="3 - 11" refId="B2" refString="Bonhote, JL, 1907. On a collection of mammals made by Dr Vassal in Annam. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1907 (1): 3 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01797.x" title="On a collection of mammals made by Dr Vassal in Annam." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01797.x" volume="1907" year="1907">Bonhote (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="divergence and molecular clock dates">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Divergence and molecular clock dates.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Several molecular phylogenetic studies have been conducted that included samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and two or more other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species; in all analyses,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the first group to split, thus forming two distinct reciprocal monophyletic groups. Our own analysis, based on the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
GenBank Accession #: KX397281), two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1796" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Loris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loris" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Loris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. lydekkerianus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="lydekkerianus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">L. lydekkerianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
KC757402 from India and
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="L." lsidName="L. tardigradus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="tardigradus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">L. tardigradus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AB371094 from Sri Lanka), three
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. bengalensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
KY436589 from China,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. c. subsp. insularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="subSpecies" species="c." subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. c. insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
MG515246 from Malaysia and
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. coucang" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AJ309867 from an unknown location) with
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. edwardsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">P. edwardsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
KC757407 from Cameroon as an outgroup, likewise shows a genetic distance of 9.9-10.0% between
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the three other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Characteristics of pygmy loris Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus gen. nov. A. Photograph of wild adult male X. pygmaeus from Mondulkiri District, Cambodia and skull from Li Chau, Vietnam (FMNH 32499), compared with Nycticebus javanicus from Garut Regency, Indonesia and skull (RMNH 14563) from South Java, Indonesia; and with Loris lydekkerianus nordicus from Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka and skull (FMNH 95029) from Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. Features distinctive to Xanthonycticebus include yellowish-orange colour, mid-broad snout with long premaxilla, M 2 larger than M 1 and ears hairless at the tips; B. Neighbour-joining tree of 175 cytochrome b sequences (alignment 1,068 bp) of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris; C. Neighbour-joining tree of complete mtDNA sequences of Nycticebus, Xanthonycticebus and Loris, with Perodicticus as outgroup, showing considerable divergence of Xanthonycticebus from Nycticebus. All photographs courtesy of K. A. I. Nekaris." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.98.81942.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/662395" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
The divergence time between
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species was estimated at between 6.4 Mya and 26.4 Mya (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Estimates of the timing of the split between Nycticebus and Xanthonycticebus (in Million years ago, range is expressed as the 95 % highest posterior density of divergence time estimates)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0">2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" author="Pozzi, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="661 - 674" refId="B36" refString="Pozzi, L, Nekaris, KAI, Perkin, A, Bearder, SK, Pimley, ER, Schulze, H, Streicher, U, Nadler, T, Kitchener, A, Zischler, H, Zinner, D, Roos, C, 2015. Remarkable ancient divergences amongst neglected lorisiform primates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (3): 661 - 674, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" title="Remarkable ancient divergences amongst neglected lorisiform primates." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" volume="175" year="2015">Pozzi et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
commented that the gap of around six million years between the divergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the radiation of the other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species may lend support to the distinction of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="X." lsidName="X. pygmaeus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">X. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the generic level. Using data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" author="Perelman, P" journalOrPublisher="I. Academic Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B34" refString="Perelman, P, Johnson, WE, Roos, C, Seuanez, HN, Horvath, JE, Moreira, MA, Kessing, B, Pontius, J, Roelke, M, Rumpler, Y, Schneider, MPC, Silva, A, O'Brien, SJ, Pecon-Slattery, J, 2011. A molecular phylogeny of living primates. PLOS Genetics 7(3): e1001342. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" title="A molecular phylogeny of living primates. PLOS Genetics 7 (3): e 1001342." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" year="2011">Perelman et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, it is evident that the split between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by them estimated at 10.2 Mya (95% CI range 5.4-15.1 Mya), considerably predates several widely acknowledged generic splits within the Order primates, including those between geladas
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Ruppell" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Theropithecus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theropithecus gelada" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gelada">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Theropithecus gelada</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and baboons
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papio" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Papio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. / mangabays
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1903" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lophocebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Lophocebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4.1 Mya; 3.4-4.7 Mya), between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Semnopithecus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Semnopithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reichenbach" authorityYear="1862" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trachypithecus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Trachypithecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
langurs (4.1 Mya; 2.9-5.4 Mya), between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1840" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Mico" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mico" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mico</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Cebuella" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cebuella" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Cebuella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
marmosets (4.8 Mya; 2.9-7.2 Mya) and, indeed, between humans
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Hominidae" genus="Homo" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homo" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Homo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and chimpanzees / bonobos
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Pan</emphasis>
|
||
spp. (6.6 Mya; 3.4-7.7 Mya). Estimates of the split between the two genera, based on other Nuclear genes, nuclear, mitochondrial or both, are generally between 10 and 20 Mya, with some estimates exceeding 25 Mya (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Estimates of the timing of the split between Nycticebus and Xanthonycticebus (in Million years ago, range is expressed as the 95 % highest posterior density of divergence time estimates)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Thus, in all likelihood, the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
split occurred by the Late to Middle Miocene and possibly as early as the Oligocene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5BE7C1C5D067A9003A600EC9A2C6D1B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" start="Table 2" startId="T2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Estimates of the timing of the split between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nycticebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">Xanthonycticebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in Million years ago, range is expressed as the 95% highest posterior density of divergence time estimates).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Type (bp)</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species included in calculation
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Split (mean, range), Mya</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Reference</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mitochondrial genes</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Cytochrome b (1140)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus javanicus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lacepede" baseAuthorityYear="1800" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus bengalensis" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1893" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus menagensis" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="menagensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus menagensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">10.9 (7.6-14.5)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" author="Pozzi, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="661 - 674" refId="B36" refString="Pozzi, L, Nekaris, KAI, Perkin, A, Bearder, SK, Pimley, ER, Schulze, H, Streicher, U, Nadler, T, Kitchener, A, Zischler, H, Zinner, D, Roos, C, 2015. Remarkable ancient divergences amongst neglected lorisiform primates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 175 (3): 661 - 674, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" title="Remarkable ancient divergences amongst neglected lorisiform primates." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12286" volume="175" year="2015">Pozzi et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Cytochrome b + cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (536)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">26.4 (13.1-39.7)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" author="Munds, RA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="556 - 567" refId="B21" refString="Munds, RA, Titus, CL, Eggert, LS, Blomquist, GE, 2018. Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 556 - 567, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" title="Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" volume="127" year="2018">Munds et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nuclear genes</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">18 gene regions (9,500)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">6.4 (3.5-10.1)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.7265208" author="Horvath, JE" journalOrPublisher="Genome Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="489 - 499" refId="B14" refString="Horvath, JE, Weisrock, DW, Embry, SL, Fiorentino, I, Balhoff, JP, Kappeler, P, Wray, GA, Willard, HF, Yoder, AD, 2008. Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs. Genome Research 18 (3): 489 - 499, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.7265208" title="Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs." url="https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.7265208" volume="18" year="2008">Horvath et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">54 gene regions (34,927)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lacepede" baseAuthorityYear="1800" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus bengalensis" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">10.2 (5.4-15.1)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" author="Perelman, P" journalOrPublisher="I. Academic Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B34" refString="Perelman, P, Johnson, WE, Roos, C, Seuanez, HN, Horvath, JE, Moreira, MA, Kessing, B, Pontius, J, Roelke, M, Rumpler, Y, Schneider, MPC, Silva, A, O'Brien, SJ, Pecon-Slattery, J, 2011. A molecular phylogeny of living primates. PLOS Genetics 7(3): e1001342. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" title="A molecular phylogeny of living primates. PLOS Genetics 7 (3): e 1001342." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342" year="2011">Perelman et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Melanocortin 1 receptor (729)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lacepede" baseAuthorityYear="1800" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus bengalensis" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">12.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7338" author="Munds, RA" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="4442 - 4459" refId="B22" refString="Munds, RA, Titus, CL, Moreira, LA, Eggert, LS, Blomquist, GE, 2021. Examining the molecular basis of coat color in a nocturnal primate family (Lorisidae). Ecology and Evolution 11 (9): 4442 - 4459, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7338" title="Examining the molecular basis of coat color in a nocturnal primate family (Lorisidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7338" volume="11" year="2021">Munds et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">Recombinant activation gene 2 intron (716)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">14.5 (6.0-24.9)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" author="Munds, RA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="556 - 567" refId="B21" refString="Munds, RA, Titus, CL, Eggert, LS, Blomquist, GE, 2018. Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 556 - 567, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" title="Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" volume="127" year="2018">Munds et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mitochondrial and nuclear genes</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">4 genes (cytb, co1, rag2, MC1R) (1983)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boddaert" baseAuthorityYear="1785" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus coucang" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">18.4 (10.2-26.9)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rowspan="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" author="Munds, RA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="556 - 567" refId="B21" refString="Munds, RA, Titus, CL, Eggert, LS, Blomquist, GE, 2018. Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127: 556 - 567, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" title="Using a multi-gene approach to infer the complicated phylogeny and evolutionary history of lorises (Order primates: Family Lorisidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.025" volume="127" year="2018">Munds et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Even the lower estimates of the divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, of around 8 Mya predate many acknowledged generic splits in a wide range of mammalian taxa. This includes, for instance, those within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Muridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Beamys-Cricetomys" lsidName="Beamys-Cricetomys" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Beamys-Cricetomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Parotomys-Arvicanthis" lsidName="Parotomys-Arvicanthis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Parotomys-Arvicanthis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Microtus-Clethrionomys" lsidName="Microtus-Clethrionomys" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Microtus-Clethrionomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Phyllotis-Calomys" lsidName="Phyllotis-Calomys" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Phyllotis-Calomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Rhipidomys-
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phyllotis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllotis" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phyllotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Calomys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calomys" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Calomys</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490468701" author="Steppan, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="533 - 553" refId="B45" refString="Steppan, SJ, Adkins, RM, Anderson, J, 2004. Phylogeny and divergence-date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear Nuclear genes. Systematic Biology 53 (4): 533 - 553, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490468701" title="Phylogeny and divergence-date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear Nuclear genes." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490468701" volume="53" year="2004">Steppan et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Cetartiodactyla (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Capra-Pseudois" lsidName="Capra-Pseudois" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Capra-Pseudois</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Ovis-Nilgiritragus" lsidName="Ovis-Nilgiritragus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Ovis-Nilgiritragus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Oryx-Addax" lsidName="Oryx-Addax" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Oryx-Addax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Bos-Bison" lsidName="Bos-Bison" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Bos-Bison</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Cervus-Rusa" lsidName="Cervus-Rusa" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Cervus-Rusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Mazama-Odocoileus" lsidName="Mazama-Odocoileus" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Mazama-Odocoileus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.015" author="Zurano, JP" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="256 - 262" refId="B54" refString="Zurano, JP, Magalhaes, FM, Asato, AE, Silva, G, Bidau, CJ, Mesquita, DO, Costa, GC, 2019. Cetartiodactyla: Updating a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 133: 256 - 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.015" title="Cetartiodactyla: Updating a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.12.015" volume="133" year="2019">Zurano et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The same is true for other vertebrates, such as birds (e.g. babblers, white-eyes and bee hummingbirds:
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.010" author="Cai, T" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="346 - 356" refId="B4" refString="Cai, T, Cibois, A, Alstroem, P, Moyle, RG, Kennedy, JD, Shao, S, Zhang, R, Irestedt, M, Ericson, PG, Gelang, M, Qu, Y, 2019. Near-complete phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the world's babblers (Aves: Passeriformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 130: 346 - 356, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.010" title="Near-complete phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the world's babblers (Aves: Passeriformes)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.010" volume="130" year="2019">Cai et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0980-5" author="Licona-Vera, Y" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 17" refId="B18" refString="Licona-Vera, Y, Ornelas, JF, 2017. The conquering of North America: dated phylogenetic and biogeographic inference of migratory behavior in bee hummingbirds. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17 (1): 1 - 17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0980-5" title="The conquering of North America: dated phylogenetic and biogeographic inference of migratory behavior in bee hummingbirds." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0980-5" volume="17" year="2017">Licona-Vera and Ornelas 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
The marked difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also supported by hybridisation events. In captivity, hybrids (confirmed and suspected) have been recorded between
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. bengalensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. coucang" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. coucang" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="coucang">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. coucang</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. hilleri" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="hilleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. hilleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are rarely kept in zoological facilities). Despite being the most common of the slow lorises in captive settings - the Zoological Information Management System lists globally 191
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 220 of four other slow loris species combined - there are no records of hybrids between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and any of the other species. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have n = 50 chromosomes, but karyotypically, the former differs from the latter by having a secondary construction in the short arm of chromosome 1 and the additional presence of nucleolus organiser regions on chromosome pair 1 and 23 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055258" author="Stanyon, R" journalOrPublisher="Genetica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="145 - 152" refId="B43" refString="Stanyon, R, Masters, JC, Romagno, D, 1987. The chromosomes of Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert, 1785) (primates: Prosimii). Genetica 75 (2): 145 - 152, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055258" title="The chromosomes of Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert, 1785) (primates: Prosimii)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055258" volume="75" year="1987">Stanyon et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" author="Chen, Z" journalOrPublisher="primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="47 - 53" refId="B5" refString="Chen, Z, Zhang, Y, Shi, L, Liu, R, Wang, Y, 1993. Studies on the chromosomes of genus Nycticebus. primates 34 (1): 47 - 53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" title="Studies on the chromosomes of genus Nycticebus." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381279" volume="34" year="1993">Chen et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="87" type="status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs naturally in Vietnam (historically south to the vicinity of Ho Chi Minh City [10.75, 106.66]), Laos PDR (west to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Phôngsali">Phongsali</normalizedToken>
|
||
[21.59, 102.25]), Cambodia (east of the Mekong River), China (historically north to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lüchun">Luechun</normalizedToken>
|
||
County [23.00, 104.67]) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nekaris, KAI" editor="Mittermeier, RA" journalOrPublisher="primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="210 - 235" refId="B23" refString="Nekaris, KAI, 2013. Lorisidae. In: Mittermeier, RA, Rylands, AB, Wilson, DE, Eds., Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3. primates. Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona: 210 - 235" title="Lorisidae." volumeTitle="Handbook of the Mammals of the World: 3." year="2013">Nekaris 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species may have established itself in Thailand, west of the Mekong River, as a result of poorly planned release efforts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osterberg, P" journalOrPublisher="Traffic Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="13 - 18" refId="B32" refString="Osterberg, P, Nekaris, KAI, 2015. The use of animals as photo props to attract tourists in Thailand: A case study of the slow loris Nycticebus spp. Traffic Bulletin 27: 13 - 18" title="The use of animals as photo props to attract tourists in Thailand: A case study of the slow loris Nycticebus spp." volume="27" year="2015">Osterberg and Nekaris 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been assessed as Endangered according to IUCN Red List Criteria, with the trade for medicinal purposes and as pets and habitat loss recognised as the main threats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001316" author="Starr, C" journalOrPublisher="Oryx" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="135 - 142" refId="B44" refString="Starr, C, Nekaris, KAI, Streicher, U, Leung, LKP, 2011. Field surveys of the Vulnerable pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus using local knowledge in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia. Oryx 45 (1): 135 - 142, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001316" title="Field surveys of the Vulnerable pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus using local knowledge in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310001316" volume="45" year="2011">Starr et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14941A17971417.en" author="Blair, M" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B1" refString="Blair, M, Nadler, T, Ni, O, Samun, E, Streicher, U, Nekaris, KAI, 2020. Nycticebus pygmaeus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T14941A17971417. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14941A17971417.en" title="Nycticebus pygmaeus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e. T 14941 A 17971417." url="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14941A17971417.en" year="2020">Blair et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species is protected in all four of its range countries, but active enforcement of these laws is far from optimal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00674" author="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Endangered Species Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="87 - 95" refId="B26" refString="Nekaris, KAI, Starr, CR, 2015. Conservation and ecology of the neglected slow loris: Priorities and prospects. Endangered Species Research 28 (1): 87 - 95, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00674" title="Conservation and ecology of the neglected slow loris: Priorities and prospects." url="https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00674" volume="28" year="2015">Nekaris and Starr 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" author="Th ạch, HM" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="45 - 62" refId="B49" refString="Thạch, HM, Le, MD, Vũ, NB, Panariello, A, Sethi, G, Sterling, EJ, Blair, ME, 2018. Slow loris trade in Vietnam: Exploring diverse knowledge and values. Folia Primatologica 89 (1): 45 - 62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" title="Slow loris trade in Vietnam: Exploring diverse knowledge and values." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000481196" volume="89" year="2018">Thạch et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.032" author="Ni, Q" editor="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="326 - 338" refId="B29" refString="Ni, Q, He, X, Wang, Y, Meng, X, 2020. Distribution and conservation status of slow lorises in Indo-China. In: Nekaris, KAI, Burrows, A, Eds., Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 326 - 338, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.032" title="Distribution and conservation status of slow lorises in Indo-China." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108676526.032" volumeTitle="Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology)." year="2020">Ni et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species is the most common loris kept in accredited zoological collections (i.e. 43 in N America, 86 in Europe, 62 in Asia;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Species 360" journalOrPublisher="The nocturnal prosimians. Plenum Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" publicationUrl="https://zims.species360.org" refId="B42" refString="Species360, 2021. Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS). https://zims.species360.org" title="Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS)." url="https://zims.species360.org" year="2021">Species360 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, rescue centres in Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, China, United Arab Emirates and Japan have at least 79 individuals under their care (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00607" author="Kenyon, M" journalOrPublisher="Endangered Species Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="185 - 195" refId="B16" refString="Kenyon, M, Streicher, U, Loung, H, Tran, T, Tran, M, Vo, B, Cronin, A, 2014. Survival of reintroduced pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in South Vietnam. Endangered Species Research 25 (2): 185 - 195, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00607" title="Survival of reintroduced pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in South Vietnam." url="https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00607" volume="25" year="2014">Kenyon et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000487432" author="Khudamrongsawat, J" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="216 - 223" refId="B17" refString="Khudamrongsawat, J, Nakchamnan, K, Laithong, P, Kongrit, C, 2018. Abnormal repetitive behaviours of confiscated slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) in Thailand. Folia Primatologica 89 (3-4): 216 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000487432" title="Abnormal repetitive behaviours of confiscated slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) in Thailand." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000487432" volume="89" year="2018">Khudamrongsawat et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23233" author="Yamanashi, Y" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Journal of Anatomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" refId="B53" refString="Yamanashi, Y, Nemoto, K, Alejandro, J, 2021. Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy? American Journal of Primatology 83(2): a23233. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23233" title="Social relationships among captive male pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): Is forming male same-sex pairs a feasible management strategy? American Journal of Primatology 83 (2): a 23233." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23233" year="2021">Yamanashi et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species is part of both American Zoo Association and European Association of Zoos and Aquariums breeding programmes, but birth rates are low.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="87">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed in appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), precluding all commercial international trade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1159/000102316" author="Nekaris, KAI" journalOrPublisher="Folia Primatologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" pagination="211 - 214" refId="B25" refString="Nekaris, KAI, Nijman, V, 2007. CITES proposal highlights rarity of Asian nocturnal primates (Lorisidae, Nycticebus). Folia Primatologica 78 (4): 211 - 214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000102316" title="CITES proposal highlights rarity of Asian nocturnal primates (Lorisidae, Nycticebus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1159/000102316" volume="78" year="2007">Nekaris and Nijman 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the proposal, submitted by Cambodia in 2007, which was accepted by consensus, three species names were singled out, including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonhote" authorityYear="1907" class="Mammalia" family="Lorisidae" genus="Nycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nycticebus pygmaeus" order="Primates" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Nycticebus pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. intermedius" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="N." lsidName="N. chinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">N. chinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
listed as synonyms). As such, with respect to international trade, there is no doubt that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekaris & Nijman" authorityYear="2022" class="Aves" genus="Xanthonycticebus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xanthonycticebus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="87" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="87">Xanthonycticebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. nov. continues to receive the same level of protection and regulation as other slow lorises.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |