2995 lines
372 KiB
XML
2995 lines
372 KiB
XML
<document id="0DBBE2C4C430D444FC179335DACEF1FB" ID-CLB-Dataset="21505" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3942903" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a6f10916-99f2-4d28-8fe6-cf38cde04291" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942903" IM.bibliography_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1593075512558" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Peter Larson" docDate="2008" docId="2D55878CD47F292BFF206A66FAD6F742" docLanguage="en" docName="Larson2008VariationABBYY.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Tyrannosaurus rex, the tyrant king, lndiana University Press" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="122" masterDocId="D16CFFF4D47E293CFFBA697BFFEBFFCB" masterDocTitle="Variation and sexual dimorphism in Tyrannosaurus rex" masterLastPageNumber="128" masterPageNumber="102" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1698842888971" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="EB6A30563D38297A0CC819A32DAE7BF5">Variation and sexual dimorphism in Tyrannosaurus rex</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="8BFFD5129D08C2B210EB1C5997931D13">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3997F0E9A7DC89D442D2C3F934585AEB">Peter Larson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="54A29F5B3FC7D9668CE83B46C15B648D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="4415A5CDF7DF4E6661FE31B8DB52099B">2008</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="4DB58E5287ADE4634AA527B6FE79CFA6">lndiana University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:roleTerm id="58BB4F2533217396AF97957AC1B329F3">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1CA6D655082F01BB2360B9D945E99F28">Peter Larson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="A7ABEC32D55EBE140220E9A3E831B229" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DFDEC3D25E572DE6F673E5687237A827">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="73A90E672199878BFD87F9E85B65044C">Kenneth Carpenter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:titleInfo id="D0360831F0C6665ACD25E46F26D493B1">
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<mods:title id="665EE68F1DC6BE4B7DB24E9B430110A3">Tyrannosaurus rex, the tyrant king</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:classification id="3E145689677DEACB7D109F212E6454DF">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="132BA8B1DAA19282ABFCDE696789DF2D" type="CLB-Dataset">21505</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CD49FCE48F9EC50DE2C2080671C8DD34" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3942903</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="2D55878CD47F292BFF206A66FAD6F742" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190304146" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2D55878CD47F292BFF206A66FAD6F742" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2D55878CD47F292BFF206A66FAD6F742" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
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<paragraph id="A543369AD47F293DFF206A66FDD9F90C" blockId="1.[154,1396,791,2054]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
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The science of paleontology has often been accused of being more art than science. This assessment stems from the problems encountered when dealing with the paucity and incompleteness of the fossil record. Not the least of the problems confronting paleontologists is the scarcity of specimens. To date, 46 specimens (N. L. Larson this volume) consisting of more than a few associated bones have been assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DFC096D5CFB0FFB82" authority="Osborn (1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[947,1252,1063,1097]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFC096D5CFB0FFB82" box="[947,1252,1063,1097]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD47F293DFB496D5CFF1CFBB5" author="Osborn, H. F." firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="American Museum of Natural History Bulletin" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="259 - 296" part="21" refId="ref8632" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus rex and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. American Museum of Natural History Bulletin 21: 259 - 296." title="Tyrannosaurus rex and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn (1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1906). Although this is a robust representation for extinct theropods, when compared with extant populations, this number seems extremely inadequate. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD47F293DFDE96DBCFCFAFB22" author="Buss, I. O." box="[595,785,1223,1257]" firstAuthor="Buss" journalOrPublisher="Iowa University Press, Ames" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" refId="ref7160" refString="Buss, I. O. 1990. Elephant Life: Fifteen Years of High Population Density. Iowa University Press, Ames." title="Elephant Life: Fifteen Years of High Population Density" type="book" year="1990">Buss (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a 1973 count of 14,309 African elephants
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFE1C6D87FE59FAD5" box="[422,434,1276,1310]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">(</emphasis>
|
||
Loxodonta
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFDD66D87FCEAFAD5" box="[620,769,1276,1310]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">africana)</emphasis>
|
||
in the 3840 km2 (1483 mi2) Kabalega Falls National Park in Uganda. On its face, 46 specimens seems a paltry number from which to define a species, let alone attempt to identify males and females. Yet that is exactly what this
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFC8C6CE7FC6CFA75" box="[822,903,1436,1470]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">stuck</emphasis>
|
||
attempts. The use of modern taxonomic methods may be used to identify anomolous morphological characters and to remove questionable specimens from a taxon to which they have been unnaturally joined (more below). Taken even further, morphometries, physiology, and pathology can be used to help separate and define sex morphotypes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="CC732F71D47F293DFA7A6A6AF951FC88" box="[1472,1722,785,835]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" type="introduction">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47F293DFA7A6A6AF951FC88" blockId="1.[1472,1722,785,835]" box="[1472,1722,785,835]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<heading id="FE0B81F6D47F293DFA7A6A6AF951FC88" bold="true" box="[1472,1722,785,835]" fontSize="17" level="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" reason="0">Introduction</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D47F293DFA056D7FF8C3FB7D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942905" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942905/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" targetBox="[184,1912,170,836]" targetPageId="0">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47F293DFA056D7FF8C3FB7D" blockId="1.[1469,1853,1026,1206]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Figure 8.1.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9CA6D7FF991FBED" box="[1648,1658,1028,1062]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">(</emphasis>
|
||
Left
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF90C6D7FF92BFBED" box="[1718,1728,1028,1062]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">)</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DF9746D7EF948FB9E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9746D7EF991FB9E" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Tyrannosaurus "</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9C06D4FF978FB9E" bold="true" box="[1658,1683,1076,1109]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">x</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF92E6D4FF948FB9E" box="[1684,1699,1076,1109]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">"</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9156D48F952FB9E" box="[1711,1721,1075,1109]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">(</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47F293DF9036D48F9E6FB4E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400301" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
AMNH
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFA046D18F9E6FB4E" box="[1470,1549,1123,1157]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">5027</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9B76D18F9D2FB4E" box="[1549,1593,1123,1157]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">). (</emphasis>
|
||
Right
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9306D18F97EFB4E" box="[1674,1685,1123,1157]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">)</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DF9186D1FF99AFB7D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9186D1FF99AFB7D" bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9186D1FF9C5FB7D" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
rex
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47F293DF93C6DEFF8F3FB7D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400328" box="[1670,1816,1172,1206]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D47F293DFA056DA6F8D4FA75" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942907/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" targetBox="[187,1905,1118,1999]" targetPageId="0">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47F293DFA056DA6F8D4FA75" blockId="1.[1470,1880,1243,1472]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Figure 8.2. Medial
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9546DA6F8DDFB34" box="[1774,1846,1245,1279]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">view</emphasis>
|
||
of right dentary of the
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFA056C47F9E8FA95" box="[1471,1539,1340,1374]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">type</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DF9AB6C46F8BAFA95" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1553,1873,1341,1374]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF8A16C46F8BAFA95" bold="true" box="[1819,1873,1341,1374]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47F293DFA7A6C17F9BDFA45" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400303" box="[1472,1622,1388,1422]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" specimenCode="CM 9380">
|
||
CM
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9B86C17F9BDFA45" box="[1538,1622,1388,1422]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">9380</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9EC6C17F95DFA45" box="[1622,1718,1388,1422]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">. Note</emphasis>
|
||
the
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF8BA6C17F9BEFA75" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">incisiform first</emphasis>
|
||
dentary tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D47F293DFA7A6C9DF964F873" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942909" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942909/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" targetBox="[184,1914,2251,2970]" targetPageId="0">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47F293DFA7A6C9DF964F873" blockId="1.[1469,1880,1508,1976]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Figure 8.3. Left and right first dentary teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DFA7B6F3CF8E9F9A3" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1473,1794,1607,1640]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF8B66F3DF8B3F953" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47F293DF8B66F3DF9F9F953" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400450" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
. (A) Lateral view. (B)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Posterior
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9ED6FDDF914F903" box="[1623,1791,1702,1736]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">view. Note</emphasis>
|
||
that both serrations
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9026FACF9F4F8E3" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">are exposed</emphasis>
|
||
in the
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DF9356E7DF976F893" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">posterior view, creating</emphasis>
|
||
the typical tyrannosaurid D-shaped cross section.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EDE66511D47F293DFF526FA0FE8CF7CD" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47F293DFF526FA0FE8CF7CD" blockId="1.[154,1396,791,2054]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
For this study, 34 specimens attributed to
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFC2E6FA0FB2EF936" box="[916,1221,1755,1789]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DFC2E6FA0FB54F936" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[916,1215,1755,1789]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
including specimens listed as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DFE486E6BFCCDF8F9" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[498,806,1808,1842]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFE486E6BFCCDF8F9" box="[498,806,1808,1842]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Tyrannosaurus “x”</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DFC3E6E6BFB9AF8F9" box="[900,1137,1808,1842]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFC3E6E6BFB9AF8F9" box="[900,1137,1808,1842]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(considered as specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DFEC16E3EFE3AF8AC" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[379,465,1861,1895]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFE196E3EFE3AF8AC" box="[419,465,1861,1895]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD47F293DFDB06E3EFD58F8AC" author="Carr, T. D." box="[522,691,1861,1895]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref7327" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (3): 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), were examined. In addition, 2 specimens assigned to
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFEDB6E00FD43F856" box="[353,680,1915,1949]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DFEDB6E00FD49F856" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[353,674,1915,1949]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">Tarbosaurus bataar</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
one assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DFC7D6E00FB71F856" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[967,1178,1915,1949]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFC7D6E00FB71F856" box="[967,1178,1915,1949]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and another to
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFF786ECBFE59F819" box="[194,434,1968,2002]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DFF786ECBFE47F819" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[194,428,1968,2002]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
were examined as outgroups. These specimens are listed in
|
||
<tableCitation id="E87E0321D47F293DFF7D6E9FFE89F7CD" box="[199,354,2020,2054]" captionStart="Table 8.1" captionText="Table 8.1. Specimens Used in the Study" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" targetBox="[652,1855,191,1814]" targetPageId="2">Table 8.1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EDE66511D47F292BFA076104FAD6F742" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47F293DFA076104F99FF77A" blockId="1.[1469,1652,2175,2225]" box="[1469,1652,2175,2225]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<heading id="FE0B81F6D47F293DFA076104F99FF77A" bold="true" box="[1469,1652,2175,2225]" fontSize="17" level="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" reason="0">Variation</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47F293DFF2661F0FB62F5E9" blockId="1.[155,1397,2180,2598]" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">
|
||
In any population, individual variation within a species will occur. This variation is due to ontogeny, nutrition, genetic variance, pathology, and, of course, sexual dimorphism. Thus, it is imperative that these factors be excluded when examining the question: “Have researchers included specimens within the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47F293DFD8F601BFD64F649" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[565,655,2400,2434]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFD8F601BFDA7F649" box="[565,588,2400,2434]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFDE5601BFD64F649" box="[607,655,2400,2434]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47F293DFD35601BFD7EF649" box="[655,661,2400,2434]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="103">,</emphasis>
|
||
with variation beyond that expected within a living population?” Extant phylogenetic bracketing techniques (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD47F293DFB5460EEFF00F626" author="Witmer, L. M." editor="Thomason, J. J." firstAuthor="Witmer" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="1" pageNumber="103" pagination="19 - 33" refId="ref9124" refString="Witmer, L. M. 1995. The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissue in fossils. P. 19 - 33 in Thomason, J. J. fed.). Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." title="The extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissue in fossils" type="book" volumeTitle="Functional Morphology in Vertebrate Paleontology" year="1995">Witmer 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were used to evaluate the characters used in this study for the purpose of isolating those attributable to intraspecific variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D47C293EFF2069D8FE5EFF3D" ID-Table-UUID="F1836612D47C293EFF2069D8FE5EFF3D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F1836612D47C293EFF2069D8FE5EFF3D" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" targetBox="[652,1855,191,1814]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47C293EFF2069D8FE5EFF3D" blockId="2.[154,486,161,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Table 8.1.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47C293EFE8769D8FEFBFF3D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">Specimens Used in</emphasis>
|
||
the Study
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<table id="D7FCC43AD47CD6C3FD3669C4F8D4F8DD" box="[652,1855,191,1814]" gridcols="4" gridrows="27" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47C293EFD3469C4FCFCF8DD" blockId="2.[642,1885,161,1834]" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD3669C4F8D4FF2A" box="[652,1855,191,225]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD3669C4FC2BFF2A" box="[652,960,191,225]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47C293EFD3469C4FC2BFF2B" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[654,960,191,224]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FC5E69C4FAF6FF2A" box="[996,1309,191,225]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47C293EFC5D69C4FAF6FF2B" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[999,1309,191,224]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47C293EFB5269C4FB1CFF2B" box="[1256,1271,191,224]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">"</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47C293EFB4D69C4FAE4FF2B" bold="true" box="[1271,1295,191,224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">x</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47C293EFAB469C4FAF6FF2B" box="[1294,1309,191,224]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">"</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FA8269C4F9CDFF2A" box="[1336,1574,191,225]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47C293EFA8269BBF9CDFF2A" box="[1336,1574,192,225]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3F9FC69C4F8D4FF2A" box="[1606,1855,191,225]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">Outgroups</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366871F8D4FEE5" box="[652,1855,266,302]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366871FC2BFEE5" box="[652,960,266,302]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD376870FCF5FEE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400443" box="[653,798,266,301]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FC5E6871FAF6FEE5" box="[996,1309,266,302]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFC5E6870FB4CFEE6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400333" box="[996,1191,267,301]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FA826871F9CDFEE5" box="[1336,1574,266,302]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFA836870F9C9FEE6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400320" box="[1337,1570,267,301]" collectionCode="BMR" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="BMR P2002.4.1">BMR P2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3F9FC6871F8D4FEE5" box="[1606,1855,266,302]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47C293EF9F06876F8FCFEE5" box="[1610,1815,269,302]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD36683DF8D4FEA1" box="[652,1855,326,362]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD36683DFC2BFEA1" box="[652,960,326,362]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD34683CFCF5FEA3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400309" box="[654,798,326,361]" collectionCode="CM" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="CM 1400">CM 1400</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FC5E683DFAF6FEA1" box="[996,1309,326,362]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFC5D6833FB96FEA1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400416" box="[999,1149,328,362]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="MOR 008">MOR 008</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FA82683DF9CDFEA1" box="[1336,1574,326,362]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFA83683CFA18FEA2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400302" box="[1337,1523,327,361]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3F9FC683DF8D4FEA1" box="[1606,1855,326,362]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">BHI 6236</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD3668F8F8D4FE6D" box="[652,1855,387,422]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD3668F8FC2BFE6D" box="[652,960,387,422]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD3468FFFCB5FE6E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400315" box="[654,862,387,422]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" speciimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FC5E68F8FAF6FE6D" box="[996,1309,387,422]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFC5C68FFFB47FE6D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400342" box="[998,1196,388,422]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" speciimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FA8268F8F9CDFE6D" box="[1336,1574,387,422]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFA8368F8FA2DFE6E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400426" box="[1337,1478,387,421]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="BHI 6235">BHI 6235</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3F9FC68F8F8D4FE6D" box="[1606,1855,387,422]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">ZPAL-MgD-l/4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD3668C4F8D4FE2F" box="[652,1855,447,484]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD3668C4FC2BFE2F" box="[652,960,447,484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD3468BBFCADFE2A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400318" box="[654,838,447,482]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 2345</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FC5E68C4FAF6FE2F" box="[996,1309,447,484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFC5F68BBFBB0FE29" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400408" box="[997,1115,448,482]" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="Samson">Samson</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FA8268C4F9CDFE2F" box="[1336,1574,447,484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFA8068BBF9EBFE29" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400308" box="[1338,1536,448,482]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="LACM 23871">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3F9FC68C4F8D4FE2F" box="[1606,1855,447,484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47C293EF9F068B8F8C8FE2F" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[1610,1827,451,484]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366887F8D4FDEB" box="[652,1855,508,544]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366887FC2BFDEB" box="[652,960,508,544]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD346886FCC9FDD5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400330" box="[654,802,508,543]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="MOR 009">MOR 009</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366B43F8D4FD97" box="[652,1855,568,604]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366B43FC2BFD97" box="[652,960,568,604]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD346B42FCDBFD91" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400463" box="[654,816,568,603]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="MOR 1128">MOR 1128</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3F9FC6B43F8D4FD97" box="[1606,1855,568,604]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47C293EF9FC6B40F8D0FD97" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1606,1851,571,604]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366B0EF8D4FD53" box="[652,1855,629,664]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366B0EFC2BFD53" box="[652,960,629,664]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD346B0DFCC4FD5C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400390" box="[654,815,629,664]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="MOR 1125">MOR 1125</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3F9FC6B0EF8D4FD53" box="[1606,1855,629,664]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">BHI 6234</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366BCAF8D4FD1F" box="[652,1855,689,724]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366BCAF8D4FD1F" box="[652,1855,689,724]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD346BC9FCF5FD18" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400360" box="[654,798,689,724]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366B95F8D4FCDA" box="[652,1855,750,785]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366B95F8D4FCDA" box="[652,1855,750,785]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD346B94FCC9FCDB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400401" box="[654,802,750,785]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="MOR 980">MOR 980</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366A50F8D4FC85" box="[652,1855,811,846]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366A50F8D4FC85" box="[652,1855,811,846]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD346A57FC82FC86" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400350" box="[654,873,811,846]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366A13F8D4FC40" box="[652,1855,872,907]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366A13F8D4FC40" box="[652,1855,872,907]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD346A12FCF2FC41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400368" box="[654,793,872,907]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366ADFF8D4FC0C" box="[652,1855,932,967]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366ADFF8D4FC0C" box="[652,1855,932,967]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD356ADEFCF3FC0D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400305" box="[655,792,932,967]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="BHI 4100">BHI 4100</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366A9BF8D4FBC8" box="[652,1855,992,1027]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366A9BF8D4FBC8" box="[652,1855,992,1027]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD356A9AFCF3FBC9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400381" box="[655,792,992,1027]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="BHI 4182">BHI 4182</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366D66F8D4FB8B" box="[652,1855,1053,1088]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366D66F8D4FB8B" box="[652,1855,1053,1088]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD356D65FCF2FBF4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400418" box="[655,793,1053,1088]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="BHI 6232">BHI 6232</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366D22F8D4FBB7" box="[652,1855,1113,1148]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366D22F8D4FBB7" box="[652,1855,1113,1148]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD356D21FCF8FBB0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400444" box="[655,787,1113,1148]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="BHI 6231">BHI 6231</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366DEDF8D4FB72" box="[652,1855,1174,1209]" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366DEDF8D4FB72" box="[652,1855,1174,1209]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD356DECFCF2FB73" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400386" box="[655,793,1174,1209]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="BHI 6233">BHI 6233</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366DA8F8D4FB3D" box="[652,1855,1235,1270]" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366DA8F8D4FB3D" box="[652,1855,1235,1270]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD356DAFFCF0FB3E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400379" box="[655,795,1235,1270]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="BHI 6230">BHI 6230</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366C74F8D4FAF9" box="[652,1855,1295,1330]" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366C74F8D4FAF9" box="[652,1855,1295,1330]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD356C6BFCF3FAFA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400371" box="[655,792,1295,1330]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="BHI 6242">BHI 6242</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366C37F8D4FAA5" box="[652,1855,1356,1390]" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366C37F8D4FAA5" box="[652,1855,1356,1390]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD366C37FC80FAA5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400385" box="[652,875,1356,1390]" collectionCode="TCM" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="TCM 2001.90.1">TCM2001.90.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366CF3F8D4FA60" box="[652,1855,1416,1451]" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366CF3F8D4FA60" box="[652,1855,1416,1451]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD356CF2FCB3FA61" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400345" box="[655,856,1416,1451]" collectionCode="RTMP" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="RTMP 81.12.1">RTMP 81.12.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366CBFF8D4FA2C" box="[652,1855,1476,1511]" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366CBFF8D4FA2C" box="[652,1855,1476,1511]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD356CBEFCA1FA2D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400427" box="[655,842,1476,1511]" collectionCode="RTMP" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="RTMP 81.6.1">RTMP 81.6.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366F7AF8D4F9E8" box="[652,1855,1537,1571]" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366F7AF8D4F9E8" box="[652,1855,1537,1571]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD2A6F7AFCB4F9E8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400411" box="[656,863,1537,1571]" collectionCode="UCMP" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="UCMP 118742">UCMP118742</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366F46F8D4F9AB" box="[652,1855,1597,1632]" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366F46F8D4F9AB" box="[652,1855,1597,1632]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD356F45FC89F994" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400393" box="[655,866,1597,1632]" collectionCode="BMNH" httpUri="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="BMNH R7994">BMNH R7994</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366F01F8D4F956" box="[652,1855,1658,1693]" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366F01F8D4F956" box="[652,1855,1658,1693]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD346F00FCACF957" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400421" box="[654,839,1658,1693]" collectionCode="NHM" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="NHM R8001">NHM R8001</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366FCDF8D4F912" box="[652,1855,1718,1753]" gridrow="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366FCDF8D4F912" box="[652,1855,1718,1753]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD2A6FCCFCB0F913" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400451" box="[656,859,1718,1753]" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="USNM V6183">USNM V6183</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47CD6C3FD366F8FF8D4F8DD" box="[652,1855,1780,1814]" gridrow="26" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3FD366F8FF8D4F8DD" box="[652,1855,1780,1814]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47C293EFD356F8FFCFCF8DD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400417" box="[655,791,1780,1814]" collectionCode="LL" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" specimenCode="LL.12823">LL.12823</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47C293EF9DA6885F8D4FDEB" blockId="2.[642,1885,161,1834]" box="[1632,1855,510,544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47CD6C3F9FC6887F8D4FDEB" box="[1606,1855,508,544]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">TCM2001.89.1</td>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47C293EFD3C6EEFFABDF556" blockId="2.[645,1888,1932,2720]" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Ontogenetic variation may include aspects other than the obvious increase in size. For example, it may also include an increase in the number of alveoli, or tooth positions (e.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47C293EFC6D6E86FC06F7D4" box="[983,1005,2045,2079]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">g</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47C293EFBBC6E86FA51F7D5" box="[1030,1466,2044,2079]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47C293EFBBC6E86FA5BF7D5" baseAuthorityName="Marsh" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[1030,1456,2044,2079]" class="Reptilia" family="Hadrosauridae" genus="Edmontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annectens">Edmontosaurus annectens</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
personal observation). In certain groups (i.e., mammals), growth to adulthood may also include modification of tooth morphology, along with an increase in the number of tooth positions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD47C293EFC9761E6FC11F774" author="Romer, A. S." box="[813,1018,2205,2239]" firstAuthor="Romer" journalOrPublisher="University of Chicago Press, Chicago" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" refId="ref8803" refString="Romer, A. S. 1966. Vertebrate Paleontology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago." title="Vertebrate Paleontology" type="book" year="1966">Romer 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For many vertebrates, ontogeny also includes an increase in body size at a faster rate than for the brain, eyes, and skull (Lockley et al. this volume). Nutritional variation may manifest itself as smaller bodysize and smaller body mass—differences that are not generally confused with taxonomic characters. Genetic variation may be monitored by using extant populations as examples (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD47C293EFB9360DDFAEEF603" author="Darwin, C." box="[1065,1285,2470,2504]" firstAuthor="Darwin" journalOrPublisher="John Murray, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="104" refId="ref7661" refString="Darwin, C. 1868. The Variation ofAnimals and Plants under Domestication. Vol. 1. John Murray, London." title="The Variation ofAnimals and Plants under Domestication. Vol. 1" type="book" year="1868">Darwin 1868</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pathologic specimens showing evidence of disease or healed
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47C293EFBE960A7FB5EF635" box="[1107,1205,2524,2558]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="104">injury</emphasis>
|
||
are relatively easily recognized, and are generally not reproducible from specimen to specimen in a form that would be noted as a taxonomic character. Finally, sexual dimorphism will be discussed in depth near the end of this chapter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47D293FFA0F69D7F8DBFED7" blockId="3.[1461,1840,172,284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<heading id="FE0B81F6D47D293FFA0F69D7F8DBFED7" bold="true" fontSize="16" level="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" reason="0">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FF9AA69D7F987FF15" bold="true" box="[1552,1644,172,222]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">Case</emphasis>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47D293FFA006991F8DBFED7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1466,1840,234,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FF94B6991F8E9FED7" box="[1777,1794,234,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">"</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FF8A56991F8DBFED7" box="[1823,1840,234,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">"</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47D293FFF2969CDFB93FCEA" blockId="3.[146,1390,175,1974]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
More than 25 years ago, Robert Bakker (personal communication) made the case for dividing the North American genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47D293FFC056990FB59FEC6" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[959,1202,235,269]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFC056990FB59FEC6" box="[959,1202,235,269]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into 2 species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47D293FFF53685AFEAEFE88" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[233,325,289,323]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFEAC685AFEAEFE88" box="[278,325,289,323]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and what he refers to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47D293FFD49685BFBCDFE89" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[755,1062,288,322]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFC4F685BFBCDFE89" box="[1013,1062,288,322]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">“x”</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD47D293FFBFA685BFB2AFE89" box="[1088,1217,288,322]" captionStart="Fig. 8.1" captionText="Figure 8.1. (Left) Tyrannosaurus "x" (AMNH 5027). (Right) Tyrannosaurus rex (BHI3033)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942905/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" targetBox="[184,1912,170,836]" targetPageId="0">Fig. 8.1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Bakker’s reasoning was based on a peculiar variation in the anterior dentition of the dentary. The type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47D293FFE5068F1FCFFFE67" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[490,788,394,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFD5C68F1FCFFFE67" box="[742,788,394,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFC9068F1FB57FE67" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400404" box="[810,1212,394,428]" collectionCode="CM" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="AMNH 973 = CM 9380">AMNH 973 = CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
) possesses a single incisiform tooth occupying the anterior position in the dentary. This tooth is morphologically reminiscent of the teeth of the premaxilla,
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFF2F6B51FF47FD87" box="[149,172,554,588]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">is</emphasis>
|
||
D shaped in cross section, and is substantially smaller than those directly posterior to it (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD47D293FFE346B24FDF7FD4A" box="[398,540,607,641]" captionStart="Fig. 8.2" captionText="Figure 8.2. Medial view of right dentary of the type Tyrannosaurus rex CM 9380. Note the incisiform first dentary tooth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942907/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" targetBox="[187,1905,1118,1999]" targetPageId="0">Figs. 8.2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD47D293FFDCF6B25FD4CFD4B" box="[629,679,606,640]" captionStart="Fig. 8.3" captionText="Figure 8.3. Left and right first dentary teeth of Tyrannosaurus rex BHI 3033. (A) Lateral view. (B) Posterior view. Note that both serrations are exposed in the posterior view, creating the typical tyrannosaurid D-shaped cross section. " figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942909" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942909/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" targetBox="[184,1914,2251,2970]" targetPageId="0">8.3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Bakker also noted that
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFBF16B25FAC1FD4B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400440" box="[1099,1322,606,640]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
appears to possess 2 incisors in each dentary. For lack of specimens, his views were never published.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD47D293FFDA86BB1FD27FD20" author="Paul, G. S." box="[530,716,713,748]" firstAuthor="Paul" journalOrPublisher="Simon & Schuster, New York" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" refId="ref8688" refString="Paul, G. S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide. Simon & Schuster, New York." title="Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide" type="book" year="1988">Paul (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD47D293FFC9C6BB2FBF9FD20" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[806,1042,713,747]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographicia. Abteilung A" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" pagination="137 - 176" part="217" refId="ref8516" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1991. The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex. Palaeontographicia. Abteilung A 217: 137 - 176." title="The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="journal article" year="1991">Molnar (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have both also considered the possibility of a second species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47D293FFCC46B84FB98FCEA" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[894,1139,767,801]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47D293FFF676A4EFBEBFAA1" blockId="3.[146,1390,175,1974]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
A quarter of a century later, there now exist at least 15 reasonably complete
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47D293FFF496A11FE0BFC47" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[243,480,874,908]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFF496A11FE0BFC47" box="[243,480,874,908]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
skulls. Three of these specimens (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFB8B6A12FB0AFC40" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400413" box="[1073,1249,873,907]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="MOR 008">MOR 008</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFB426A12FF1DFC0A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400325" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" speciimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFEEA6AE4FE3BFC0A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400396" box="[336,464,927,961]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="Samson">Samson</materialsCitation>
|
||
) share certain characters, including the double lower incisors, with
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFEEE6AAEFDC6FC3C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400365" box="[340,557,981,1015]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD47D293FFDFE6AAFFD26FC3D" box="[580,717,980,1014]" captionStart="Fig. 8.4" captionText="Figure 8.4. Dorsal view of the anterior portion of the left dentary of Tyrannosaurus rex CM 9380 preserving small first dentary tooth DT1 and large second dentary tooth DT2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942911/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" targetBox="[0,2055,0,1656]" targetPageId="4">Figs. 8.4</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD47D293FFC9A6AAFFCB9FC3D" box="[800,850,980,1014]" captionStart="Fig. 8.5" captionText="Figure 8.5. Dorsal view of the anterior portion of the left dentary of Tyrannosaurus "x" (Samson) preserving small alveoli for DT1 and DT2 and a large alveolus for the third dentary tooth DT3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942913/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" targetBox="[143,1891,1,1307]" targetPageId="5">8.5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Because these “incisors” are either missing or were restored on all 4 specimens, without computed tomographic scans to look at unerupted teeth, the D-shaped morphology of these “incisors” is in question. The apparent differences seem to be best expressed by comparing the size of the second dentary tooth with that of the third, and because the teeth themselves were not always available to measure, the length of the second and third alveoli were measured and compared. The results of these measurements are found in
|
||
<tableCitation id="E87E0321D47D293FFCDA6C33FC10FAA1" box="[864,1019,1352,1386]" captionStart="Table 8.2" captionText="Table 8.2. Comparison of Lengths of Second (DT2- L) and Third Dentary Tooth or Alveolus (DT3-L)" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" targetBox="[158,1209,2039,2697]" targetPageId="3">Table 8.2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47D2938FF646C05FB0DF7E7" blockId="3.[146,1390,175,1974]" lastBlockId="4.[651,1896,1733,2626]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Although all 4 skulls seem short when compared with full-grown individuals (i.e.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFE2B6CC8FDD9FA1E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400446" box="[401,562,1459,1493]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFD286CC9FB68FA1F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400361" box="[658,1155,1458,1492]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081 = BHI 2033">FMNH PR2081 = BHI 2033</materialsCitation>
|
||
), ontogenetic variation may be ruled out because other individuals of approximately the same skull length do not share this character. One of the specimens,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFAAD6F67FF3AF9BF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400356" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="Samson">Samson</materialsCitation>
|
||
, has a femur (length, 129 cm) of comparable length to Stan (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFB796F2AFA8FF9B8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400422" box="[1219,1380,1617,1651]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
; length, 131 cm), but whose skull is less than 80% as long (104 cm). A shorter skull and variation in lower
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFDDC6FC7FD77F915" box="[614,668,1724,1758]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">jaw</emphasis>
|
||
dentition is unlikely to be caused by differences in nutrition. Pathology may be ruled out because of the lack of any associated manifestation of healed injury. Genetic variance also seems improbable because no modern correlates exist.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFC7B6E20FC36F8B6" box="[961,989,1883,1917]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">A</emphasis>
|
||
case could be made for the differences in the dentition being attributable to sexual dimorphism. Although there are modern examples of sexual dimorphism in the canines of some primates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD47A2938FC7A6E7AFB06F8E8" author="Martin, L. A. & Willner, L. A. & Dettling, A." box="[960,1261,1793,1827]" editor="Short, R. V. & Balaban, E." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Martin" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="4" pageNumber="6" pagination="159 - 202" refId="ref8411" refString="Martin, L. A., Willner, L. A., and Dettling, A. 1994. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in primates. P. 159 - 202, in Short, R. V., and Balaban, E. (eds.). The Differences between the Sexes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." title="The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in primates. P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Differences between the Sexes" year="1994">Martin et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in the canines or incisors of walrus, elephants, bush pig, and hippopotamus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD47A2938FA3A6E4EF98EF89C" author="Lincoln, G. A." box="[1408,1637,1845,1879]" editor="Short, R. V. & Balaban, E." firstAuthor="Lincoln" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="4" pageNumber="6" pagination="131 - 159" refId="ref8172" refString="Lincoln, G. A. 1994. Teeth, horns and antlers: the weapons of sex. P. 131 - 159 in Short, R. V., and Balaban, E. (eds.). The Differences between the Sexes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." title="Teeth, horns and antlers: the weapons of sex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Differences between the Sexes" year="1994">Lincoln 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), sexual dimorphism expressed as differences in dentition in extant taxa seems to
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938F8BE6E11F8C0F847" box="[1796,1835,1898,1932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">be</emphasis>
|
||
restricted to mammals. Any dental expression of sexual dimorphism remains undocumented for crocodilians, extinct toothed birds (extant phylogenetic bracketing), or other extant reptiles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D47D293FFA0D6E9BF8A4F759" ID-Table-UUID="F1836612D47D293FFA0D6E9BF8A4F759" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F1836612D47D293FFA0D6E9BF8A4F759" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" targetBox="[158,1209,2039,2697]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47D293FFA0D6E9BF8A4F759" blockId="3.[1463,1871,2013,2194]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Table 8.2. Comparison of
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFA02616BF9DEF7F9" box="[1464,1589,2064,2098]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">Lengths</emphasis>
|
||
of Second
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FF957616BFA39F7A8" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">(DT2- L)</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FF99D613BF99CF7A9" box="[1575,1655,2112,2146]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">Third</emphasis>
|
||
Dentary
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFA01610BF9F9F759" box="[1467,1554,2160,2194]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">Tooth</emphasis>
|
||
or Alveolus (DT
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FF8A3610BF8C2F759" bold="true" box="[1817,1833,2160,2194]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">3</emphasis>
|
||
-L)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47D293FFF246E8CFBD2F543" blockId="3.[148,1253,2011,2716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<table id="D7FCC43AD47DD6C3FF246E8CFB52F542" box="[158,1209,2039,2697]" gridcols="4" gridrows="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47DD6C3FF246E8CFB52F7D0" box="[158,1209,2039,2075]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FF246E8CFEB2F7D0" box="[158,345,2039,2075]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFF246E8CFEABF7D3" bold="true" box="[158,320,2039,2072]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">Specimen</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FE3E6E8CFDAFF7D0" box="[388,580,2039,2075]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">DT2-L (mm)</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FDCE6E8CFCDEF7D0" box="[628,821,2039,2075]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">DT3-L (mm)</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FCD16E8CFB52F7D0" box="[875,1209,2039,2075]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">Ratio of DT3 to DT2</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47DD6C3FF24613FFB52F7AD" box="[158,1209,2116,2150]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FF24613FFB52F7AD" box="[158,1209,2116,2150]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47D293FFF1A613FFF19F7AD" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[160,242,2116,2150]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFF1A613FFF5FF7AD" box="[160,180,2116,2150]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">T.</emphasis>
|
||
rex
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFF48613FFEEEF7AD" box="[242,261,2116,2150]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">*</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47DD6C3FF2461FBFB52F768" box="[158,1209,2176,2211]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FF2461FBFEB2F768" box="[158,345,2176,2211]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFF2561FBFEDBF769" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400353" box="[159,304,2176,2210]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FE3E61FBFDAFF768" box="[388,580,2176,2211]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFE5B61FAFDE8F768" bold="true" box="[481,515,2177,2211]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">55</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FDCE61FBFCDEF768" box="[628,821,2176,2211]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">54</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FCD161FBFB52F768" box="[875,1209,2176,2211]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">1.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47DD6C3FF2461C6FB52F72B" box="[158,1209,2237,2272]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FF2461C6FEB2F72B" box="[158,345,2237,2272]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFF1A61C6FEDBF714" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400447" box="[160,304,2237,2271]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FE3E61C6FDAFF72B" box="[388,580,2237,2272]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">52</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FDCE61C6FCDEF72B" box="[628,821,2237,2272]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">56</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FCD161C6FB52F72B" box="[875,1209,2237,2272]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">1.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47DD6C3FF246181FB52F6D6" box="[158,1209,2298,2333]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FF246181FEB2F6D6" box="[158,345,2298,2333]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFF1A6180FEDFF6D6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400321" box="[160,308,2299,2333]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="MOR 980">MOR 980</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FE3E6181FDAFF6D6" box="[388,580,2298,2333]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">51</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FDCE6181FCDEF6D6" box="[628,821,2298,2333]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">51</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FCD16181FB52F6D6" box="[875,1209,2298,2333]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">1.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47DD6C3FF24604CFB52F691" box="[158,1209,2359,2394]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FF24604CFEB2F691" box="[158,345,2359,2394]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFF25604CFEC1F692" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400311" box="[159,298,2359,2393]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FE3E604CFDAFF691" box="[388,580,2359,2394]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">56</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FDCE604CFCDEF691" box="[628,821,2359,2394]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">60</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FCD1604CFB52F691" box="[875,1209,2359,2394]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">1.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47DD6C3FF24600EFB52F65C" box="[158,1209,2421,2455]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FF24600EFEB2F65C" box="[158,345,2421,2455]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47D293FFF1A600EFF18F65C" box="[160,243,2421,2455]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFF1A600EFF39F65C" box="[160,210,2421,2455]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">T. "</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47D293FFF5D600EFF18F65C" box="[231,243,2421,2455]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">"</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47DD6C3FF2460CBFB52F61F" box="[158,1209,2480,2516]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FF2460CBFEB2F61F" box="[158,345,2480,2516]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFF1B60CAFEC2F618" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400339" box="[161,297,2481,2515]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="BHI 4182">BHI 4182</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FE3E60CBFDAFF61F" box="[388,580,2480,2516]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">33</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FDCE60CBFCDEF61F" box="[628,821,2480,2516]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">34</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FCD160CBFB52F61F" box="[875,1209,2480,2516]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">1.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47DD6C3FF246096FB52F5DB" box="[158,1209,2541,2576]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FF246096FEB2F5DB" box="[158,345,2541,2576]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFF1A6095FEDEF5DB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400382" box="[160,309,2542,2576]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="MOR 008">MOR 008</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FE3E6096FDAFF5DB" box="[388,580,2541,2576]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">48</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FDCE6096FCDEF5DB" box="[628,821,2541,2576]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">64</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FCD16096FB52F5DB" box="[875,1209,2541,2576]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">1.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47DD6C3FF246352FB52F587" box="[158,1209,2601,2636]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FF246352FEB2F587" box="[158,345,2601,2636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFF256351FEB2F587" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400329" box="[159,345,2602,2636]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" speciimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FE3E6352FDAFF587" box="[388,580,2601,2636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">35</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FDCE6352FCDEF587" box="[628,821,2601,2636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">55</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FCD16352FB52F587" box="[875,1209,2601,2636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">1.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47DD6C3FF24631EFB52F542" box="[158,1209,2661,2697]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FF24631EFEB2F542" box="[158,345,2661,2697]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47D293FFF24631DFEFFF543" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400423" box="[158,276,2662,2696]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" specimenCode="Samson">Samson</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FE3E631EFDAFF542" box="[388,580,2661,2697]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">33</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FDCE631EFCDEF542" box="[628,821,2661,2697]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">54</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47DD6C3FCD1631EFB52F542" box="[875,1209,2661,2697]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">1.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47D293FFA0161B3F916F722" blockId="3.[1467,1789,2246,2282]" box="[1467,1789,2247,2282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<tableNote id="581A3714D47D293FFA0161B3F916F722" box="[1467,1789,2247,2282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="105">* From the holotype.</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D47A2938FF1D6FBCFEA7F7F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942911" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942911/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="6" startId="4.[167,261,1735,1769]" targetBox="[0,2055,0,1656]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47A2938FF1D6FBCFEA7F7F3" blockId="4.[164,580,1733,2104]" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Figure 8.4. Dorsal
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938FE746FBCFDFCF922" box="[462,535,1735,1769]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">view</emphasis>
|
||
of the anterior portion of the left dentary of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47A2938FE6D6E53FE6CF8B1" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938FE6D6E53FEAFF8B1" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938FEEA6E22FE6CF8B1" bold="true" box="[336,391,1881,1914]" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938FE296E2CFEA7F862" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47A2938FE296E2CFDC3F8B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400434" box="[403,552,1879,1913]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="4" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
preserving
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
small first dentary tooth
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938FE376ECCFE2DF812" box="[397,454,1975,2009]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">DT1</emphasis>
|
||
and large second dentary tooth DT2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47A2938FD63613AFC51F58A" blockId="4.[651,1896,1733,2626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Can the difference in the teeth be attributable to speciation? Although stratigraphic information for the 4 specimens is unavailable, there are good records available for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47A2938FC5A61D0FAE3F706" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[992,1288,2219,2253]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938FB6261D0FAE3F706" box="[1240,1288,2219,2253]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938FAB261D0FAE7F706" box="[1288,1292,2219,2253]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47A2938FAA661D1FA5DF707" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400453" box="[1308,1462,2218,2252]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">BHI 2033</materialsCitation>
|
||
was collected 16 m below the K-T boundary in the Hell Creek Formation (the Hell Creek in the area, near Buffalo, SD, is approximately 150 m thick).
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938FA20606EFA5EF6FC" box="[1434,1461,2325,2359]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">A</emphasis>
|
||
second indisputable specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47A2938FCB46030FBDCF6A6" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[782,1079,2379,2413]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938FBB36030FBDCF6A6" box="[1033,1079,2379,2413]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47A2938FBF56030FB00F6A6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400424" box="[1103,1259,2379,2413]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="4" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="BHI 4182">BHI 4182</materialsCitation>
|
||
) was collected nearby, from within 10 m of the base of the formation, and it represents perhaps the oldest known record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47A2938FC9060CEFBFCF61C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[810,1047,2485,2519]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938FC9060CEFBFCF61C" box="[810,1047,2485,2519]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from North America (Kirk Johnson, personal communication). Geographic distribution is also not a factor, because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47A2938F96B6092F8C3F5C0" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1745,1832,2537,2571]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938F9416092F8C3F5C0" box="[1787,1832,2537,2571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cooccurs with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47A2938FCE36364FC51F58A" box="[857,954,2591,2625]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47A2938FC396364FC51F58A" box="[899,954,2591,2625]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="6">“x.”</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47B2939FF676C17FABAF9E0" blockId="5.[145,1386,1381,2062]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Dentary and maxillary tooth (alveoli) counts also seem to vary between the 2 “species.” This is particularly evident in the dentary, with 13 or 14 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FF286CADFE57FA33" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[146,444,1494,1528]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FF286CADFE57FA33" box="[146,444,1494,1528]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 14 or 15 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FD506CAEFCA4FA3C" box="[746,847,1493,1527]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FCA36CAEFCA4FA3C" box="[793,847,1493,1527]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">“x.”</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
The distribution of all of these characters, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FE1A6F70FD31F9E6" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[416,730,1547,1581]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
Tarbosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FDCA6F70FD31F9E6" box="[624,730,1547,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as an outgroup, are listed in
|
||
<tableCitation id="E87E0321D47B2939FB0C6F71FAA7F9E0" box="[1206,1356,1545,1580]" captionStart="Table 8.3" captionText="Table 8.3. Comparison of Skull Characters" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[155,1336,2233,2674]" targetPageId="5">Table 8.3</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D47B2939FA0E6C1DF8DFF912" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942913" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942913/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" startId="5.[1460,1555,1382,1416]" targetBox="[143,1891,1,1307]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47B2939FA0E6C1DF8DFF912" blockId="5.[1458,1874,1380,1754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Figure 8.5. Dorsal
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939F9616C1DF8CFFA43" box="[1755,1828,1382,1416]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">view</emphasis>
|
||
of the anterior
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939F9C26CEDF91BFA73" box="[1656,1776,1430,1464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">portion</emphasis>
|
||
of the left dentary of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939F95F6CBDF8D8F9D3" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939F95F6CBDF99AF9D3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Tyrannosaurus "</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939F9306C8CF95BF9D3" box="[1674,1712,1526,1560]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">" (</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D47B2939F90A6C8DF8C3F9D3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400403" box="[1712,1832,1526,1560]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" specimenCode="Samson">Samson</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939F8926C8DF8D8F9D3" box="[1832,1843,1526,1560]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">)</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FA086F5CF9B1F982" box="[1458,1626,1575,1609]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">preserving</emphasis>
|
||
small alveoli for
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FA566F2CF9CDF9B2" box="[1516,1574,1623,1657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">DT1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939F9C76F2CF957F9B2" box="[1661,1724,1623,1657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">DT2</emphasis>
|
||
and a large alveolus for the third dentary tooth DT3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47B2939FF666F3BFAB4F7C0" blockId="5.[145,1386,1381,2062]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
A fourth character separating the 2 forms is the relative size of the lateral pneumatic lachrymal foramen. Specimens referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FBA16F0EFB9EF95C" box="[1051,1141,1653,1687]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FBFC6F0EFBB9F95C" box="[1094,1106,1653,1687]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">“</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FBD26F0EFB9EF95C" box="[1128,1141,1653,1687]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">”</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have relatively smaller lateral pneumatic lachrymal foramina than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FBC16FD1FF54F8C8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FBC16FD1FF54F8C8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD47B2939FF6C6F9BFEBFF8C9" box="[214,340,1760,1794]" captionStart="Fig. 8.6" captionText="Figure 8.6. Lateral view of the left lachrymals of (A) Tyrannosaurus "x" AMNH 5027 and (B) Tyrannosaurus rex BHI 3033. Note the larger lateral pneumatic foramen on T. rex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942915/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[655,1893,167,889]" targetPageId="6">Fig. 8.6</figureCitation>
|
||
). When measured and plotted as lachrymal foramina length vs. lachrymal length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD47B2939FE786E6FFDD4F8FD" box="[450,575,1812,1846]" captionStart="Fig. 8.7" captionText="Figure 8.7. Lachrymal length vs. lachrymal foramina length." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942917/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[656,1896,1864,2702]" targetPageId="6">Fig. 8.7</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FDE66E6FFC69F8FE" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[604,898,1811,1846]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FDE66E6FFC69F8FE" box="[604,898,1811,1846]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Tyrannosaurus “x”</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clusters separately from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FAAB6E68FA8CF8FF" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1297,1383,1810,1845]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FA806E69FA8CF8FF" box="[1338,1383,1810,1844]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as do
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FF436E31FE29F8A7" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[249,450,1866,1900]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FF436E31FE29F8A7" box="[249,450,1866,1900]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FDAE6E31FD17F8A7" box="[532,764,1866,1900]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FD466E31FCE7F8A7" box="[764,780,1866,1900]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">).</emphasis>
|
||
However, it should be noted that the size of the lachrymal foramina in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FD7F6E05FC9BF86B" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[709,880,1918,1952]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FD7F6E05FC9BF86B" box="[709,880,1918,1952]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is extremely' variable, and this difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FE6E6ECEFDC2F81C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[468,553,1973,2007]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FE466ECEFDC2F81C" box="[508,553,1973,2007]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FDC06ECEFD39F81C" box="[634,722,1973,2007]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
T. “
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FD0B6ECEFD2EF81C" box="[689,709,1973,2007]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">x</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may not be statistically significant, especially given the sample
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FDB76E91FDA3F7C7" box="[525,584,2026,2060]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">size</emphasis>
|
||
(Kenneth Carpenter, personal communication).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D47B2939FA0861E6F958F724" ID-Table-UUID="F1836612D47B2939FA0861E6F958F724" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F1836612D47B2939FA0861E6F958F724" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[155,1336,2233,2674]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47B2939FA0861E6F958F724" blockId="5.[1458,1865,2203,2287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Table 8.3. Comparison of Skull Characters</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD47B2939FF2661C2FB7DF5B9" blockId="5.[144,1358,2203,2693]" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<table id="D7FCC43AD47BD6C3FF2161C2FAD3F5B9" box="[155,1336,2233,2674]" gridcols="4" gridrows="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47BD6C3FF2161C2FAD3F6CC" box="[155,1336,2233,2311]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FF2161C2FDFFF6CC" box="[155,532,2233,2311]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Skull Character</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FD8761C2FCDEF6CC" box="[573,821,2233,2311]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FD8561C1FD99F6CE" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FCEE61C2FBA7F6CC" box="[852,1100,2233,2311]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FCEC61C1FC66F6CC" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[854,1100,2234,2311]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FCED619DFC8DF6CC" box="[855,870,2278,2311]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">"</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D47B2939FCC4619DFC66F6CC" box="[894,909,2278,2311]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">"</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FBD361C2FAD3F6CC" box="[1129,1336,2233,2311]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D47B2939FBD161C1FAD3F710" box="[1131,1336,2234,2267]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47BD6C3FF21604AFAD3F6B4" box="[155,1336,2353,2431]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FF21604AFDFFF6B4" box="[155,532,2353,2431]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Lateral lachrymal pneumatic foramina</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FD87604AFCDEF6B4" box="[573,821,2353,2431]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Small</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FCEE604AFBA7F6B4" box="[852,1100,2353,2431]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Very small</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FBD3604AFAD3F6B4" box="[1129,1336,2353,2431]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Small</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47BD6C3FF2160E1FAD3F676" box="[155,1336,2458,2493]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FF2160E1FDFFF676" box="[155,532,2458,2493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Maxillary tooth count</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FD8760E1FCDEF676" box="[573,821,2458,2493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">11 or 12</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FCEE60E1FBA7F676" box="[852,1100,2458,2493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">12</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FBD360E1FAD3F676" box="[1129,1336,2458,2493]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">12 or 13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47BD6C3FF2160ADFAD3F632" box="[155,1336,2518,2553]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FF2160ADFDFFF632" box="[155,532,2518,2553]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Dentary tooth count</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FD8760ADFCDEF632" box="[573,821,2518,2553]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">13 or 14</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FCEE60ADFBA7F632" box="[852,1100,2518,2553]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">14 or 15</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FBD360ADFAD3F632" box="[1129,1336,2518,2553]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47BD6C3FF216368FAD3F5FD" box="[155,1336,2579,2614]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FF216368FDFFF5FD" box="[155,532,2579,2614]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">Dentary incisor count</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FD876368FCDEF5FD" box="[573,821,2579,2614]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">1</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FCEE6368FBA7F5FD" box="[852,1100,2579,2614]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">2</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FBD36368FAD3F5FD" box="[1129,1336,2579,2614]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D47BD6C3FF216334FAD3F5B9" box="[155,1336,2639,2674]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FF216334FDFFF5B9" box="[155,532,2639,2674]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">L3DT/L2DT DT3-L/DT2-L</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FD876334FCDEF5B9" box="[573,821,2639,2674]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">1.0-1.1</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FCEE6334FBA7F5B9" box="[852,1100,2639,2674]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">1.3-1.5</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D47BD6C3FBD36334FAD3F5B9" box="[1129,1336,2639,2674]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="7">1.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D478293AFF1369D0FE79FDD6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942915" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942915/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" startId="6.[169,264,171,205]" targetBox="[655,1893,167,889]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD478293AFF1369D0FE79FDD6" blockId="6.[166,557,169,541]" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Figure 8.6.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFEE469D0FDF6FF06" box="[350,541,171,205]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">Lateral view</emphasis>
|
||
of the left lachrymals of
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFF136876FF3EFEE5" box="[169,213,269,302]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">(A)</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D478293AFF5E6876FDCCFEE6" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[228,551,268,302]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFE4B6877FDEBFEE6" box="[497,512,268,301]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">"</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFDBA6877FDF3FEE6" bold="true" box="[512,536,268,301]" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">x</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFDA26877FDCCFEE6" box="[536,551,268,301]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">"</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D478293AFF1C6840FE99FE96" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400442" box="[166,370,315,349]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">
|
||
AMNH
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFE9B6840FE99FE96" box="[289,370,315,349]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">5027</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFE7E6840FE01FE96" box="[452,490,315,349]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">(B)</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D478293AFF116816FE00FE46" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[171,491,364,398]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFE096817FE00FE46" bold="true" box="[435,491,364,397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFE4C6810FEB0FE76" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D478293AFE4C6810FF11FE76" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400452" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
. Note
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the larger lateral pneumatic foramen on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D478293AFE8B6887FE66FDD6" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[305,397,508,541]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">T. rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD478293AFD606AA5F9F9FA62" blockId="6.[657,1898,983,1452]" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Are these 4 cranial characters enough to erect a new species? (No significant postcranial characters were noted.) Because we are dealing with an extinct group, doing so at this time might be premature. Although it is likely that a second North American Latest Cretaceous species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D478293AF9C36D07F88EFB55" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1657,1893,1148,1182]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AF9C36D07F88EFB55" box="[1657,1893,1148,1182]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exists, all of the specimens in questions are in need of further preparation that will permit a more thorough comparison with the type (AMNH 973 =
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D478293AFD286C65FCC4FAF4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400334" box="[658,815,1309,1344]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
) and other referred specimens. Fortunately, preparation of 2 of the specimens (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D478293AFCE26C28FBD3FABE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400392" box="[856,1080,1363,1397]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" speciimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D478293AFB296C28FAFFFABE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400362" box="[1171,1300,1363,1397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="Samson">Samson</materialsCitation>
|
||
) is already underway. The ultimate disposition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D478293AFCC26CF3FB49FA61" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[888,1186,1416,1450]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFCC26CF3FB49FA61" box="[888,1186,1416,1450]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">Tyrannosaurus “x”</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may soon be resolved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD478293AFF166F58FDD8F906" blockId="6.[171,563,1571,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="FE0B81F6D478293AFF166F58FDD8F906" bold="true" fontSize="17" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" reason="0">
|
||
Is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D478293AFF6C6F58FE1EF99E" authority="Gilmore, 1946" box="[214,501,1571,1621]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFF166F24FEB4F95A" box="[172,351,1631,1681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
a Juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D478293AFF176FE0FDCBF906" box="[173,544,1691,1741]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFD9A6FE0FDD8F906" box="[544,563,1691,1741]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">?</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD478293BFD286F54FB1BF88D" blockId="6.[657,1897,1575,1779]" lastBlockId="7.[158,1400,1556,2665]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D478293AFCE86F55FBABF99B" box="[850,1088,1582,1616]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was erected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD478293AFAEA6F56F97FF984" author="Bakker, R. T. & Williams, M. & Currie, P." box="[1360,1684,1581,1615]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 26" part="1" refId="ref6987" refString="Bakker, R. T., Williams, M., and Currie, P. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1 (5): 1 - 26." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for the type specimen (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D478293AFCF56F18FBDBF94E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400312" box="[847,1072,1635,1669]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D478293AFBC36F18FA04F94F" box="[1145,1519,1634,1669]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFBC36F18FAA1F94E" box="[1145,1354,1635,1669]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
lancensis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD478293AFA476F19F8EDF94F" author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[1533,1798,1634,1668]" firstAuthor="Gilmore" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 19" part="106" refId="ref7823" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1946. A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 106: 1 - 19." title="A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1946">Gilmore (1946)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD478293AFCF46FE3FC3BF971" box="[846,976,1688,1722]" captionStart="Fig. 8.8" captionText="Figure 8.8. Type specimen of Nanotyrannus lancensis CMNH 7541." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942919/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[156,1885,173,1466]" targetPageId="7">Fig. 8.8</figureCitation>
|
||
) consists of a relatively complete skull preserved with the jaws in occlusion, with very little distortion and no associated postcra- nial material.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD479293BFE2A6F67FD3FF9F6" author="Bakker, R. T. & Williams, M. & Currie, P." box="[400,724,1563,1598]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" part="1" refId="ref6987" refString="Bakker, R. T., Williams, M., and Currie, P. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1 (5): 1 - 26." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
argued that certain derived characters, including the construction of the basicranium, the angle of the occipital condyle, the maxillary tooth count, the overall tooth morphology, the relative narrowness of the snout, and the expansion of the temporal region of the skull clearly separated this specimen from other tyrannosaur clades (
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D479293BFF116E5DFC7FF88C" box="[171,916,1829,1864]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D479293BFF116E5DFE96F883" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[171,381,1830,1864]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D479293BFE356E5EFD91F88C" authority=", Albertosaurus" authorityName="Albertosaurus" box="[399,634,1829,1863]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D479293BFD376E5EFC65F88C" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[653,910,1829,1863]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D479293BFC566E5FFB1BF88D" box="[1004,1264,1828,1862]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D479293BFC566E5FFB0BF88D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1004,1248,1828,1862]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D478293AFF166E3CFE5AF802" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942917" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942917/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="8" startId="6.[172,267,1863,1897]" targetBox="[656,1896,1864,2702]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD478293AFF166E3CFE5AF802" blockId="6.[171,510,1861,1994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Figure 8.7. Lachrymal length
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D478293AFEA46E0CFEAAF852" box="[286,321,1911,1945]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="8">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
lachrymal foramina length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D479293BFA786F6CF8DAF953" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942919" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942919/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" startId="7.[1474,1569,1559,1593]" targetBox="[156,1885,173,1466]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD479293BFA786F6CF8DAF953" blockId="7.[1472,1846,1557,1689]" pageId="7" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 8.8.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D479293BF9C36F6DF9EDF9A1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="9">Type specimen</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D479293BF9846F32F9B7F952" authority="Gilmore, 1946" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
Nanotyrannus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D479293BFA7B6F03F9B7F952" bold="true" box="[1473,1628,1656,1689]" pageId="7" pageNumber="9">lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D479293BF9D26F0DF8C7F953" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400454" box="[1640,1836,1654,1688]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD479293BFF536E20FACAF644" blockId="7.[158,1400,1556,2665]" pageId="7" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Although the characters discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD479293BFCDB6E22FB77F8B0" author="Bakker, R. T. & Williams, M. & Currie, P." box="[865,1180,1881,1915]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" part="1" refId="ref6987" refString="Bakker, R. T., Williams, M., and Currie, P. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1 (5): 1 - 26." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
clearly separated this specimen from its earlier assignment to
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D479293BFC6C6EF5FB5AF87B" box="[982,1201,1934,1968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D479293BFC6C6EF5FB40F87B" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[982,1195,1934,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
its distance from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D479293BFEFA6EBEFDD8F82C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[320,563,1989,2023]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D479293BFEFA6EBEFDD8F82C" box="[320,563,1989,2023]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="9">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade seemed less defined. They both “achieved the highest degree of potential stereoscopy known among large theropods,” and they agree in characters, including the orientation of the occipital condyle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD479293BFE80611EFD84F74D" author="Bakker, R. T. & Williams, M. & Currie, P." box="[314,623,2148,2183]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" part="1" refId="ref6987" refString="Bakker, R. T., Williams, M., and Currie, P. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1 (5): 1 - 26." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 25). They also address the question of the skull being that of a juvenile: “The sutures between the lachrymal and prefrontal have thoroughly coalesced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D479293BFC8461B6FBC7F724" box="[830,1068,2253,2287]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as have the sutures between frontals and prefrontals.... Without question, the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D479293BFAB76079FEC5F696" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was fully adult and had reached the maximum size the individual would have attained if it had lived longer” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD479293BFCC16015FB40F65B" author="Bakker, R. T. & Williams, M. & Currie, P." box="[891,1195,2414,2448]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" part="1" refId="ref6987" refString="Bakker, R. T., Williams, M., and Currie, P. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1 (5): 1 - 26." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 17).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4792934FF5160DDFC3FFECC" blockId="7.[158,1400,1556,2665]" lastBlockId="8.[657,1901,170,2608]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Carpenter (1992, pp. 259, 260) disagreed with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD479293BFB9B60DFFA99F60E" author="Bakker, R. T. & Williams, M. & Currie, P." box="[1057,1394,2467,2502]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="7" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 26" part="1" refId="ref6987" refString="Bakker, R. T., Williams, M., and Currie, P. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1 (5): 1 - 26." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
when he noted that “the coalescence of cranial bones is known to be variable in dinosaurs” bringing under suspicion “its usability to ‘age’” dinosaurs. Carpenter further noted that “the oval shape of the orbit” may well be a juvenile character. He concluded that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FAD469CAF916FF18" authority="Gilmore, 1946" box="[1390,1789,177,211]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus lancensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FCCF699EFC3BFECC" box="[885,976,229,263]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FC1A699EFC3BFECC" box="[928,976,229,263]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FC6A699EFC3FFECC" box="[976,980,229,263]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4762934FD646860F9F5FC9A" blockId="8.[657,1901,170,2608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4762934FD646860FC4AFEF6" author="Carr, T. D." box="[734,929,283,317]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref7327" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (3): 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
expanded this possibility. On the basis of 17 specimens referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FCEE682BFB21FEB9" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[852,1226,336,370]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FCEE682BFBD0FEB9" box="[852,1083,336,370]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
libratus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Carr erected an ontogenetic series of growth stages (1-3). From bone texture, lack of fusion, shape of the orbit, and overall skull morphology, Carr placed
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FACA68C1F9A6FE17" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400461" box="[1392,1613,442,476]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
into his stage 1, the youngest in his ontogenetic series. Carr then declared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934F9C06894FCC3FD8C" authority="Gilmore, 1946" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus lancensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FBFA6B5EFA9AFD8C" box="[1088,1393,549,583]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In later arguments (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4762934F9686B5EFC50FDB7" author="Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E." firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref7358" refString="Carr, T. D., and Williamson, T. E. 2004. Diversity of Late Maastrichtian tryrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of Late Maastrichtian tryrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4762934FC746B21FB32FDB7" author="Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E. & Schwimmer, D. R." box="[974,1241,602,636]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" pagination="119 - 143" part="25" refId="ref7401" refString="Carr, T. D., Williamson, T. E., and Schwimmer, D. R. 2005. A new genus of tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (1): 119 - 143." title="A new genus of tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama" type="journal article" year="2005">Carr et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this designation was used to establish a growth series for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FC7F6BF4FBF5FD7A" box="[965,1054,655,689]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FC546BF4FBF5FD7A" box="[1006,1054,655,689]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FBA46BF4FBCFFD7A" box="[1054,1060,655,689]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">,</emphasis>
|
||
establishing a sequence of changes from the small juvenile
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FC936BBFFBFCFD2D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400341" box="[809,1047,708,742]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="LACM 23871">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
, followed by the juvenile
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FA646BBFF955FD2D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400438" box="[1502,1726,708,742]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
(stage 1), through subadults
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FC666B82FB22FCD0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400455" box="[988,1225,761,795]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FA916B82F9FAFCD0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400347" box="[1323,1553,761,795]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
, to the fully grown adults
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FCB86A54FC06FC9A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400459" box="[770,1005,815,849]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" speciimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FBF96A54F9E5FC9A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400357" box="[1091,1550,815,849]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081 = BHI 2033">FMNH PR2081 (BHI 2033</materialsCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4762934FD616A1FF8BDF8B2" blockId="8.[657,1901,170,2608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4762934FC366A1FFBA4FC4D" author="Carr, T. D." box="[908,1103,868,902]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref7327" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (3): 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a compelling and thoughtful argument, not all paleontologists agree with his assessment.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4762934F9EC6AE2F8DEFC70" author="Currie, P. J." box="[1622,1845,921,955]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref7586" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003">Currie (2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 223) pointed out that “most of the characters used to demonstrate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FD296D7FFC6BFBED" box="[659,896,1028,1062]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FC666D7FFB24FBED" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[988,1231,1028,1062]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are synonymous are also characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FD296D42FCB7FB90" box="[659,860,1081,1115]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FD296D42FCB7FB90" box="[659,860,1081,1115]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FC0A6D42FB51FB90" box="[944,1210,1081,1115]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FC0A6D42FB5EFB90" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[944,1205,1081,1115]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4762934FB6F6D42F9E7FB90" author="Bakker, R. T. & Williams, M. & Currie, P." box="[1237,1548,1081,1115]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 26" part="1" refId="ref6987" refString="Bakker, R. T., Williams, M., and Currie, P. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1 (5): 1 - 26." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al. (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; personal communication) noted the discrepancy in tooth counts—15 maxillary teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934F8B86D15FCC8FB0E" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934F8B86D15FCC8FB0E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 11 or 12 in
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FB866DD8FA25FB0E" box="[1084,1486,1187,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FB866DD8FA81FB0E" box="[1084,1386,1187,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
—and
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the lack of tooth reduction ontogeneticallv in the maxilla of
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FA906DA3FA8EFB31" box="[1322,1381,1240,1274]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">any</emphasis>
|
||
extant species. The primitive compressed nature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FC456C76FB00FAE4" box="[1023,1259,1293,1327]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4762934FAE56C76F968FAE4" author="Bakker, R. T. & Williams, M. & Currie, P." box="[1375,1667,1293,1327]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 26" part="1" refId="ref6987" refString="Bakker, R. T., Williams, M., and Currie, P. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1 (5): 1 - 26." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as compared with the derived inflated teeth seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FA906C39FA6EFAAF" box="[1322,1413,1346,1380]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FAEC6C39FA6EFAAF" box="[1366,1413,1346,1380]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and evidence of feeding behavior differences also argue for the uniqueness of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FA436C03F93DFA51" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400388" box="[1529,1750,1400,1434]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
(Larson 1999). Because the growth series argument of Carr is rooted in the assumption that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FC946C99FBF7F9CF" box="[814,1052,1506,1540]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FB446C99FAB1F9CF" box="[1278,1370,1506,1540]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FA936C99FAB1F9CF" box="[1321,1370,1506,1540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FAE06C99FA8BF9CF" box="[1370,1376,1506,1540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">,</emphasis>
|
||
much of Carr’s concept of ontogenetic change and ontogenetic stages in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FAC56F6CF944F9F2" box="[1407,1711,1559,1593]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FAC56F6CF944F9F2" box="[1407,1711,1559,1593]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in question (Jorn Hurum, personal communication). I agree with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4762934F97D6F36FC09F96F" author="Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E." firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref7358" refString="Carr, T. D., and Williamson, T. E. 2004. Diversity of Late Maastrichtian tryrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of Late Maastrichtian tryrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson’s (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assessment of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FB6C6FF9FA53F96F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400375" box="[1238,1464,1666,1700]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="LACM 23871">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
(the so-called Jordan theropod) with
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FCDF6FC3FBABF911" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400354" box="[869,1088,1720,1754]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
(the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FAA16FC3F9E0F911" box="[1307,1547,1720,1754]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934F9B16FC3F9F6F911" box="[1547,1565,1720,1754]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">),</emphasis>
|
||
and with the designation of the subadult
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FBB56F96FB1FF8C4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400324" box="[1039,1268,1773,1807]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FA966F96F98BF8C4" box="[1324,1632,1773,1807]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FA966F96F9B7F8C4" box="[1324,1628,1773,1807]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However, I disagree with the subadult designation of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FAA76E59FA19F88F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400378" box="[1309,1522,1826,1860]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
, which groups as a full adult with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FCF26E2CFB92F8B2" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[840,1145,1879,1913]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FBF36E2CFB92F8B2" box="[1097,1145,1879,1913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">“x”</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FA996E2CF9FBF8B2" box="[1315,1552,1879,1913]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934F94D6E2CF8B9F8B2" box="[1783,1874,1879,1913]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934F8986E2CF8B9F8B2" box="[1826,1874,1879,1913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934F8E86E2CF8BDF8B2" box="[1874,1878,1879,1913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4762934FD666EF7FC0CF6E8" blockId="8.[657,1901,170,2608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">
|
||
An isolated left lachrymal (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FB036EF7FAB4F865" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400398" box="[1209,1375,1932,1966]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="BHI 6235">BHI 6235</materialsCitation>
|
||
) comparable in size and morphology to
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FCF46EB9FBC1F82F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400338" box="[846,1066,1986,2020]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
was found associated with Sue (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934F9F46EB9F8B0F82F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400406" box="[1614,1883,1986,2020]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
) and erroneously identified as a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FA9D6E8CF99FF7D2" authority="(Larson 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Larson" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1319,1652,2039,2073]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FAEA6E8CFA94F7D2" box="[1360,1407,2039,2073]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">rex</emphasis>
|
||
(Larson 1997)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It, too, should be referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FCC36157FB83F785" box="[889,1128,2092,2126]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally, the recent discovery of a fourth specimen (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4762934FD49611AFC11F748" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400343" box="[755,1018,2145,2179]" collectionCode="BMR" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="BMR P2002.4.1">BMR P2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
) is clearly referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FAD3611AF9B3F748" box="[1385,1624,2145,2179]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This specimen, nicknamed Jane, in addition to many uncrushed and well-preserved skull elements with a nearly complete dentition, also preserves much of the postcranial skeleton.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4762934FD66604DFA3EF5E6" blockId="8.[657,1901,170,2608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Although this subject is discussed in detail elsewhere (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4762934F935604DF88BF693" author="Currie, P. J." box="[1679,1888,2358,2392]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref7586" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003">Currie 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4762934FD2E6010FC2CF646" author="Currie, P. J. & Hurum, J. H. & Sabath, K." box="[660,967,2411,2445]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontoligica Polonica" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" pagination="227 - 234" part="48" refId="ref7620" refString="Currie, P. J., Hurum, J. H., and Sabath, K. 2003. Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontoligica Polonica 48 (2): 227 - 234." title="Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">Currie et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Larson in press), a list of characters separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934F8B86010FCC8F609" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934F8B86010FCC8F609" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FC2F60DBFB6CF609" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[917,1159,2464,2498]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FC2F60DBFB6CF609" box="[917,1159,2464,2498]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presented in
|
||
<tableCitation id="E87E0321D4762934FA1E60DBF9AFF609" box="[1444,1604,2464,2498]" captionStart="Table 8.4" captionText="Table 8.4. Comparison of Tyrannosaurid Skull Characters" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[246,2823,248,1700]" targetPageId="9">Table 8.4</tableCitation>
|
||
. For purposes of comparison as outgroups, those characters are also listed for
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934F9C260AEFD2BF5E6" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934F9C260AEF883F63C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1656,1896,2517,2551]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
“x,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FD626370FC4FF5E6" authority=", Gorgosaurus, and Albertosaurus." authorityName="Gorgosaurus, and Albertosaurus." box="[728,932,2571,2605]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FC036370FB78F5E6" box="[953,1171,2571,2605]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FC036370FB66F5E6" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[953,1165,2571,2605]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4762934FB526370FA3EF5E6" box="[1256,1493,2571,2605]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4762934FB526370FA3BF5E6" authority=", Gorgosaurus, and Albertosaurus." authorityName="Gorgosaurus, and Albertosaurus." box="[1256,1488,2571,2605]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D4772935FF5769EBFB93FF79" ID-Table-UUID="F1836612D4772935FF5769EBFB93FF79" box="[237,1144,144,178]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F1836612D4772935FF5769EBFB93FF79" pageId="9" pageNumber="11" startId="9.[237,320,144,178]" targetBox="[246,2823,248,1700]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4772935FF5769EBFB93FF79" blockId="9.[237,1144,141,178]" box="[237,1144,144,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Table 8.4. Comparison of
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4772935FD3569EBFC2FFF79" box="[655,964,144,178]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Tyrannosaurid Skull</emphasis>
|
||
Characters
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4772935FF406983F5F5F9B8" blockId="9.[240,2871,220,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<table id="D7FCC43AD477D6C3FF4C6983F4ECF96F" box="[246,2823,248,1700]" gridcols="8" gridrows="14" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6983F4ECFE84" box="[246,2823,248,335]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6983FD37FE84" box="[246,732,248,335]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Skull Character</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6983FBE9FE84" box="[773,1026,248,335]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4772935FCB66982FCD4FE8E" baseAuthorityName="Larson" baseAuthorityYear="1997" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4772935FCB0685FFCD4FE8E" bold="true" box="[778,831,292,325]" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886983FAC5FE84" box="[1074,1326,248,335]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4772935FB826981FB84FE8D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1080,1326,250,326]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4772935FB82685EFB84FE8D" bold="true" box="[1080,1135,293,326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4772935FB82685EFBACFE8D" bold="true" box="[1080,1095,293,326]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">"</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4772935FBDA685EFB84FE8D" bold="true" box="[1120,1135,293,326]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">"</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56983F9DBFE84" box="[1375,1584,248,335]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4772935FADE6981FA38FE8D" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
Tarbosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4772935FAD8685EFA38FE8D" bold="true" box="[1378,1491,293,326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316983F879FE84" box="[1675,1938,248,335]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4772935F9356981F914FE8C" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
Tarbosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4772935F937685DF914FE8C" bold="true" box="[1677,1791,294,327]" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Juvenile
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6983F746FE84" box="[1975,2221,248,335]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4772935F8006980F7BAFE8C" authority="Gilmore, 1946" box="[1978,2221,251,327]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4772935F8006980F7BAFE8C" bold="true" box="[1978,2221,251,327]" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Nanotyrannus lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596983F613FE84" box="[2275,2552,248,335]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4772935F7526980F628FED7" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[2280,2499,251,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4772935F6776980F618FED7" bold="true" box="[2509,2547,251,284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">sp</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6983F4ECFE84" box="[2576,2823,248,335]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4772935F5A86980F4ECFED7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[2578,2823,251,284]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4772935F5A96855F5D4FE84" bold="true" box="[2579,2623,302,335]" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C680BF4ECFE5E" box="[246,2823,368,405]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C680BFD37FE5E" box="[246,732,368,405]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Antorbital fossa</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF680BFBE9FE5E" box="[773,1026,368,405]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Very deep</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB88680BFAC5FE5E" box="[1074,1326,368,405]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Deep</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE5680BF9DBFE5E" box="[1375,1584,368,405]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Deep</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F931680BF879FE5E" box="[1675,1938,368,405]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Deep</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D680BF746FE5E" box="[1975,2221,368,405]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Very shallow</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F759680BF613FE5E" box="[2275,2552,368,405]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Shallow</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA680BF4ECFE5E" box="[2576,2823,368,405]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Shallow</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C68D7F4ECFE31" box="[246,2823,428,506]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C68D7FD37FE31" box="[246,732,428,506]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Ventral antorbital maxillary ridge meets jugal</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF68D7FBE9FE31" box="[773,1026,428,506]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB8868D7FAC5FE31" box="[1074,1326,428,506]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE568D7F9DBFE31" box="[1375,1584,428,506]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F93168D7F879FE31" box="[1675,1938,428,506]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D68D7F746FE31" box="[1975,2221,428,506]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F75968D7F613FE31" box="[2275,2552,428,506]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA68D7F4ECFE31" box="[2576,2823,428,506]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6B6EF4ECFD45" box="[246,2823,533,654]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6B6EFD37FD45" box="[246,732,533,654]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Maxillary fenestra reaches rostral margin of antorbital fossa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4772935FEE76B17FDBAFD45" author="Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E. & Schwimmer, D. R." box="[349,593,620,654]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="11" pagination="119 - 143" part="25" refId="ref7401" refString="Carr, T. D., Williamson, T. E., and Schwimmer, D. R. 2005. A new genus of tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (1): 119 - 143." title="A new genus of tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama" type="journal article" year="2005">Carr et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6B6EFBE9FD45" box="[773,1026,533,654]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886B6EFAC5FD45" box="[1074,1326,533,654]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56B6EF9DBFD45" box="[1375,1584,533,654]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316B6EF879FD45" box="[1675,1938,533,654]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6B6EF746FD45" box="[1975,2221,533,654]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596B6EF613FD45" box="[2275,2552,533,654]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6B6EF4ECFD45" box="[2576,2823,533,654]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6BD2F4ECFCE9" box="[246,2823,681,802]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6BD2FD37FCE9" box="[246,732,681,802]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Maxillary fenestra reaches ventral margin of antorbital fossa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4772935FEE76A7BFDBBFCE9" author="Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E. & Schwimmer, D. R." box="[349,592,768,802]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="11" pagination="119 - 143" part="25" refId="ref7401" refString="Carr, T. D., Williamson, T. E., and Schwimmer, D. R. 2005. A new genus of tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (1): 119 - 143." title="A new genus of tyrannosaurid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama" type="journal article" year="2005">Carr et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6BD2FBE9FCE9" box="[773,1026,681,802]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886BD2FAC5FCE9" box="[1074,1326,681,802]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Approaches</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56BD2F9DBFCE9" box="[1375,1584,681,802]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316BD2F879FCE9" box="[1675,1938,681,802]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6BD2F746FCE9" box="[1975,2221,681,802]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596BD2F613FCE9" box="[2275,2552,681,802]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6BD2F4ECFCE9" box="[2576,2823,681,802]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Approaches</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6A43F4ECFCA9" box="[246,2823,824,866]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6A43FD37FCA9" box="[246,732,824,866]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Vomer expansion</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6A43FBE9FCA9" box="[773,1026,824,866]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Lateral</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886A43FAC5FCA9" box="[1074,1326,824,866]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Lateral</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56A43F9DBFCA9" box="[1375,1584,824,866]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Lateral</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316A43F879FCA9" box="[1675,1938,824,866]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">?</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6A43F746FCA9" box="[1975,2221,824,866]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Dorsoventral</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596A43F613FCA9" box="[2275,2552,824,866]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Dorsoventral</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6A43F4ECFCA9" box="[2576,2823,824,866]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6A02F4ECFC0D" box="[246,2823,889,966]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6A02FD37FC0D" box="[246,732,889,966]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Posterior dorsal Quadratojugal notch</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6A02FBE9FC0D" box="[773,1026,889,966]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886A02FAC5FC0D" box="[1074,1326,889,966]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56A02F9DBFC0D" box="[1375,1584,889,966]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316A02F879FC0D" box="[1675,1938,889,966]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6A02F746FC0D" box="[1975,2221,889,966]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596A02F613FC0D" box="[2275,2552,889,966]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6A02F4ECFC0D" box="[2576,2823,889,966]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6A99F4ECFBE4" box="[246,2823,994,1071]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6A99FD37FBE4" box="[246,732,994,1071]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Central dorsal quadratojugal notch</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6A99FBE9FBE4" box="[773,1026,994,1071]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886A99FAC5FBE4" box="[1074,1326,994,1071]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56A99F9DBFBE4" box="[1375,1584,994,1071]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316A99F879FBE4" box="[1675,1938,994,1071]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6A99F746FBE4" box="[1975,2221,994,1071]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596A99F613FBE4" box="[2275,2552,994,1071]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6A99F4ECFBE4" box="[2576,2823,994,1071]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6D3EF4ECFB08" box="[246,2823,1093,1219]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6D3EFD37FB08" box="[246,732,1093,1219]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Anterior dorsal medial notch in quadratojugal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4772935FE5F6D0DFE16FB08" author="Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E." firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="11" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref7358" refString="Carr, T. D., and Williamson, T. E. 2004. Diversity of Late Maastrichtian tryrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of Late Maastrichtian tryrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6D3EFBE9FB08" box="[773,1026,1093,1219]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886D3EFAC5FB08" box="[1074,1326,1093,1219]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">?</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56D3EF9DBFB08" box="[1375,1584,1093,1219]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316D3EF879FB08" box="[1675,1938,1093,1219]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">?</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6D3EF746FB08" box="[1975,2221,1093,1219]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596D3EF613FB08" box="[2275,2552,1093,1219]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6D3EF4ECFB08" box="[2576,2823,1093,1219]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">No</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6DA5F4ECFAE7" box="[246,2823,1246,1324]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6DA5FD37FAE7" box="[246,732,1246,1324]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Lachrymal horn (cornual process)</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6DA5FBE9FAE7" box="[773,1026,1246,1324]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886DA5FAC5FAE7" box="[1074,1326,1246,1324]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56DA5F9DBFAE7" box="[1375,1584,1246,1324]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316DA5F879FAE7" box="[1675,1938,1246,1324]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6DA5F746FAE7" box="[1975,2221,1246,1324]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Present</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596DA5F613FAE7" box="[2275,2552,1246,1324]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Present</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6DA5F4ECFAE7" box="[2576,2823,1246,1324]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6C3CF4ECFAA7" box="[246,2823,1351,1388]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6C3CFD37FAA7" box="[246,732,1351,1388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Lachrymal shape</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6C3CFBE9FAA7" box="[773,1026,1351,1388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Inverted L</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886C3CFAC5FAA7" box="[1074,1326,1351,1388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Inverted L</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56C3CF9DBFAA7" box="[1375,1584,1351,1388]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Inverted L</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316C3CF879FAA7" box="[1675,1938,1351,1388]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Inverted L</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6C3CF746FAA7" box="[1975,2221,1351,1388]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">T</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596C3CF613FAA7" box="[2275,2552,1351,1388]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">T</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6C3CF4ECFAA7" box="[2576,2823,1351,1388]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">T</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6C04F4ECFA1A" box="[246,2823,1407,1489]" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6C04FD37FA1A" box="[246,732,1407,1489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Quadrate—squamosal articulation</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6C04FBE9FA1A" box="[773,1026,1407,1489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Double</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886C04FAC5FA1A" box="[1074,1326,1407,1489]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Double</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56C04F9DBFA1A" box="[1375,1584,1407,1489]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">?</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316C04F879FA1A" box="[1675,1938,1407,1489]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">?</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6C04F746FA1A" box="[1975,2221,1407,1489]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Single</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596C04F613FA1A" box="[2275,2552,1407,1489]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Double</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6C04F4ECFA1A" box="[2576,2823,1407,1489]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Single</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6C92F4ECF9F0" box="[246,2823,1513,1595]" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6C92FD37F9F0" box="[246,732,1513,1595]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Cranial nerve V-2 bounded by:</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6C92FBE9F9F0" box="[773,1026,1513,1595]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla and premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886C92FAC5F9F0" box="[1074,1326,1513,1595]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla and premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56C92F9DBF9F0" box="[1375,1584,1513,1595]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla and premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316C92F879F9F0" box="[1675,1938,1513,1595]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla and premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6C92F746F9F0" box="[1975,2221,1513,1595]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla only</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596C92F613F9F0" box="[2275,2552,1513,1595]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla only</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6C92F4ECF9F0" box="[2576,2823,1513,1595]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D477D6C3FF4C6F2AF4ECF96F" box="[246,2823,1617,1700]" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FF4C6F2AFD37F96F" box="[246,732,1617,1700]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Anterior maxilla fossa at cranial nerve V-2</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FCBF6F2AFBE9F96F" box="[773,1026,1617,1700]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla and premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FB886F2AFAC5F96F" box="[1074,1326,1617,1700]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla and premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3FAE56F2AF9DBF96F" box="[1375,1584,1617,1700]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla and premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F9316F2AF879F96F" box="[1675,1938,1617,1700]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla and premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F80D6F2AF746F96F" box="[1975,2221,1617,1700]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla only</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F7596F2AF613F96F" box="[2275,2552,1617,1700]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">Maxilla only</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D477D6C3F5AA6F2AF4ECF96F" box="[2576,2823,1617,1700]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="11">?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4742936FF7569DCF6FEF915" blockId="10.[207,547,165,201]" lastBlockId="10.[195,2829,244,1778]" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<table id="D7FCC43AD474D6C3FF7669DCF536F915" box="[204,2781,167,1758]" gridcols="8" gridrows="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF7669DCF536FF02" box="[204,2781,167,201]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF7669DCF536FF02" box="[204,2781,167,201]" colspan="8" colspanRight="7" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Table
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4742936FE9069DCFDC8FF02" box="[298,547,167,201]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">8.4 (continued).</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF76686BF536FEAE" box="[204,2781,272,357]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF76686BFD47FEAE" box="[204,684,272,357]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Skull Character</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD60686BFC33FEAE" box="[730,984,272,357]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4742936FD58686AFCFFFE97" baseAuthorityName="Larson" baseAuthorityYear="1997" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4742936FD656840FCFFFE97" bold="true" box="[735,788,315,348]" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD686BFAEEFEAE" box="[1031,1285,272,357]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4742936FBB4686AFBAFFE96" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1038,1285,273,349]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4742936FBAA6847FBAFFE96" bold="true" box="[1040,1092,316,349]" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4742936FBAA6847FBF5FE96" bold="true" box="[1040,1054,316,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">"</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4742936FB8C6847FBAFFE96" bold="true" box="[1078,1092,316,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">"</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E686BF9EDFEAE" box="[1332,1542,272,357]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4742936FA80686AFA43FE96" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
Tarbosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4742936FA826847FA43FE96" bold="true" box="[1336,1448,316,349]" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F9DB686BF88CFEAE" box="[1633,1895,272,357]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4742936F9DC686AF93EFE95" baseAuthorityName="Maleev" baseAuthorityYear="1955" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
Tarbosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4742936F9D96846F93EFE95" bold="true" box="[1635,1749,317,350]" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Juvenile
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F837686BF778FEAE" box="[1933,2195,272,357]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4742936F82A6869F7CCFE95" authority="Gilmore, 1946" box="[1936,2179,274,350]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
Nanotyrannus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4742936F82A6846F7CCFE95" bold="true" box="[1936,2087,317,350]" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F703686BF625FEAE" box="[2233,2510,272,357]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4742936F7046869F672FEF8" box="[2238,2457,274,307]" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Oorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4742936F6196869F622FEF8" bold="true" box="[2467,2505,274,307]" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">sp</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F65C686BF536FEAE" box="[2534,2781,272,357]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4742936F6526869F536FEF8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[2536,2781,274,307]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4742936F650683FF5FEFEAE" bold="true" box="[2538,2581,324,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF7668F2F536FE1D" box="[204,2781,393,470]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF7668F2FD47FE1D" box="[204,684,393,470]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Tooth cross section at base of crown</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD6068F2FC33FE1D" box="[730,984,393,470]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Ovate</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD68F2FAEEFE1D" box="[1031,1285,393,470]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Ovate</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E68F2F9EDFE1D" box="[1332,1542,393,470]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Compressed</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F9DB68F2F88CFE1D" box="[1633,1895,393,470]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Compressed</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F83768F2F778FE1D" box="[1933,2195,393,470]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Compressed</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F70368F2F625FE1D" box="[2233,2510,393,470]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Ovate</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F65C68F2F536FE1D" box="[2534,2781,393,470]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Compressed</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF76688AF536FDF4" box="[204,2781,497,575]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF76688AFD47FDF4" box="[204,684,497,575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Fourth maxillary tooth L/W (at base of crown)</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD60688AFC33FDF4" box="[730,984,497,575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">1.76</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD688AFAEEFDF4" box="[1031,1285,497,575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">1.23</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E688AF9EDFDF4" box="[1332,1542,497,575]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">1.68</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F837688AF778FDF4" box="[1933,2195,497,575]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">2.12</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F703688AF625FDF4" box="[2233,2510,497,575]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">1.36</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766B22F536FD6C" box="[204,2781,601,679]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766B22FD47FD6C" box="[204,684,601,679]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Fourth dentary tooth L/W (at base of crown)</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606B22FC33FD6C" box="[730,984,601,679]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">1.38</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6B22FAEEFD6C" box="[1031,1285,601,679]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">1.34</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6B22F9EDFD6C" box="[1332,1542,601,679]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">1.39</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376B22F778FD6C" box="[1933,2195,601,679]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">1.66</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036B22F625FD6C" box="[2233,2510,601,679]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">1.23</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766BBAF536FCC4" box="[204,2781,705,783]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766BBAFD47FCC4" box="[204,684,705,783]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">First maxillary tooth small and incisoform</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606BBAFC33FCC4" box="[730,984,705,783]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6BBAFAEEFCC4" box="[1031,1285,705,783]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6BBAF9EDFCC4" box="[1332,1542,705,783]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F9DB6BBAF88CFCC4" box="[1633,1895,705,783]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376BBAF778FCC4" box="[1933,2195,705,783]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036BBAF625FCC4" box="[2233,2510,705,783]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Yes</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766A51F536FC85" box="[204,2781,810,846]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766A51FD47FC85" box="[204,684,810,846]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">D-shaped first dentary tooth</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606A51FC33FC85" box="[730,984,810,846]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376A51F778FC85" box="[1933,2195,810,846]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036A51F625FC85" box="[2233,2510,810,846]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766A19F536FC40" box="[204,2781,866,907]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766A19FD47FC40" box="[204,684,866,907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">First dentary tooth reduced</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606A19FC33FC40" box="[730,984,866,907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6A19FAEEFC40" box="[1031,1285,866,907]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Slightly</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6A19F9EDFC40" box="[1332,1542,866,907]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Slightly</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376A19F778FC40" box="[1933,2195,866,907]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Greatly</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036A19F625FC40" box="[2233,2510,866,907]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F65C6A19F536FC40" box="[2534,2781,866,907]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766AD8F536FC0C" box="[204,2781,931,967]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766AD8FD47FC0C" box="[204,684,931,967]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Maxillary tooth count</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606AD8FC33FC0C" box="[730,984,931,967]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">11-12</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6AD8FAEEFC0C" box="[1031,1285,931,967]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">12-13</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6AD8F9EDFC0C" box="[1332,1542,931,967]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">12-13</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F9DB6AD8F88CFC0C" box="[1633,1895,931,967]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">13</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376AD8F778FC0C" box="[1933,2195,931,967]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">15-16</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036AD8F625FC0C" box="[2233,2510,931,967]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">13-15</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F65C6AD8F536FC0C" box="[2534,2781,931,967]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">13-15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766AA4F536FBCF" box="[204,2781,991,1028]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766AA4FD47FBCF" box="[204,684,991,1028]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Dentary tooth count</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606AA4FC33FBCF" box="[730,984,991,1028]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">13-14</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6AA4FAEEFBCF" box="[1031,1285,991,1028]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">14-15</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6AA4F9EDFBCF" box="[1332,1542,991,1028]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">15</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376AA4F778FBCF" box="[1933,2195,991,1028]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">17</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036AA4F625FBCF" box="[2233,2510,991,1028]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">15-17</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F65C6AA4F536FBCF" box="[2534,2781,991,1028]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">13-15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766D67F536FB8A" box="[204,2781,1052,1089]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766D67FD47FB8A" box="[204,684,1052,1089]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Medial postorbital fossa</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606D67FC33FB8A" box="[730,984,1052,1089]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6D67FAEEFB8A" box="[1031,1285,1052,1089]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6D67F9EDFB8A" box="[1332,1542,1052,1089]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376D67F778FB8A" box="[1933,2195,1052,1089]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036D67F625FB8A" box="[2233,2510,1052,1089]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F65C6D67F536FB8A" box="[2534,2781,1052,1089]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Yes</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766D22F536FB6C" box="[204,2781,1113,1191]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766D22FD47FB6C" box="[204,684,1113,1191]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Foramina on lateral aspect (center) of quadratojugal</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606D22FC33FB6C" box="[730,984,1113,1191]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6D22FAEEFB6C" box="[1031,1285,1113,1191]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6D22F9EDFB6C" box="[1332,1542,1113,1191]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F9DB6D22F88CFB6C" box="[1633,1895,1113,1191]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376D22F778FB6C" box="[1933,2195,1113,1191]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Large pneumatic</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036D22F625FB6C" box="[2233,2510,1113,1191]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Small</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F65C6D22F536FB6C" box="[2534,2781,1113,1191]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766DBAF536FAC4" box="[204,2781,1217,1295]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766DBAFD47FAC4" box="[204,684,1217,1295]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Anterior squamosal pneumatic foramina</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606DBAFC33FAC4" box="[730,984,1217,1295]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Very large</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6DBAFAEEFAC4" box="[1031,1285,1217,1295]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Very large</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6DBAF9EDFAC4" box="[1332,1542,1217,1295]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Present</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376DBAF778FAC4" box="[1933,2195,1217,1295]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036DBAF625FAC4" box="[2233,2510,1217,1295]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Small</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F65C6DBAF536FAC4" box="[2534,2781,1217,1295]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766C52F536FABC" box="[204,2781,1321,1399]" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766C52FD47FABC" box="[204,684,1321,1399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Lateral lachrymal pneumatic foramina</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606C52FC33FABC" box="[730,984,1321,1399]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Small</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6C52FAEEFABC" box="[1031,1285,1321,1399]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Very small</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6C52F9EDFABC" box="[1332,1542,1321,1399]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Small</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F9DB6C52F88CFABC" box="[1633,1895,1321,1399]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Small</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376C52F778FABC" box="[1933,2195,1321,1399]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Multiple, large</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036C52F625FABC" box="[2233,2510,1321,1399]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Large</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F65C6C52F536FABC" box="[2534,2781,1321,1399]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Large</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766CE9F536FA2B" box="[204,2781,1426,1504]" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766CE9FD47FA2B" box="[204,684,1426,1504]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Medial lachrymal pneumatic foramina</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606CE9FC33FA2B" box="[730,984,1426,1504]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Present, large</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6CE9FAEEFA2B" box="[1031,1285,1426,1504]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Present, large</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6CE9F9EDFA2B" box="[1332,1542,1426,1504]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Present</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376CE9F778FA2B" box="[1933,2195,1426,1504]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Absent</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036CE9F625FA2B" box="[2233,2510,1426,1504]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Small</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F65C6CE9F536FA2B" box="[2534,2781,1426,1504]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766C81F536F9B8" box="[204,2781,1530,1651]" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766C81FD47F9B8" box="[204,684,1530,1651]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Ectopterygoid pneumatic foramina bounded by thick lip (Carr etal. 2005)</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606C81FC33F9B8" box="[730,984,1530,1651]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6C81FAEEF9B8" box="[1031,1285,1530,1651]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6C81F9EDF9B8" box="[1332,1542,1530,1651]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Yes</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376C81F778F9B8" box="[1933,2195,1530,1651]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036C81F625F9B8" box="[2233,2510,1530,1651]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F65C6C81F536F9B8" box="[2534,2781,1530,1651]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">No</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D474D6C3FF766FF5F536F915" box="[204,2781,1678,1758]" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FF766FF5FD47F915" box="[204,684,1678,1758]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Jugal pneumatic foramina</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FD606FF5FC33F915" box="[730,984,1678,1758]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Anterolateral facing</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FBBD6FF5FAEEF915" box="[1031,1285,1678,1758]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Anterolateral facing</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3FA8E6FF5F9EDF915" box="[1332,1542,1678,1758]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Anterolateral facing</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F9DB6FF5F88CF915" box="[1633,1895,1678,1758]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Anterolateral facing</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F8376FF5F778F915" box="[1933,2195,1678,1758]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Dorsolateral facing</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D474D6C3F7036FF5F625F915" box="[2233,2510,1678,1758]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="12">Anterolateral facing</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4752937FA7B69D1FA14FE9F" blockId="11.[1472,1861,170,340]" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<heading id="FE0B81F6D4752937FA7B69D1F8AEFF17" bold="true" box="[1473,1861,170,220]" centered="true" fontSize="17" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" reason="0">Sexual Dimorphism</heading>
|
||
<heading id="FE0B81F6D4752937FA78699CFA14FE9F" bold="true" fontSize="17" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" reason="0">
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4752937FA4C699CF8F1FED2" baseAuthorityName="Larson" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1526,1818,231,281]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
rex
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4752937FF2769C9FAEEFB59" blockId="11.[156,1399,172,2717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Is it possible to recognize sexual dimorphism in
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4752937FC6569C9FACBFF1F" box="[991,1312,178,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4752937FC6569C9FAF9FF1F" box="[991,1298,178,212]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The subject of sexual dimorphism in nonavian theropods has been examined by a number of authors over the years (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FCCB6866FBFCFEF4" author="Paul, G. S." box="[881,1047,285,319]" firstAuthor="Paul" journalOrPublisher="Simon & Schuster, New York" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref8688" refString="Paul, G. S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide. Simon & Schuster, New York." title="Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide" type="book" year="1988">Paul 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FB906866FAEDFEF4" author="Colbert, E. H." box="[1066,1286,285,319]" firstAuthor="Colbert" journalOrPublisher="Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" part="57" refId="ref7484" refString="Colbert, E. H. 1989. The Triassic Dinosaur Coelophysis. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 57." title="The Triassic Dinosaur Coelophysis" type="journal volume" year="1989">Colbert 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1990; Raath 1990;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FE3A6829FD78FEBF" author="Chinsamy, A." box="[384,659,338,372]" firstAuthor="Chinsamy" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="77 - 82" part="27" refId="ref7455" refString="Chinsamy, A. 1990. Physiological implications of the bone histology of Syntarus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Theropoda). Palaeontologia Africana 27: 77 - 82." title="Physiological implications of the bone histology of Syntarus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1990">Chinsamy 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FD166829FCBBFEBF" author="Gay, R." box="[684,848,338,372]" editor="Carpenter, K." firstAuthor="Gay" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="277 - 283" refId="ref7776" refString="Gay, R. 2005. Sexual dimorphism in the Early Jurassic theropod dinosaur Dilophosaurus and a comparison with other related forms. P. 277 - 283 in Carpenter, K. fed.). The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." title="Sexual dimorphism in the Early Jurassic theropod dinosaur Dilophosaurus and a comparison with other related forms" type="book" volumeTitle="The Carnivorous Dinosaurs" year="2005">Gay 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The subject of sexual dimorphism in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4752937FEFB68FCFD9BFE62" box="[321,624,391,425]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4752937FEFB68FCFD9BFE62" box="[321,624,391,425]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has surfaced repeatedly since Carpenter first broached the subject in 1990 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FD2C68C7FC85FE15" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[662,878,444,478]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographicia. Abteilung A" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="137 - 176" part="217" refId="ref8516" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1991. The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex. Palaeontographicia. Abteilung A 217: 137 - 176." title="The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="journal article" year="1991">Molnar 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FC3B68C7FB06FE15" author="Larson, P. L. & Frey, E." box="[897,1261,444,478]" firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstract of Papers" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" part="38 a" refId="ref8131" refString="Larson, P. L., and Frey, E. 1992. Sexual dimorphism in the abundant Upper Cretaceous theropod, Tyrannosaurus rex (abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstract of Papers, 38 a." title="Sexual dimorphism in the abundant Upper Cretaceous theropod, Tyrannosaurus rex" type="proceedings" year="1992">Larson and Frey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FB4568C7FF1AFDD8" author="Larson, P. L." editor="Rosenberg, G. D. & Wolberg, D. L." firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Paleontological Society Special Publication" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="139 - 155" part="7" refId="ref7897" refString="Larson, P. L. 1994. Tyrannosaurus sex. P. 139 - 155 in Rosenberg, G. D., and Wolberg, D. L. (eds.). Dino Fest Proceedings. Paleontological Society Special Publication 7." title="Tyrannosaurus sex" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="Dino Fest Proceedings" year="1994">Larson 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1995, 2001;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FE6F688AFC6CFDD8" author="Horner, J. R. & Lessem, D." box="[469,903,497,531]" firstAuthor="Horner" journalOrPublisher="Simon & Schuster, New York" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref7851" refString="Horner, J. R., and Lessem, D. 1993. The Complete T. rex. Simon & Schuster, New York." title="The Complete T. rex" type="book" year="1993">Horner and Lessem 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FC24688AFA80FDD8" author="Carpenter, K. & Smith, M." box="[926,1387,497,531]" editor="Tanke, D. H. & Carpenter, K." firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="90 - 116" refId="ref7274" refString="Carpenter, K., and Smith, M. 2001. Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex. P. 90 - 116 in Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K. (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." title="Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">Carpenter and Smith 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FF276B5CFD8EFD82" author="Larson, P. L. & Donnan, K." box="[157,613,551,585]" firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, VT" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref8088" refString="Larson, P. L., and Donnan, K. 2002. Rex Appeal: The Amazing Story of Sue, the Dinosaur that Changed Science, the Law and Aly Life. Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, VT." title="Rex Appeal: The Amazing Story of Sue, the Dinosaur that Changed Science, the Law and Aly Life" type="book" year="2002">Larson and Donnan 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FDC46B5CFCB5FD82" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[638,862,551,585]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref7125" refString="Brochu, C. A. 2003. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir,." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="book" year="2003">Brochu 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Molnar 2005). These authors have also explored the possibilities of identifying, or at least separating, the sexes of various theropod species on the basis of differences in cranial ornamentation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FE366BBDFD8BFD23" author="Larson, P. L." box="[396,608,710,744]" editor="Rosenberg, G. D. & Wolberg, D. L." firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Paleontological Society Special Publication" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="139 - 155" part="7" refId="ref7897" refString="Larson, P. L. 1994. Tyrannosaurus sex. P. 139 - 155 in Rosenberg, G. D., and Wolberg, D. L. (eds.). Dino Fest Proceedings. Paleontological Society Special Publication 7." title="Tyrannosaurus sex" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="Dino Fest Proceedings" year="1994">Larson 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Molnar 2005), pelvic construction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FB726BBDFF1AFCD5" author="Carpenter, K." editor="Carpenter K. & Currie, P. J." firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="141 - 145" refId="ref7184" refString="Carpenter, K. 1990. Variations in Tyrannosaurus rex. P. 141 - 145 in Carpenter K., and Currie, P. J. (eds.). Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." title="Variations in Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives" year="1990">Carpenter 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FEBF6B87FE33FCD5" author="Larson, P. L." box="[261,472,764,798]" editor="Rosenberg, G. D. & Wolberg, D. L." firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Paleontological Society Special Publication" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="139 - 155" part="7" refId="ref7897" refString="Larson, P. L. 1994. Tyrannosaurus sex. P. 139 - 155 in Rosenberg, G. D., and Wolberg, D. L. (eds.). Dino Fest Proceedings. Paleontological Society Special Publication 7." title="Tyrannosaurus sex" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="Dino Fest Proceedings" year="1994">Larson 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1995, 2001;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FD0C6B87FB85FCD5" author="Larson, P. L. & Donnan, K." box="[694,1134,764,798]" firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, VT" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref8088" refString="Larson, P. L., and Donnan, K. 2002. Rex Appeal: The Amazing Story of Sue, the Dinosaur that Changed Science, the Law and Aly Life. Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, VT." title="Rex Appeal: The Amazing Story of Sue, the Dinosaur that Changed Science, the Law and Aly Life" type="book" year="2002">Larson and Donnan 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), erosion of the femur to liberate calcium for egg production (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FC156A4AFB55FC98" author="Chinsamy, A." box="[943,1214,817,851]" firstAuthor="Chinsamy" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="77 - 82" part="27" refId="ref7455" refString="Chinsamy, A. 1990. Physiological implications of the bone histology of Syntarus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Theropoda). Palaeontologia Africana 27: 77 - 82." title="Physiological implications of the bone histology of Syntarus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1990">Chinsamy 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), preservation of medullary bone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FD8C6A1DFC43FC43" author="Schweitzer, M. H. & Wittmever, J. L & Horner, J. R." box="[566,936,870,904]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schweitzer" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="1456 - 1460" part="308" refId="ref8938" refString="Schweitzer, M. H., Wittmever, J. L " and Horner, J. R. 2005. Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 308: 1456 - 1460." title="Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex" type="journal article" year="2005">Schweitzer et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), differences in hemal arch (chevron) morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FD9E6AE7FC66FC75" author="Larson, P. L. & Frey, E." box="[548,909,924,958]" firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstract of Papers" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" part="38 a" refId="ref8131" refString="Larson, P. L., and Frey, E. 1992. Sexual dimorphism in the abundant Upper Cretaceous theropod, Tyrannosaurus rex (abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstract of Papers, 38 a." title="Sexual dimorphism in the abundant Upper Cretaceous theropod, Tyrannosaurus rex" type="proceedings" year="1992">Larson and Frey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FC246AE7FB86FC75" author="Larson, P. L." box="[926,1133,924,958]" editor="Rosenberg, G. D. & Wolberg, D. L." firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Paleontological Society Special Publication" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="139 - 155" part="7" refId="ref7897" refString="Larson, P. L. 1994. Tyrannosaurus sex. P. 139 - 155 in Rosenberg, G. D., and Wolberg, D. L. (eds.). Dino Fest Proceedings. Paleontological Society Special Publication 7." title="Tyrannosaurus sex" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="Dino Fest Proceedings" year="1994">Larson 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1995;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FB5A6AE7FEB8FC38" author="Erickson, G. M. & Lappin, A. K. & Larson, P. L." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Erickson" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="277 - 286" part="108" refId="ref7684" refString="Erickson, G. M., Lappin, A. K., and Larson, P. L. 2005. Androgynous rex-the utility of chevrons for determining the sex of crocodilians and non-avain dinosaurs. Zoology 108: 277 - 286." title="Androgynous rex-the utility of chevrons for determining the sex of crocodilians and non-avain dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2005">Erickson et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the presence of eggs within the pelvic arc (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FBEF6AAAFA8BFC38" author="Sato, T. & Cheng, Y. & Wu, X. & Zelenitsky, D. K. & Hsiao, Y." box="[1109,1376,977,1011]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sato" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="375" part="308" refId="ref8851" refString="Sato, T., Cheng, Y., Wu, X., Zelenitsky, D. K., and Hsiao, Y. 2005. A pair of shelled eggs inside a female dinosaur. Science 308: 375." title="A pair of shelled eggs inside a female dinosaur" type="journal article" year="2005">Sato et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and skeletal morph (i.e., gracile vs. robust morphs) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FBB36D7DFB58FBE3" author="Paul, G. S." box="[1033,1203,1030,1064]" firstAuthor="Paul" journalOrPublisher="Simon & Schuster, New York" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref8688" refString="Paul, G. S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide. Simon & Schuster, New York." title="Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide" type="book" year="1988">Paul 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FB7D6D7DFF1AFB96" author="Carpenter, K." editor="Carpenter K. & Currie, P. J." firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="141 - 145" refId="ref7184" refString="Carpenter, K. 1990. Variations in Tyrannosaurus rex. P. 141 - 145 in Carpenter K., and Currie, P. J. (eds.). Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." title="Variations in Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives" year="1990">Carpenter 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Raath 1990;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FE596D40FD19FB96" author="Chinsamy, A." box="[483,754,1083,1117]" firstAuthor="Chinsamy" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="77 - 82" part="27" refId="ref7455" refString="Chinsamy, A. 1990. Physiological implications of the bone histology of Syntarus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Theropoda). Palaeontologia Africana 27: 77 - 82." title="Physiological implications of the bone histology of Syntarus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1990">Chinsamy 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FCB26D40FB6BFB96" author="Larson, P. L. & Frey, E." box="[776,1152,1083,1117]" firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstract of Papers" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" part="38 a" refId="ref8131" refString="Larson, P. L., and Frey, E. 1992. Sexual dimorphism in the abundant Upper Cretaceous theropod, Tyrannosaurus rex (abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstract of Papers, 38 a." title="Sexual dimorphism in the abundant Upper Cretaceous theropod, Tyrannosaurus rex" type="proceedings" year="1992">
|
||
Larson and
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4752937FC6D6D40FBCAFB96" box="[983,1057,1083,1117]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">Frey</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FB2C6D40FA80FB96" author="Larson, P. L." box="[1174,1387,1083,1117]" editor="Rosenberg, G. D. & Wolberg, D. L." firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Paleontological Society Special Publication" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="139 - 155" part="7" refId="ref7897" refString="Larson, P. L. 1994. Tyrannosaurus sex. P. 139 - 155 in Rosenberg, G. D., and Wolberg, D. L. (eds.). Dino Fest Proceedings. Paleontological Society Special Publication 7." title="Tyrannosaurus sex" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="Dino Fest Proceedings" year="1994">Larson 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1995, 2001;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FEDC6D0BFCF7FB59" author="Larson, P. L. & Donnan, K." box="[358,796,1136,1170]" firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, VT" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref8088" refString="Larson, P. L., and Donnan, K. 2002. Rex Appeal: The Amazing Story of Sue, the Dinosaur that Changed Science, the Law and Aly Life. Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, VT." title="Rex Appeal: The Amazing Story of Sue, the Dinosaur that Changed Science, the Law and Aly Life" type="book" year="2002">Larson and Donnan 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FC8A6D0BFB1EFB59" author="Carpenter, K. & Smith, M." box="[816,1269,1136,1170]" editor="Tanke, D. H. & Carpenter, K." firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="90 - 116" refId="ref7274" refString="Carpenter, K., and Smith, M. 2001. Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex. P. 90 - 116 in Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K. (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." title="Forelimb osteology and biomechanics of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">Carpenter and Smith 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4752937FF506DDDFC5AF96D" blockId="11.[156,1399,172,2717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Sexual dimorphism in extant animals is well documented. We recognize this in mammals as the presence of antlers in male cervids; longer and more massive tusks in male elephants, suids, and walrus; larger horns in male bovids; the presence of canines in male equids; and a generally larger male body size (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FDBB6C00FCC9FA56" author="Macdonald, D. W." box="[513,802,1403,1437]" firstAuthor="Macdonald" journalOrPublisher="Facts on File, New York" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref8350" refString="Macdonald, D. W. 1984. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File, New York." title="The Encyclopedia of Mammals" type="book" year="1984">Macdonald 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This sexual size dimorphism can be quite impressive, reaching as much as a 7:1 (3500 kg: 500 kg) ratio of male to female body mass in the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FF106F61FDC8F9F7" author="Lindenfors, P & Tullberg, B. S. & Biuw, M." box="[170,547,1562,1596]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lindenfors" journalOrPublisher="Behavior, Ecology, Sociobiology" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="188 - 193" part="52" refId="ref8226" refString="Lindenfors, P, Tullberg, B. S., and Biuw, M. 2002. Phylogenic analyses of sexual selection and sexual size dimorphism in pinnipeds. Behavior, Ecology, Sociobiology 52: 188 - 193." title="Phylogenic analyses of sexual selection and sexual size dimorphism in pinnipeds" type="journal article" year="2002">Lindenfors et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Interestingly, for many mammals, the only obvious sexual dimorphism, excluding genitalia, is expressed in adult size, with males outweighing females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FD3B6FFFFC4AF96D" author="Macdonald, D. W." box="[641,929,1668,1702]" firstAuthor="Macdonald" journalOrPublisher="Facts on File, New York" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref8350" refString="Macdonald, D. W. 1984. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File, New York." title="The Encyclopedia of Mammals" type="book" year="1984">Macdonald 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4752937FF536FC1FAE6F771" blockId="11.[156,1399,172,2717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Many reptile groups (e.g., crocodilians;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FCDF6FC1FBDFF917" author="Bellairs, A." box="[869,1076,1722,1756]" firstAuthor="Bellairs" journalOrPublisher="LJniversal Books, New York" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref7032" refString="Bellairs, A. 1970. The Life of Reptiles. LJniversal Books, New York." title="The Life of Reptiles" type="book" year="1970">Bellairs 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) seem to follow this mammalian pattern of sexual size dimorphism. However, it is not always the males who outweigh the females. In turtles and snakes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FBA66E5FFB23F88D" author="Fitch, FI. S." box="[1052,1224,1828,1862]" firstAuthor="Fitch" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" part="70" refId="ref7751" refString="Fitch, FI. S. 1981. Sexual Size Differences in Reptiles. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication 70." title="Sexual Size Differences in Reptiles" type="journal volume" year="1981">Fitch 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and even in a few mammal groups like baleen whales (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FC386E22FB3BF8B0" author="Minasian, S. M. & Balcomb, K. C., III & Foster, L." box="[898,1232,1881,1915]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Minasian" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Books, Washington, DC" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref8477" refString="Minasian, S. M., Balcomb, K. C., III, and Foster, L. 1984. The World's Whales: The Complete Illustrated Guide. Smithsonian Books, Washington, DC." title="The World's Whales: The Complete Illustrated Guide" type="book" year="1984">Minasian et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and hyenas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FF526EF5FE7FF87B" author="Estes, R. D." box="[232,404,1934,1968]" firstAuthor="Estes" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" refId="ref7729" refString="Estes, R. D. 1991. The Behavior Guide to African Vlammals. University of California Press, Berkeley." title="The Behavior Guide to African Vlammals" type="book" year="1991">Estes 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), sexual size dimorphism is expressed by females being larger than males. Species of invertebrates, to offer other examples, are often quite sexually size dimorphic, with the female, almost without exception, being the larger. In fact, the world record holder for the most sexually size-dimorphic animal is the blanket octopus, Tremoctopus violaceus, where females may outweigh males by as much as 40,000 to 1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4752937FC0061E3FB15F771" author="Norman, M. D. & Paul, D. & Finn, J. & Tregenza, T." box="[954,1278,2200,2234]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Norman" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal ofMarine and Freshwater Research" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" pagination="733 - 736" part="36" refId="ref8578" refString="Norman, M. D., Paul, D., Finn, J., and Tregenza, T. 2002. First encounter with a live male blanket octopus: the world's most sexually size-dimorphic large animal. New Zealand Journal ofMarine and Freshwater Research 36: 733 - 736." title="First encounter with a live male blanket octopus: the world's most sexually size-dimorphic large animal" type="journal article" year="2002">Norman et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4752930FF5261B5F8C5FEF4" blockId="11.[156,1399,172,2717]" lastBlockId="12.[659,1902,173,2718]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Birds, the closest living relatives to nonavian theropods, are often quite sexually dimorphic. This dimorphism may be expressed as differences in coloration (the ostrich, Struthio camelus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4752937FC876042FCA4F690" box="[829,847,2361,2395]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">),</emphasis>
|
||
plumage (the common
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4752937FB5F6042FA80F690" box="[1253,1387,2361,2395]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">peafowd</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4752937FF266015FE78F65B" box="[156,403,2414,2448]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4752937FF266015FE6AF65B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[156,385,2414,2448]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Pavo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristatus">Pavo cristatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
keratinous structures (the rhinoceros hornbill,
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4752937FB0A6015FEC1F60D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4752937FB0A6015FEF3F60D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Bucerotidae" genus="Buceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bucerotiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Buceros rhinoceros</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
fleshy head ornamentation (the common turkey,
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4752937FB3F60DFFEF7F630" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4752937FB3F60DFFEE1F630" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">Meleagris gallopavo</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
or even inflatable fleshy structures (the greater prairie chicken,
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4752937FF266375FDFEF5FB" box="[156,533,2574,2608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4752937FF266375FDEFF5FB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[156,516,2574,2608]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Tympanuchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cupido">Tympanuchus cupido</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Unfortunately, because none of these features is likely to be preserved in the fossil record, they are not much use in recognizing sexual dimorphism in extinct theropods. Sexual size dimorphism however, is effective in separating males from females in some bird species (Brad Livezey, personal communication). Sexual size dimorphism may also prove recognizable in nonavian theropods like
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4722930FA416866F8C5FEF4" box="[1531,1838,285,319]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4722930FA416866F8C1FEF4" box="[1531,1834,285,319]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4752937FAD06303FA9BF551" blockId="11.[156,1399,172,2717]" box="[1386,1392,2680,2714]" pageId="11" pageNumber="13">,</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4722930FD5A682FFAA2FC38" blockId="12.[659,1902,173,2718]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
|
||
For many birds, sexual size dimorphism is measurable. It manifests itself as males larger than females in gulls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930FAAB68F3F9F3FE61" author="Ingolfsson, A." box="[1297,1560,392,426]" firstAuthor="Ingolfsson" journalOrPublisher="Auk" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="732 - 737" part="86" refId="ref7878" refString="Ingolfsson, A. 1969. Sexual dimorphism of large gulls. Auk 86: 732 - 737." title="Sexual dimorphism of large gulls" type="journal article" year="1969">Ingolfsson 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930F99768F3F888FE61" author="Schnell, G. D. & Worthen, G. I & Douglas, M. E." box="[1581,1891,392,426]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schnell" journalOrPublisher="Condor" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="484 - 493" part="87" refId="ref8895" refString="Schnell, G. D., Worthen, G. I,., and Douglas, M. E. 1985. Morphometric assessment of sexual dimorphism in skeletal elements of California gulls. Condor 87: 484 - 493." title="Morphometric assessment of sexual dimorphism in skeletal elements of California gulls" type="journal article" year="1985">Schnell et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930FD2F68C4FCB3FE2B" author="Bosch, M." box="[661,856,446,481]" firstAuthor="Bosch" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Field Ornithology" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="534 - 541" part="67" refId="ref7095" refString="Bosch, M. 1996. Sexual size dimorphism and determination of sex in yellowlegged gulls. Journal of Field Ornithology 67 (4): 534 - 541." title="Sexual size dimorphism and determination of sex in yellowlegged gulls" type="journal article" year="1996">Bosch 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), steamer ducks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930FBC268C5F98AFE14" author="Livezey, B. C. & Humphrey, P. S." box="[1144,1633,445,480]" firstAuthor="Livezey" journalOrPublisher="The Cooper Ornithological Society. Condor vezev" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="368 - 377" part="86" refId="ref8267" refString="Livezey, B. C., and Humphrey, P. S. 1984. Sexual dimorphism in continental steamer-ducks. The Cooper Ornithological Society. Condor vezev (86): 368 - 377." title="Sexual dimorphism in continental steamer-ducks" type="journal article" year="1984">Livezey and Humphrey 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), sparrows (Mc- Gillivray and Johnston 1987), and skimmers and terns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930F9A8688AF900FDD8" author="Coulter, M. C." box="[1554,1771,497,531]" firstAuthor="Coulter" journalOrPublisher="Savannah River Ecology Lab, South Carolina. Wilson Bulletin" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="93 - 100" part="98" refId="ref7549" refString="Coulter, M. C. 1986. Assertive mating and sexual dimorphism in the common tern. Savannah River Ecology Lab, South Carolina. Wilson Bulletin 98 (1): 93 - 100." title="Assertive mating and sexual dimorphism in the common tern" type="journal article" year="1986">Coulter 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930F940688AFD0DFD80" author="Quinn, J. S." firstAuthor="Quinn" journalOrPublisher="Auk" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="260 - 274" part="107" refId="ref8714" refString="Quinn, J. S. 1990. Sexual size dimorphism and parental care patterns in a monomorphic and a dimorphic Larid. Auk 107: 260 - 274." title="Sexual size dimorphism and parental care patterns in a monomorphic and a dimorphic Larid" type="journal article" year="1990">Quinn 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), among others. Sexual size dimorphism also occurs with females larger than males in spotted owls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930FBE16B26FA43FDB5" author="Blakesley, J. A. & Franklin, A. B. & Gutierrez, R. J." box="[1115,1448,604,639]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Blakesley" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Field Ornithology" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="320 - 327" part="61" refId="ref7049" refString="Blakesley, J. A., Franklin, A. B., and Gutierrez, R. J. 1990. Sexual dimorphism in northern spotted owls from northwest California. Journal of Field Ornithology 61 (3): 320 - 327." title="Sexual dimorphism in northern spotted owls from northwest California" type="journal article" year="1990">Blakesley et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), ospreys (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930F9EA6B27FD0EFD7D" author="Schaadt, C. P. & Bird, D. M." firstAuthor="Schaadt" journalOrPublisher="Auk" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="900 - 910" part="110" refId="ref8976" refString="Schaadt, C. P., and Bird, D. M. 1993. Sex-specific growth in ospreys: the role of sexual size dimorphism. Auk 110: 900 - 910." title="Sex-specific growth in ospreys: the role of sexual size dimorphism" type="journal article" year="1993">Schaadt and Bird 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), sandpipers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930FC746BE8FB04FD7E" author="Sandercock, B. K." box="[974,1263,659,693]" firstAuthor="Sandercock" journalOrPublisher="Auk" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="786 - 791" part="115" refId="ref8821" refString="Sandercock, B. K. 1998. Assortive mating and sexual size dimorphism in western and semipalmated sandpipers. Auk 115 (3): 786 - 791." title="Assortive mating and sexual size dimorphism in western and semipalmated sandpipers" type="journal article" year="1998">Sandercock 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), emus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930FA3E6BE9F8B3FD7F" author="Maloney, S. K. & Dawson, T. J." box="[1412,1880,658,692]" firstAuthor="Maloney" journalOrPublisher="Condor" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="1034 - 1037" part="95" refId="ref8370" refString="Maloney, S. K., and Dawson, T. J. 1993. Sexual dimorphism in basal metabolism and body temperatures of a large bird, the emu. Condor (95): 1034 - 1037." title="Sexual dimorphism in basal metabolism and body temperatures of a large bird, the emu" type="journal article" year="1993">Maloney and Dawson 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and so forth. Morphometric analysis, performed by skeletal measurements, has proven effective in separating sex when the difference in mass is over 6% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930FD1B6A48FC26FC9F" author="Schnell, G. D. & Worthen, G. I & Douglas, M. E." box="[673,973,818,853]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schnell" journalOrPublisher="Condor" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="484 - 493" part="87" refId="ref8895" refString="Schnell, G. D., Worthen, G. I,., and Douglas, M. E. 1985. Morphometric assessment of sexual dimorphism in skeletal elements of California gulls. Condor 87: 484 - 493." title="Morphometric assessment of sexual dimorphism in skeletal elements of California gulls" type="journal article" year="1985">Schnell et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has even been possible to separate the sexes of mature individuals through morphometric examination (by using bill, wing, and tail measurements) when mass differences between the sexes was insignificant or even indiscernible (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD4722930FBBC6AAAFAD2FC38" author="Winker, K & Voelker, G. A. & Klicka, J. T." box="[1030,1337,977,1011]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Winker" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Field Ornithology" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" pagination="307 - 323" part="65" refId="ref9069" refString="Winker, K ,, Voelker, G. A., and Klicka, J. T. 1994. A morphometric examination of sexual dimorphism in the H ylophilus, Xenops, and an Automolus from southern Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Field Ornithology 65 (3): 307 - 323." title="A morphometric examination of sexual dimorphism in the H ylophilus, Xenops, and an Automolus from southern Veracruz, Mexico" type="journal article" year="1994">Winker et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4722930FD656D7CFB14F60D" blockId="12.[659,1902,173,2718]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
|
||
Although researchers have referred to the presence of robust and gracile morphotypes, Molnar (2005) points out that to date, these morphotypes have not been adequately quantified, but rather are generally based on visual assessments. Is it possible to recognize and quantify sexual size dimorphism, and clearly classify individual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4722930FAA36DA0F9E0FB36" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1305,1547,1243,1277]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4722930FAA36DA0F9E0FB36" box="[1305,1547,1243,1277]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens as robust or gracile morphs? To answer this, I have taken measurements of select elements from 25 specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4722930FB386C3DFA5FFAAC" box="[1154,1460,1349,1384]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
Tyrannosaurus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4722930FA396C3EFA5FFAAC" box="[1411,1460,1349,1383]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4722930FA0E6C3EFA53FAAC" box="[1460,1464,1349,1383]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements were also taken for 2 outgroup specimens assigned bv this study to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4722930F9C76C00FCC0FA1F" authority="Gilmore, 1946" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus lancensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4722930FCFF6CCAFBCAFA18" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400322" box="[837,1057,1457,1491]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4722930FBC46CCAFA63FA19" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400323" box="[1150,1416,1456,1491]" collectionCode="BMR" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" specimenCode="BMR P2002.4.1">BMR P2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
) and one to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4722930F9DA6CCBF8DAFA19" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[1632,1841,1456,1490]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4722930F9DA6CCBF8DAFA19" box="[1632,1841,1456,1490]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (TCM2001.89.1). Even though this study considers
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4722930F9B16C9EF8D5F9CC" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1547,1854,1509,1543]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4722930F9B16C9EF8D5F9CC" box="[1547,1854,1509,1543]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Tyrannosaurus “x”</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be the same genus as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4722930FBB96F60FBB6F9F6" box="[1027,1117,1563,1597]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4722930FB946F60FBB6F9F6" box="[1070,1117,1563,1597]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and hence should be separable in a consistent manner, 3 of these specimens (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4722930FB206F2BFA9DF9BA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400405" box="[1178,1398,1615,1650]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4722930FA316F34F9F9F9BA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400366" box="[1419,1554,1615,1649]" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" specimenCode="Samson">Samson</materialsCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4722930F9D66F34F8F8F9BA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400410" box="[1644,1811,1615,1649]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" specimenCode="MOR 008">MOR 008</materialsCitation>
|
||
) also appear as outgroups. Measurements varied from element to element and consisted of lengths, widths, heights, and/or circumference, as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD4722930FD2D6F8AFCAAF8D9" box="[663,833,1776,1811]" captionStart="Fig. 8.9" captionText="Figure 8.9. Examples of measurement techniques used in this study." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942921/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" targetBox="[143,1392,174,1855]" targetPageId="16">Figure 8.9</figureCitation>
|
||
; the values are found in
|
||
<tableCitation id="E87E0321D4722930FB696F8BFA9DF8DA" box="[1235,1398,1775,1810]" captionStart="Table 8.5" captionText="Table 8.5. Measurements Used in Morphometric Analysis" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" targetBox="[220,1464,260,1801]" targetPageId="13">Tables 8.5</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="E87E0321D4722930FA716F94FA14F8DA" box="[1483,1535,1775,1809]" captionStart="Table 8.6" captionText="Table 8.6. Measurements (mm) Used in Morphometric Analysis" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" targetBox="[340,2690,272,1655]" targetPageId="15">8.6</tableCitation>
|
||
. Clustering on graphs is assumed to separate sexual size dimorphs. The results were then compared with a visual analysis that divided robust morphs from gracile. Some elements failed to provided significant results (e.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4722930FA0E6EF5FA20F87B" box="[1460,1483,1934,1968]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">g</emphasis>
|
||
., dentary length vs. tooth row length). For other elements, there was simply not enough data to yield meaningful results (e.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4722930FBB26E80FBF4F7D6" box="[1032,1055,2043,2077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">g</emphasis>
|
||
., metatarsal II length vs. circumference,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD4722930F96F6E81F888F7D7" box="[1749,1891,2042,2076]" captionStart="Fig. 8.11" captionText="Figure 8.11. Metatarsal II length vs. circumference." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942925/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" targetBox="[146,1892,182,1339]" targetPageId="18">Fig. 8.11</figureCitation>
|
||
; ilium length vs. height,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD4722930FB966154FB2BF79A" box="[1068,1216,2095,2129]" captionStart="Fig. 8.12" captionText="Figure 8.12. Ilium length vs. height." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942927/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" targetBox="[146,1892,182,1339]" targetPageId="18">Fig. 8.12</figureCitation>
|
||
; and humerus length vs. circumference,
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD4722930FD2D611DFCCCF74C" box="[663,807,2149,2184]" captionStart="Fig. 8.13" captionText="Figure 8.13. Anterior view of (A) left humerus of gracile (BHI 6230) and (B) right humerus of robust (FMNH PR2081) morphotypes" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942929/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" targetBox="[174,1892,120,2044]" targetPageId="19">Fig. 8.13</figureCitation>
|
||
), although visual examination was able to separate them, indicating that the human eye can see apparent differences (as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD4722930F9CD61E2F8E1F770" box="[1655,1802,2201,2235]" captionStart="Fig. 8.10" captionText="Figure 8.10. Anterior view of right metatarsal II of (A) gracile (BHI 3033) and (B) robust (TCM 2001.90.1) morphotypes" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942923/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" targetBox="[143,1392,174,1855]" targetPageId="17">Fig. 8.10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Elements that provided too few' data may yet prove useful for quantifiable analysis when additional specimens are discovered. Elements that were abundant, such as the femur (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD4722930FB2D6041FAC1F697" box="[1175,1322,2362,2396]" captionStart="Fig. 8.14" captionText="Figure 8.14. Anterior view of (A) left femur of gracile (BHI 3033) and (B) right femur of robust (TCM2001.90.1) morphotypes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942931/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" targetBox="[151,1394,171,2188]" targetPageId="20">Fig. 8.14</figureCitation>
|
||
) and humerus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD4722930F9856042F938F690" box="[1599,1747,2361,2395]" captionStart="Fig. 8.13" captionText="Figure 8.13. Anterior view of (A) left humerus of gracile (BHI 6230) and (B) right humerus of robust (FMNH PR2081) morphotypes" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942929/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" targetBox="[174,1892,120,2044]" targetPageId="19">Fig. 8.13</figureCitation>
|
||
), yielded clear results, which confirmed their separation by visual inspection: robust plotted individuals look more robust.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD472292CFD5860A1FC1CF6CE" blockId="12.[659,1902,173,2718]" lastBlockId="16.[141,1382,1948,2311]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">
|
||
From the results of the analysis, 2 morphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4722930FA6A60A2F956F630" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1488,1725,2521,2555]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4722930FA6A60A2F956F630" box="[1488,1725,2521,2555]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="113">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are apparent, a robust and a gracile morph. Neither geographic nor stratigraphic distribution can explain these differences. Therefore, because both crocodiles and birds show sexual size dimorphism, extant phylogenetic bracketing tells us that the most parsimonious explanation for the presence of these 2 morphs is sexual size dimorphism. The formula developed by Anderson etal. (1985) was used to estimate the mass of the robust and gracile morphs from femur diameter. The weight estimates (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E87E0321D46E292CFD1C6139FCD5F7AF" box="[678,830,2114,2148]" captionStart="Table 8.7" captionText="Table 8.7. Calculated Mass for Tyrannosaurus Specimens and Outgroups, Nanotyrannus and Gorgosaurus" pageId="16" pageNumber="117" targetBox="[172,1891,270,1678]" targetPageId="21">Table 8.7</tableCitation>
|
||
) show a maximum weight for the gracile morphs of 4.0 metric tonnes, with a mean of 3.5 metric tonnes (6 individuals); and a maximum weight of 5.6 metric tonnes and a mean of 4.7 metric tonnes for robust morphotypes (9 individuals).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D4732931FF7569FFFB88FF6F" ID-Table-UUID="F1836612D4732931FF7569FFFB88FF6F" box="[207,1123,130,164]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F1836612D4732931FF7569FFFB88FF6F" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" startId="13.[207,290,132,164]" targetBox="[220,1464,260,1801]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4732931FF7569FFFB88FF6F" blockId="13.[207,1123,128,165]" box="[207,1123,130,164]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
Table 8.5. Measurements
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4732931FDC869F9FD29FF6F" box="[626,706,130,164]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Used</emphasis>
|
||
in Morphometric Analysis
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4732931FF66686AFA84F8CC" blockId="13.[211,1428,235,1821]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
<table id="D7FCC43AD473D6C3FF66687FFA53F8C2" box="[220,1464,260,1801]" gridcols="8" gridrows="30" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D473D6C3FF66687FFA53FEF3" box="[220,1464,260,312]" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FF66687FFE19FEF3" box="[220,498,260,312]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4732931FF66686AFE67FEF3" box="[220,396,273,312]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Specimen</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FDFC687FFD10FEF3" box="[582,763,260,312]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Humerus</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FCF8687FFC1DFEF3" box="[834,1014,260,312]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4732931FCC2687EFC2AFEED" bold="true" box="[888,961,261,294]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Ulna</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FB8D687FFB1AFEF3" box="[1079,1265,260,312]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">Scapula</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FA95687FFA53FEF3" box="[1327,1464,260,312]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">llium</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D473D6C3FF666835FA53FEBA" box="[220,1464,334,369]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FDFC6835FD6BFEBA" box="[582,640,334,369]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">L</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FD726835FD10FEBA" box="[712,763,334,369]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">C</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FCF86835FC90FEBA" box="[834,891,334,369]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">L</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FC786835FC1DFEBA" box="[962,1014,334,369]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4732931FC6A6835FC08FEBB" box="[976,995,334,368]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">C</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FB8D6835FB96FEBA" box="[1079,1149,334,369]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">L</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FB036835FB1AFEBA" box="[1209,1265,334,369]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">C</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FA956835FA53FEBA" box="[1327,1464,334,369]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">L</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D473D6C3FF6668E1FA53FE77" box="[220,1464,410,444]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FF6668E1FA53FE77" box="[220,1464,410,444]" colspan="8" colspanRight="7" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4732931FF6568E1FEC4FE77" box="[223,303,410,444]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4732931FF6568E1FF19FE77" box="[223,242,410,444]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">T.</emphasis>
|
||
rex
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
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x
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<th id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FF666F04FE19F969" box="[220,498,1663,1698]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
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<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4732931FEAB6FFBFE19F969" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400400" box="[273,498,1664,1698]" collectionCode="BMR" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" specimenCode="BMR P2002.4.1">BMR P2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
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<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FDFC6F04FD6BF969" box="[582,640,1663,1698]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">280</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FB036F04FB1AF969" box="[1209,1265,1663,1698]" gridcol="6" gridrow="27" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">109</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FA956F04FA53F969" box="[1327,1464,1663,1698]" gridcol="7" gridrow="27" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">720</td>
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<tr id="1BCC34D8D473D6C3FF666FC8FA53F91E" box="[220,1464,1715,1749]" gridrow="28" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
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<th id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FF666FC8FE19F91E" box="[220,498,1715,1749]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
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<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4732931FF656FC8FE4AF91E" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[223,417,1715,1749]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
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</th>
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<tr id="1BCC34D8D473D6C3FF666F9EFA53F8C2" box="[220,1464,1765,1801]" gridrow="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
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<th id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FF666F9EFE19F8C2" box="[220,498,1765,1801]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">TCM 2001.89.1</th>
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<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FDFC6F9EFD6BF8C2" box="[582,640,1765,1801]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">305</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FD726F9EFD10F8C2" box="[712,763,1765,1801]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">130</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FCF86F9EFC90F8C2" box="[834,891,1765,1801]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">180</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FC786F9EFC1DF8C2" box="[962,1014,1765,1801]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">74</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FB8D6F9EFB96F8C2" box="[1079,1149,1765,1801]" gridcol="5" gridrow="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">675</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FB036F9EFB1AF8C2" box="[1209,1265,1765,1801]" gridcol="6" gridrow="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">120</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D473D6C3FA956F9EFA53F8C2" box="[1327,1464,1765,1801]" gridcol="7" gridrow="29" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">865</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A543369AD4732931FF6B6E12FA6BF840" blockId="13.[209,1408,1896,1931]" box="[209,1408,1897,1931]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114">
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<tableNote id="581A3714D4732931FF6B6E12FA6BF840" box="[209,1408,1897,1931]" pageId="13" pageNumber="114" targetBox="[220,1464,260,1801]" targetPageId="13">Abbreviations:—C, circumference; L, length; S, sacrals; II, IV, metatarsal II, IV.</tableNote>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A543369AD4702932FFBA687FFAD0F8CE" blockId="14.[0,1374,231,387]" lastBlockId="14.[0,1374,1763,1819]" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">
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<table id="D7FCC43AD470D6C3FFBA687AFAD6F8CC" box="[0,1341,257,1799]" gridcols="11" gridrows="24" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">
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<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA687AFAD6FEEE" box="[0,1341,257,293]" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-8="1">
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<th id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FFBA687AFFB3FEEE" box="[0,88,257,293]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">im</th>
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||
<th id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FEA3687AFE24FEEE" box="[281,463,257,293]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">Sacrum</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FCB4687AFC2DFEEE" box="[782,966,257,293]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">Metatarsal</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A687AFAD6FEEE" box="[1152,1341,257,293]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">Femur</th>
|
||
</tr>
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||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6830FAD6FEBB" box="[0,1341,331,368]" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FFBA6830FFB3FEBB" box="[0,88,331,368]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">H</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FF2F6830FF34FEBB" box="[149,223,331,368]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">L</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FEA36830FEB9FEBB" box="[281,338,331,368]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">S-1</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FE2D6830FE24FEBB" box="[407,463,331,368]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">S-5</td>
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||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FDAE6830FDA6FEBB" box="[532,589,331,368]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">S-6</td>
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||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FD2A6830FD21FEBB" box="[656,714,331,368]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">L II</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FCB46830FCA3FEBB" box="[782,840,331,368]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">C II</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FC316830FC2DFEBB" box="[907,966,331,368]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">LIV</td>
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||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FBBC6830FBADFEBB" box="[1030,1094,331,368]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">C IV</td>
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||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A6830FB23FEBB" box="[1152,1224,331,368]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">L</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86830FAD6FEBB" box="[1282,1341,331,368]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">C</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA68B1FAD6FE27" box="[0,1341,458,492]" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
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||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A68B1FB23FE27" box="[1152,1224,458,492]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">1200</td>
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||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB868B1FAD6FE27" box="[1282,1341,458,492]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">545</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6884FAD6FDEA" box="[0,1341,511,545]" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
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<th id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FFBA6884FFB3FDEA" box="[0,88,511,545]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">400</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6B54FAD6FD9A" box="[0,1341,559,593]" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A6B54FB23FD9A" box="[1152,1224,559,593]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">1260</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6BBEFAD6FD22" box="[0,1341,709,745]" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-8="1">
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86BBEFAD6FD22" box="[1282,1341,709,745]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">483</td>
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<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6B8CFAD6FCD0" box="[0,1341,759,795]" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A6B8CFB23FCD0" box="[1152,1224,759,795]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">1340</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86B8CFAD6FCD0" box="[1282,1341,759,795]" gridcol="10" gridrow="8" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">580</td>
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</tr>
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FD2A6D58FD21FB8C" box="[656,714,1059,1095]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">600</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A6D2EFB23FBB3" box="[1152,1224,1109,1144]" gridcol="9" gridrow="13" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">1180</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FF2F6DF3FF34FB67" box="[149,223,1160,1196]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">895</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FD2A6DF3FD21FB67" box="[656,714,1160,1196]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">550</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6DC1FAD6FB15" box="[0,1341,1210,1246]" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
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<th id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FFBA6DC1FFB3FB15" box="[0,88,1210,1246]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">535</th>
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FF2F6DC1FF34FB15" box="[149,223,1210,1246]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">980</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A6DC1FB23FB15" box="[1152,1224,1210,1246]" gridcol="9" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">1200</td>
|
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86DC1FAD6FB15" box="[1282,1341,1210,1246]" gridcol="10" gridrow="15" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">560</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6D97FAD6FAC5" box="[0,1341,1260,1294]" gridrow="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A6D97FB23FAC5" box="[1152,1224,1260,1294]" gridcol="9" gridrow="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">1210</td>
|
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86D97FAD6FAC5" box="[1282,1341,1260,1294]" gridcol="10" gridrow="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">470</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86C65FAD6FA8B" box="[1282,1341,1310,1344]" gridcol="10" gridrow="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">490</td>
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</tr>
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|
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86C2BFAD6FAB9" box="[1282,1341,1360,1394]" gridcol="10" gridrow="18" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">490</td>
|
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</tr>
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<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6CF9FAD6FA6E" box="[0,1341,1410,1445]" gridrow="19" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A6CF9FB23FA6E" box="[1152,1224,1410,1445]" gridcol="9" gridrow="19" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">990</td>
|
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86CF9FAD6FA6E" box="[1282,1341,1410,1445]" gridcol="10" gridrow="19" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">425</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
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<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6CCFFAD6FA1C" box="[0,1341,1460,1495]" gridrow="20" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A6CCFFB23FA1C" box="[1152,1224,1460,1495]" gridcol="9" gridrow="20" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">1200</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86CCFFAD6FA1C" box="[1282,1341,1460,1495]" gridcol="10" gridrow="20" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">467</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6F62FAD6F9F0" box="[0,1341,1561,1595]" gridrow="21" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FD2A6F62FD21F9F0" box="[656,714,1561,1595]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">610</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FCB46F62FCA3F9F0" box="[782,840,1561,1595]" gridcol="6" gridrow="21" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">305</td>
|
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<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FC316F62FC2DF9F0" box="[907,966,1561,1595]" gridcol="7" gridrow="21" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">635</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FBBC6F62FBADF9F0" box="[1030,1094,1561,1595]" gridcol="8" gridrow="21" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">280</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A6F62FB23F9F0" box="[1152,1224,1561,1595]" gridcol="9" gridrow="21" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">1295</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86F62FAD6F9F0" box="[1282,1341,1561,1595]" gridcol="10" gridrow="21" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">560</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6F06FAD6F96A" box="[0,1341,1661,1697]" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">
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||
<th id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FFBA6F06FFB3F96A" box="[0,88,1661,1697]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">220</th>
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||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FF2F6F06FF34F96A" box="[149,223,1661,1697]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">500</td>
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||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FEA36F06FEB9F96A" box="[281,338,1661,1697]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">85</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FE2D6F06FE24F96A" box="[407,463,1661,1697]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">64</td>
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||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FDAE6F06FDA6F96A" box="[532,589,1661,1697]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">63</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FD2A6F06FD21F96A" box="[656,714,1661,1697]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">510</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FCB46F06FCA3F96A" box="[782,840,1661,1697]" gridcol="6" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">149</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FC316F06FC2DF96A" box="[907,966,1661,1697]" gridcol="7" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">513</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FBBC6F06FBADF96A" box="[1030,1094,1661,1697]" gridcol="8" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">136</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A6F06FB23F96A" box="[1152,1224,1661,1697]" gridcol="9" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">720</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86F06FAD6F96A" box="[1282,1341,1661,1697]" gridcol="10" gridrow="22" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">250</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D470D6C3FFBA6F98FAD6F8CC" box="[0,1341,1763,1799]" gridrow="23" pageId="14" pageNumber="115" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FFBA6F98FFB3F8CC" box="[0,88,1763,1799]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">305</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FD2A6F98FD21F8CC" box="[656,714,1763,1799]" gridcol="5" gridrow="23" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">490</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FCB46F98FCA3F8CC" box="[782,840,1763,1799]" gridcol="6" gridrow="23" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">195</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FC316F98FC2DF8CC" box="[907,966,1763,1799]" gridcol="7" gridrow="23" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">500</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FBBC6F98FBADF8CC" box="[1030,1094,1763,1799]" gridcol="8" gridrow="23" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">184</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FB3A6F98FB23F8CC" box="[1152,1224,1763,1799]" gridcol="9" gridrow="23" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">825</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D470D6C3FAB86F98FAD6F8CC" box="[1282,1341,1763,1799]" gridcol="10" gridrow="23" pageId="14" pageNumber="115">270</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D4712933FEF169DDFAD6FF03" ID-Table-UUID="F1836612D4712933FEF169DDFAD6FF03" box="[331,1341,166,200]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F1836612D4712933FEF169DDFAD6FF03" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" startId="15.[331,413,166,200]" targetBox="[340,2690,272,1655]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4712933FEF169DDFAD6FF03" blockId="15.[331,1341,163,201]" box="[331,1341,166,200]" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
Table 8.6. Measurements
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4712933FD5569DDFD11FF03" box="[751,762,166,200]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">(</emphasis>
|
||
mm
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4712933FC8969DDFC71FF03" box="[819,922,166,200]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">) Used</emphasis>
|
||
in Morphometric Analysis
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4712933FEED686BF59DF9BC" blockId="15.[329,2720,242,1675]" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<table id="D7FCC43AD471D6C3FEEE686BF569F9BC" box="[340,2690,272,1655]" gridcols="16" gridrows="25" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE686BF569FEFA" box="[340,2690,272,305]" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE686BFD85FEFA" box="[340,622,272,305]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4712933FEED686BFE13FEFA" bold="true" box="[343,504,272,305]" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">Specimen</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC7E686BFB73FEFA" box="[964,1176,272,305]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4712933FC54686BFB8CFEFA" bold="true" box="[1006,1127,272,305]" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">Maxilla</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F961686BF88EFEFA" box="[1755,1893,272,305]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4712933F961686BF88EFEFA" bold="true" box="[1755,1893,272,305]" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">Dentary</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F69C686BF619FEFA" box="[2342,2546,272,305]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="13" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4712933F68C686BF60AFEFA" bold="true" box="[2358,2529,272,305]" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">Lachrymal</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6821F569FE4B" box="[340,2690,346,384]" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A6821FD1AFE4B" box="[688,753,346,384]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">H</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC816821FC92FE4B" box="[827,889,346,384]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">LA</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC7E6821FBE9FE4B" box="[964,1026,346,384]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">L B</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FBF26821FB73FE4B" box="[1096,1176,346,384]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
L
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4712933FBDB6827FB92FEB5" box="[1121,1145,348,382]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">A</emphasis>
|
||
/B
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FB6D6821FAF2FE4B" box="[1239,1305,346,384]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">LTR</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FACB6821FA7FFE4B" box="[1393,1428,346,384]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">TP</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA536821F9DBFE4B" box="[1513,1584,346,384]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">L</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9C26821F959FE4B" box="[1656,1714,346,384]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">H A</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9616821F88EFE4B" box="[1755,1893,346,384]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">H</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F8336821F82DFE4B" box="[1929,1990,346,384]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">LTR</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F79B6821F7AEFE4B" box="[2081,2117,346,384]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">TP</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F7276821F732FE4B" box="[2205,2265,346,384]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">H</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F69C6821F688FE4B" box="[2342,2403,346,384]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">L</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F6166821F619FE4B" box="[2476,2546,346,384]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">LF</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F58C6821F569FE4B" box="[2614,2690,346,384]" gridcol="15" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">H/LF</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE68D8F569FE0E" box="[340,2690,419,453]" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE68D8F569FE0E" box="[340,2690,419,453]" colspan="16" colspanRight="15" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
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||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4712933FEE268D8FE42FE0E" box="[344,425,419,453]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4712933FEE268D8FE87FE0E" box="[344,364,419,453]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">T.</emphasis>
|
||
rex
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE68A2F569FE35" box="[340,2690,473,510]" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1">
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||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE68A2FD85FE35" box="[340,622,473,510]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
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||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4712933FE3268A2FDF2FE30" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400448" box="[392,537,473,507]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
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||
</th>
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||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A68A2FD1AFE35" box="[688,753,473,510]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">380</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC8168A2FC92FE35" box="[827,889,473,510]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">695</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC7E68A2FBE9FE35" box="[964,1026,473,510]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">620</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FBF268A2FB73FE35" box="[1096,1176,473,510]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">1.12</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FB6D68A2FAF2FE35" box="[1239,1305,473,510]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">535</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FACB68A2FA7FFE35" box="[1393,1428,473,510]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">12</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA5368A2F9DBFE35" box="[1513,1584,473,510]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">860</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9C268A2F959FE35" box="[1656,1714,473,510]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">180</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F96168A2F88EFE35" box="[1755,1893,473,510]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">290</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F83368A2F82DFE35" box="[1929,1990,473,510]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">510</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F79B68A2F7AEFE35" box="[2081,2117,473,510]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6B6BF569FDFF" box="[340,2690,528,564]" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6B6BFD85FDFF" box="[340,622,528,564]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4712933FE326B6BFDF2FDF9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400445" box="[392,537,528,562]" collectionCode="CM" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" specimenCode="CM 1400">CM 1400</materialsCitation>
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||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A6B6BFD1AFDFF" box="[688,753,528,564]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">390</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC816B6BFC92FDFF" box="[827,889,528,564]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">760</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FB6D6B6BFAF2FDFF" box="[1239,1305,528,564]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">620</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FACB6B6BFA7FFDFF" box="[1393,1428,528,564]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6B3DF569FDA0" box="[340,2690,582,619]" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6B3DFD85FDA0" box="[340,622,582,619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4712933FE336B3DFDB1FDA3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400407" box="[393,602,582,616]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" speciimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
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||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA536B3DF9DBFDA0" box="[1513,1584,582,619]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">920</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9C26B3DF959FDA0" box="[1656,1714,582,619]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">175</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9616B3DF88EFDA0" box="[1755,1893,582,619]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">260</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F8336B3DF82DFDA0" box="[1929,1990,582,619]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">545</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F79B6B3DF7AEFDA0" box="[2081,2117,582,619]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6B07F569FD6A" box="[340,2690,636,673]" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6B07FD85FD6A" box="[340,622,636,673]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4712933FE336B07FDC1FD55" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400441" box="[393,554,636,670]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" specimenCode="MOR 1125">MOR 1125</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A6B07FD1AFD6A" box="[688,753,636,673]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">360</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC816B07FC92FD6A" box="[827,889,636,673]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">680</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC7E6B07FBE9FD6A" box="[964,1026,636,673]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">590</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FBF26B07FB73FD6A" box="[1096,1176,636,673]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">1.15</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FB6D6B07FAF2FD6A" box="[1239,1305,636,673]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">520</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FACB6B07FA7FFD6A" box="[1393,1428,636,673]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">12</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA536B07F9DBFD6A" box="[1513,1584,636,673]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">760</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9C26B07F959FD6A" box="[1656,1714,636,673]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">140</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9616B07F88EFD6A" box="[1755,1893,636,673]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">230</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F8336B07F82DFD6A" box="[1929,1990,636,673]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">485</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F79B6B07F7AEFD6A" box="[2081,2117,636,673]" gridcol="11" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6BC9F569FD12" box="[340,2690,690,729]" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6BC9FD85FD12" box="[340,622,690,729]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4712933FE336BC9FDF1FD1F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400414" box="[393,538,690,724]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A6BC9FD1AFD12" box="[688,753,690,729]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">395</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC816BC9FC92FD12" box="[827,889,690,729]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">798</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FB6D6BC9FAF2FD12" box="[1239,1305,690,729]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">620</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FACB6BC9FA7FFD12" box="[1393,1428,690,729]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">12</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA536BC9F9DBFD12" box="[1513,1584,690,729]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">990</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9C26BC9F959FD12" box="[1656,1714,690,729]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">170</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9616BC9F88EFD12" box="[1755,1893,690,729]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">310</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F8336BC9F82DFD12" box="[1929,1990,690,729]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">630</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F79B6BC9F7AEFD12" box="[2081,2117,690,729]" gridcol="11" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">13</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F7276BC9F732FD12" box="[2205,2265,690,729]" gridcol="12" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">365</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F69C6BC9F688FD12" box="[2342,2403,690,729]" gridcol="13" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">325</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F6166BC9F619FD12" box="[2476,2546,690,729]" gridcol="14" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">26.5</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F58C6BC9F569FD12" box="[2614,2690,690,729]" gridcol="15" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">13.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6B92F569FCC4" box="[340,2690,745,783]" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6B92FD85FCC4" box="[340,622,745,783]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4712933FE336B92FDF6FCC0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400397" box="[393,541,745,779]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" specimenCode="MOR 980">MOR 980</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A6B92FD1AFCC4" box="[688,753,745,783]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">340</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC816B92FC92FCC4" box="[827,889,745,783]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">770</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FB6D6B92FAF2FCC4" box="[1239,1305,745,783]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">560</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FACB6B92FA7FFCC4" box="[1393,1428,745,783]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">11</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA536B92F9DBFCC4" box="[1513,1584,745,783]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">900</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9C26B92F959FCC4" box="[1656,1714,745,783]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">175</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9616B92F88EFCC4" box="[1755,1893,745,783]" gridcol="9" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">280</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F8336B92F82DFCC4" box="[1929,1990,745,783]" gridcol="10" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">545</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F79B6B92F7AEFCC4" box="[2081,2117,745,783]" gridcol="11" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">13</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F7276B92F732FCC4" box="[2205,2265,745,783]" gridcol="12" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">310</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F69C6B92F688FCC4" box="[2342,2403,745,783]" gridcol="13" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">310</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F6166B92F619FCC4" box="[2476,2546,745,783]" gridcol="14" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">27.3</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F58C6B92F569FCC4" box="[2614,2690,745,783]" gridcol="15" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">11.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6A64F569FC8F" box="[340,2690,799,836]" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6A64FD85FC8F" box="[340,622,799,836]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4712933FE326A64FD8EFC8A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400457" box="[392,613,799,833]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A6A64FD1AFC8F" box="[688,753,799,836]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">400</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC816A64FC92FC8F" box="[827,889,799,836]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">855</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC7E6A64FBE9FC8F" box="[964,1026,799,836]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">720</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FBF26A64FB73FC8F" box="[1096,1176,799,836]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">1.19</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FB6D6A64FAF2FC8F" box="[1239,1305,799,836]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">645</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FACB6A64FA7FFC8F" box="[1393,1428,799,836]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">12</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA536A64F9DBFC8F" box="[1513,1584,799,836]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">1010</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FBF26A2EFB73FCB0" box="[1096,1176,853,891]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">1.19</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FB6D6A2EFAF2FCB0" box="[1239,1305,853,891]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">605</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9616A2EF88EFCB0" box="[1755,1893,853,891]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">280</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F7276A2EF732FCB0" box="[2205,2265,853,891]" gridcol="12" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">340</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F6166A2EF619FCB0" box="[2476,2546,853,891]" gridcol="14" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">35.8</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F58C6A2EF569FCB0" box="[2614,2690,853,891]" gridcol="15" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">9.5</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC816AF0FC92FC79" box="[827,889,907,946]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">730</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F8336AF0F82DFC79" box="[1929,1990,907,946]" gridcol="10" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">530</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F79B6AF0F7AEFC79" box="[2081,2117,907,946]" gridcol="11" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">13</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F6166AF0F619FC79" box="[2476,2546,907,946]" gridcol="14" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">22.7</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F58C6AF0F569FC79" box="[2614,2690,907,946]" gridcol="15" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">12.8</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA536AB9F9DBFC2C" box="[1513,1584,962,999]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">910</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A6A83FD1AFBD5" box="[688,753,1016,1054]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">318</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F6166A83F619FBD5" box="[2476,2546,1016,1054]" gridcol="14" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">26.1</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F58C6A83F569FBD5" box="[2614,2690,1016,1054]" gridcol="15" gridrow="13" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">10.7</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A6D55FD1AFB99" box="[688,753,1070,1106]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">390</td>
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<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FBF26D55FB73FB99" box="[1096,1176,1070,1106]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">1.17</td>
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||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6C7CF569FAE7" box="[340,2690,1287,1324]" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6C7CFD85FAE7" box="[340,622,1287,1324]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4712933FE3D6C7CFE15FAE2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400460" box="[391,510,1287,1321]" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" specimenCode="Samson">Samson</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA536C7CF9DBFAE7" box="[1513,1584,1287,1324]" gridcol="7" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">870</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9C26C7CF959FAE7" box="[1656,1714,1287,1324]" gridcol="8" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">170</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9616C7CF88EFAE7" box="[1755,1893,1287,1324]" gridcol="9" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">270</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F8336C7CF82DFAE7" box="[1929,1990,1287,1324]" gridcol="10" gridrow="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">540</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6C45F569FAAB" box="[340,2690,1342,1376]" gridrow="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6C45F569FAAB" box="[340,2690,1342,1376]" colspan="16" colspanRight="15" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4712933FEEE6C45FDC5FAAB" box="[340,558,1342,1376]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6C0FF569FA51" box="[340,2690,1396,1434]" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6C0FFD85FA51" box="[340,622,1396,1434]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4712933FE3D6C0FFD85FA5D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400337" box="[391,622,1396,1430]" collectionCode="BMR" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" specimenCode="BMR P2002.4.1">BMR P2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A6C0FFD1AFA51" box="[688,753,1396,1434]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">160</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC816C0FFC92FA51" box="[827,889,1396,1434]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">470</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC7E6C0FFBE9FA51" box="[964,1026,1396,1434]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">385</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FBF26C0FFB73FA51" box="[1096,1176,1396,1434]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">1.22</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FB6D6C0FFAF2FA51" box="[1239,1305,1396,1434]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">355</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FACB6C0FFA7FFA51" box="[1393,1428,1396,1434]" gridcol="6" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">15</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA536C0FF9DBFA51" box="[1513,1584,1396,1434]" gridcol="7" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">505</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9C26C0FF959FA51" box="[1656,1714,1396,1434]" gridcol="8" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">69</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9616C0FF88EFA51" box="[1755,1893,1396,1434]" gridcol="9" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">107</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F8336C0FF82DFA51" box="[1929,1990,1396,1434]" gridcol="10" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">318</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F79B6C0FF7AEFA51" box="[2081,2117,1396,1434]" gridcol="11" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">17</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F7276C0FF732FA51" box="[2205,2265,1396,1434]" gridcol="12" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">163</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F69C6C0FF688FA51" box="[2342,2403,1396,1434]" gridcol="13" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">180</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F6166C0FF619FA51" box="[2476,2546,1396,1434]" gridcol="14" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">35.1</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F58C6C0FF569FA51" box="[2614,2690,1396,1434]" gridcol="15" gridrow="20" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">4.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6CD1F569FA04" box="[340,2690,1450,1487]" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6CD1FD85FA04" box="[340,622,1450,1487]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4712933FE3D6CD1FDAAFA07" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400340" box="[391,577,1450,1484]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A6CD1FD1AFA04" box="[688,753,1450,1487]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">150</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC816CD1FC92FA04" box="[827,889,1450,1487]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">385</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC7E6CD1FBE9FA04" box="[964,1026,1450,1487]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">309</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FBF26CD1FB73FA04" box="[1096,1176,1450,1487]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">1.25</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FB6D6CD1FAF2FA04" box="[1239,1305,1450,1487]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">278</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FACB6CD1FA7FFA04" box="[1393,1428,1450,1487]" gridcol="6" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">15</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA536CD1F9DBFA04" box="[1513,1584,1450,1487]" gridcol="7" gridrow="21" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">375</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6C9AF569F9CC" box="[340,2690,1505,1543]" gridrow="22" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6C9AFD85F9CC" box="[340,622,1505,1543]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D4712933FE3D6C9AFDF8F9C8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400369" box="[391,531,1505,1539]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" specimenCode="BHI 6235">BHI 6235</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F7276C9AF732F9CC" box="[2205,2265,1505,1543]" gridcol="12" gridrow="22" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">120</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F6166C9AF619F9CC" box="[2476,2546,1505,1543]" gridcol="14" gridrow="22" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">18</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F58C6C9AF569F9CC" box="[2614,2690,1505,1543]" gridcol="15" gridrow="22" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">6.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6F6CF569F9F2" box="[340,2690,1559,1593]" gridrow="23" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6F6CFD85F9F2" box="[340,622,1559,1593]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D4712933FEEF6F6CFDF1F9F2" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[341,538,1559,1593]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D471D6C3FEEE6F2AF569F9BC" box="[340,2690,1617,1655]" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FEEE6F2AFD85F9BC" box="[340,622,1617,1655]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">TCM 2001.89.1</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FD0A6F2AFD1AF9BC" box="[688,753,1617,1655]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">230</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC816F2AFC92F9BC" box="[827,889,1617,1655]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">568</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FC7E6F2AFBE9F9BC" box="[964,1026,1617,1655]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">420</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FBF26F2AFB73F9BC" box="[1096,1176,1617,1655]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">1.35</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FB6D6F2AFAF2F9BC" box="[1239,1305,1617,1655]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">405</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FACB6F2AFA7FF9BC" box="[1393,1428,1617,1655]" gridcol="6" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">14</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3FA536F2AF9DBF9BC" box="[1513,1584,1617,1655]" gridcol="7" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">580</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9C26F2AF959F9BC" box="[1656,1714,1617,1655]" gridcol="8" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">95</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F9616F2AF88EF9BC" box="[1755,1893,1617,1655]" gridcol="9" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">197</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F8336F2AF82DF9BC" box="[1929,1990,1617,1655]" gridcol="10" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">360</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F79B6F2AF7AEF9BC" box="[2081,2117,1617,1655]" gridcol="11" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">15</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F7276F2AF732F9BC" box="[2205,2265,1617,1655]" gridcol="12" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">235</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F69C6F2AF688F9BC" box="[2342,2403,1617,1655]" gridcol="13" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">200</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F6166F2AF619F9BC" box="[2476,2546,1617,1655]" gridcol="14" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">56.4</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D471D6C3F58C6F2AF569F9BC" box="[2614,2690,1617,1655]" gridcol="15" gridrow="24" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">4.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD4712933FEE86F97F59AF887" blockId="15.[336,2673,1772,1870]" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<tableNote id="581A3714D4712933FEE86F97F59AF887" pageId="15" pageNumber="116" targetBox="[340,2690,272,1655]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
Note.—See Figure 8.9. Abbreviations:—
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D4712933FDEF6E51FD9AF887" box="[597,625,1834,1868]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="116">A</emphasis>
|
||
, B refer to points in Figure 8.9. F, foramen (=lacrymal foramen); H, height; L, length; LTP, number of tooth positions; TR, tooth row.
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D46E292CFA0F69CFF925FEFC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942921" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942921/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="117" startId="16.[1461,1556,180,214]" targetBox="[143,1392,174,1855]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46E292CFA0F69CFF925FEFC" blockId="16.[1459,1864,179,312]" pageId="16" pageNumber="117">Figure 8.9. Examples of measurement techniques used in this study.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46E292CFA096004F901F67A" blockId="16.[1459,1770,2431,2481]" box="[1459,1770,2431,2481]" pageId="16" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<heading id="FE0B81F6D46E292CFA096004F901F67A" bold="true" box="[1459,1770,2431,2481]" fontSize="20" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="117" reason="0">Male or Female</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46E292FFF3460F1FC24F6F4" blockId="16.[141,1384,2435,2692]" lastBlockId="19.[657,1900,2167,2743]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="16" pageNumber="117">
|
||
Given that the presence of 2 morphs has been established for
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46E292CFB2D60F1FEEEF62A" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="117">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46E292CFB2D60F1FF14F62A" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can we determine the sex of the morphotypes?
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46E292CFB8560C4FA8AF62A" author="Carpenter, K." box="[1087,1377,2495,2529]" editor="Carpenter K. & Currie, P. J." firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="16" pageNumber="117" pagination="141 - 145" refId="ref7184" refString="Carpenter, K. 1990. Variations in Tyrannosaurus rex. P. 141 - 145 in Carpenter K., and Currie, P. J. (eds.). Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." title="Variations in Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives" year="1990">Carpenter (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that, on the basis of the greater divergence of ischium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD46E292CFA98608FFF3EF587" captionStart="Fig. 8.17" captionText="Figure 8.17. Overlay of the ischia of (A) CM 9380; (B) RTMP 81.61; and (C) AMNH 5027 (after Carpenter 1990)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942937/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="117" targetBox="[194,1886,187,1858]" targetPageId="23">Fig. 8.17</figureCitation>
|
||
), the robust form was female.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46E292CFD4B6351FB6EF587" author="Larson, P. L. & Frey, E." box="[753,1157,2602,2636]" firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstract of Papers" pageId="16" pageNumber="117" part="38 a" refId="ref8131" refString="Larson, P. L., and Frey, E. 1992. Sexual dimorphism in the abundant Upper Cretaceous theropod, Tyrannosaurus rex (abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Abstract of Papers, 38 a." title="Sexual dimorphism in the abundant Upper Cretaceous theropod, Tyrannosaurus rex" type="proceedings" year="1992">Larson and Frey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
agreed with Carpenter, and they further suggested that the location and morphology of the first chevron might also be used to yield the same result. However, this method has proven unreliable (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46F292DFAAA6115F99DF75B" author="Erickson, G. M. & Lappin, A. K. & Larson, P. L." box="[1296,1654,2158,2192]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Erickson" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="17" pageNumber="118" pagination="277 - 286" part="108" refId="ref7684" refString="Erickson, G. M., Lappin, A. K., and Larson, P. L. 2005. Androgynous rex-the utility of chevrons for determining the sex of crocodilians and non-avain dinosaurs. Zoology 108: 277 - 286." title="Androgynous rex-the utility of chevrons for determining the sex of crocodilians and non-avain dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2005">Erickson et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Elsewhere, I (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46F292DFD1F61DFFC97F70D" author="Larson, P. L." box="[677,892,2212,2246]" editor="Rosenberg, G. D. & Wolberg, D. L." firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Paleontological Society Special Publication" pageId="17" pageNumber="118" pagination="139 - 155" part="7" refId="ref7897" refString="Larson, P. L. 1994. Tyrannosaurus sex. P. 139 - 155 in Rosenberg, G. D., and Wolberg, D. L. (eds.). Dino Fest Proceedings. Paleontological Society Special Publication 7." title="Tyrannosaurus sex" type="proceedings paper" volumeTitle="Dino Fest Proceedings" year="1994">Larson 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1995) have suggested that the wider pelvic arch and healed injuries of the proximal caudal vertebrae (consistant with injuries potentially inflicted by a mounting male during copulation) were restricted to robust morphotypes. I (Larson 2001;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46F292DFAB9603FF959F6AD" author="Larson, P. L. & Donnan, K." box="[1283,1714,2372,2406]" firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, VT" pageId="17" pageNumber="118" refId="ref8088" refString="Larson, P. L., and Donnan, K. 2002. Rex Appeal: The Amazing Story of Sue, the Dinosaur that Changed Science, the Law and Aly Life. Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, VT." title="Rex Appeal: The Amazing Story of Sue, the Dinosaur that Changed Science, the Law and Aly Life" type="book" year="2002">Larson and Donnan 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) supported
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46F292DFD236002FC3EF650" author="Carpenter, K." box="[665,981,2425,2459]" editor="Carpenter K. & Currie, P. J." firstAuthor="Carpenter's" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="17" pageNumber="118" pagination="141 - 145" refId="ref7184" refString="Carpenter, K. 1990. Variations in Tyrannosaurus rex. P. 141 - 145 in Carpenter K., and Currie, P. J. (eds.). Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." title="Variations in Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives" year="1990">Carpenter’s (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conclusion that robust individuals were female. But because of the tenuous nature of these conclusions, I bas e speculated that one way to positively recognize a female is to locate medullary bone within the skeleton (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46F292DFC416362FA55F5F0" author="Larson, P. L. & Donnan, K." box="[1019,1470,2585,2619]" firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, VT" pageId="17" pageNumber="118" refId="ref8088" refString="Larson, P. L., and Donnan, K. 2002. Rex Appeal: The Amazing Story of Sue, the Dinosaur that Changed Science, the Law and Aly Life. Invisible Cities Press, Montpelier, VT." title="Rex Appeal: The Amazing Story of Sue, the Dinosaur that Changed Science, the Law and Aly Life" type="book" year="2002">Larson and Donnan 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Medullary bone is only deposited within the medullary cavity in the long bones of female birds during ovulation, as an aid to the quick mobilization of calcium for egg production (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46D292FFCDD6105FBD8F76B" author="Taylor, T. G." box="[871,1075,2174,2208]" firstAuthor="Taylor" journalOrPublisher="Scientific American" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" pagination="88 - 95" part="222" refId="ref9011" refString="Taylor, T. G. 1970. How an egg shell is made. Scientific American 222 (3): 88 - 95." title="How an egg shell is made" type="journal article" year="1970">Taylor 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46D292FFBFD6105FA06F76B" author="Welty, T. C. & Baptista, L." box="[1095,1517,2174,2208]" firstAuthor="Welty" journalOrPublisher="Saunders College Publications, Fort Worth, TX" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" refId="ref9037" refString="Welty, T. C., and Baptista, L. 1988. The Life of Birds. 4 th ed. Saunders College Publications, Fort Worth, TX." title="The Life of Birds. 4 th ed" type="book" year="1988">Welty and Baptista 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schweitzer et al. this volume). Although the absence of medullary bone is inconclusive (it is not found in males and nonovulating females), its presence unequivocally identifies a female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D46F292DFF0E69D5FDAAFE5B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942923/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="118" targetBox="[667,1902,172,2009]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46F292DFF0E69D5FDAAFE5B" blockId="17.[178,587,172,401]" pageId="17" pageNumber="118">
|
||
Figure 8.10.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46F292DFECD69D5FF15FECB" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="118">Anterior view</emphasis>
|
||
of right metatarsal
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46F292DFD8069A5FDA0FECB" box="[570,587,222,256]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="118">II</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46F292DFF5A6875FDDAFEFB" box="[224,561,270,304]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="118">
|
||
(A) gracile (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46F292DFE2F6875FDCDFEFB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400349" box="[405,550,270,304]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="17" pageNumber="118" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46F292DFF416846FEC9FE94" box="[251,290,317,351]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="118">(B)</emphasis>
|
||
robust
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46F292DFE1B6846FE40FE94" box="[417,427,317,351]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="118">(</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46F292DFE116846FEBBFE5B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400376" collectionCode="TCM" pageId="17" pageNumber="118" specimenCode="TCM 2001.90.1">
|
||
TCM
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46F292DFF086815FEBBFE5B" box="[178,336,366,400]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="118">2001.90.1</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46F292DFEEA6815FEB0FE5B" box="[336,347,366,400]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="118">)</emphasis>
|
||
morphotypes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D46C292EFF2D6C04FC58FA55" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942925" box="[151,947,1404,1439]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942925/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="119" startId="18.[151,247,1407,1439]" targetBox="[146,1892,182,1339]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46C292EFF2D6C04FC58FA55" blockId="18.[151,948,1401,1440]" box="[151,947,1404,1439]" pageId="18" pageNumber="119">
|
||
Figure 8.11. Metatarsal
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46C292EFDB76C06FDF5FA54" box="[525,542,1405,1439]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="119">II</emphasis>
|
||
length
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46C292EFD216C07FD2BFA55" box="[667,704,1404,1438]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="119">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
circumference.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D46C292EFF2D6CA4FD28F9CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942927" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942927" box="[151,707,1502,1536]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942927/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="119" startId="18.[151,247,1503,1535]" targetBox="[146,1892,182,1339]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46C292EFF2D6CA4FD28F9CB" blockId="18.[151,707,1500,1537]" box="[151,707,1502,1536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="119">
|
||
Figure 8.12.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46C292EFEE06CA5FE4DF9CB" box="[346,422,1502,1536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="119">Ilium</emphasis>
|
||
length
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46C292EFD9D6CA5FDA1F9CB" box="[551,586,1502,1536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="119">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
height.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D46D292FFF11610CFE6FF640" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942929/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" startId="19.[171,266,2167,2201]" targetBox="[174,1892,120,2044]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46D292FFF11610CFE6FF640" blockId="19.[168,583,2166,2444]" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
|
||
Figure 8.13. Anterior
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46D292FFE44610CFDACF752" box="[510,583,2167,2201]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">view</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46D292FFF6C61D3FEE8F701" box="[214,259,2216,2250]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">(A)</emphasis>
|
||
left humerus of
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46D292FFF1261A3FE2DF731" box="[168,454,2264,2298]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
|
||
gracile (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46D292FFE9D61A3FE50F731" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400355" box="[295,443,2264,2298]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" specimenCode="BHI 6230">BHI 6230</materialsCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46D292FFDA061A3FDABF731" box="[538,576,2264,2298]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">(B)</emphasis>
|
||
right humerus of robust
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46D292FFF116042FF5EF690" box="[171,181,2361,2395]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">(</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46D292FFF0F6042FE70F690" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400326" box="[181,411,2361,2395]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">
|
||
FMNH
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46D292FFE9F6042FE70F690" box="[293,411,2361,2395]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">PR2081</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46D292FFE216042FE4DF690" box="[411,422,2361,2395]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">)</emphasis>
|
||
morphotypes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46D2929FD67602FFCC5F8E6" blockId="19.[657,1900,2167,2743]" lastBlockId="21.[654,1892,1759,1845]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
|
||
Medullary bone has not been documented in ovulating female crocodilians. Although ovulating birds have medullary bone, there were no guarantees that ancestral nonavian theropods shared this character. What would be the chances of finding the fossil of an ovulating female
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46D292FF96F6088FCD7F581" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46D292FF96F6088FCDDF581" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
preserving the medullary bone, exposing the inside of the medullary cavity, and recognizing and then verifying that the tissue is medullary bone’ Unbelievably, that is exactly what
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46D292FFA2963E8F8FCF57E" author="Schweitzer, M. H. & Wittmever, J. L & Horner, J. R." box="[1427,1815,2707,2741]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schweitzer" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="19" pageNumber="120" pagination="1456 - 1460" part="308" refId="ref8938" refString="Schweitzer, M. H., Wittmever, J. L " and Horner, J. R. 2005. Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 308: 1456 - 1460." title="Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex" type="journal article" year="2005">Schweitzer et al. (2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this volume) did. Schweitzer et al. have verified the presence of medullary bone within the femur of a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46A2928FD536028FBFCF6BE" box="[745,1047,2387,2421]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928FD536028FBFCF6BE" box="[745,1047,2387,2421]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by comparison with medullary bone extracted from laying chickens
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928FC5660F2FC13F660" box="[1004,1016,2441,2475]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">(</emphasis>
|
||
Callus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928FBCF60F2FB09F660" box="[1141,1250,2441,2475]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">gallus)</emphasis>
|
||
and ostriches
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928FEA660C5FEC3F62B" box="[284,296,2494,2528]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">(</emphasis>
|
||
Struthio camelus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928FDFE60C5FDBEF62B" box="[580,597,2494,2528]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">).</emphasis>
|
||
By plotting information from the femur from which the medullary bone was found (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46A2928FC896088FC1FF5DE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400358" box="[819,1012,2547,2581]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" specimenCode="MOR 1125">MOR 1125</materialsCitation>
|
||
), it was found that the specimen clusters with robust morphotypes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="3DC72A1FD46A2928FC2C6352FBC1F580" box="[918,1066,2601,2635]" captionStart="Fig. 8.18" captionText="Figure 8.18. MOR 1125, a female Tyrannosaurus rex, clusters with other robust individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942939/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" targetBox="[160,1856,194,1317]" targetPageId="24">Fig. 8.18</figureCitation>
|
||
), thereby providing independent supporting evidence that the robust morphotypes are most certainly females. We may therefore assume that the gracile morphotvpes are males
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D46A2928FA0469CAF97CFE08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942931" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942931" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942931/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" startId="20.[1470,1565,177,211]" targetBox="[151,1394,171,2188]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46A2928FA0469CAF97CFE08" blockId="20.[1468,1874,176,451]" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Figure 8.14.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928F93B69CAF9E3FEC8" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">Anterior view</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928F987699AF980FEC8" box="[1597,1643,225,259]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">(A)</emphasis>
|
||
left femur of
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928FA06686AF933FEF8" box="[1468,1752,273,307]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">
|
||
gracile (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46A2928F981686AF926FEF8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400429" box="[1595,1741,273,307]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928F896686AF8B9FEF8" box="[1836,1874,273,307]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">(B)</emphasis>
|
||
right femur of robust
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928FA04680BFA22FE59" box="[1470,1481,368,402]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">(</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46A2928FA73680BF95BFE59" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400462" box="[1481,1712,368,402]" collectionCode="TCM" pageId="20" pageNumber="121" specimenCode="TCM 2001.90.1">
|
||
TCM
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928F9AD680BF95BFE59" box="[1559,1712,368,402]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">2001.90.1</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46A2928F90A680BF950FE59" box="[1712,1723,368,402]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="121">)</emphasis>
|
||
morphotypes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F1836612D46B2929FF1C69D5F86DFF05" ID-Table-UUID="F1836612D46B2929FF1C69D5F86DFF05" box="[166,1926,172,208]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F1836612D46B2929FF1C69D5F86DFF05" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" startId="21.[166,248,174,208]" targetBox="[172,1891,270,1678]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46B2929FF1C69D5F86DFF05" blockId="21.[166,1926,170,209]" box="[166,1926,172,208]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Table 8.7. Calculated Mass for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929FD2969D4FC79FF1B" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[659,914,175,208]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FC2169D6FBADFF04" box="[923,1094,173,207]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Specimens</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FB2369D6FAA1FF04" box="[1177,1354,173,207]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Outgroups,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929FAE069D5F9BFFF04" box="[1370,1620,174,207]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929F91269D6F86DFF05" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[1704,1926,173,206]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<table id="D7FCC43AD46BD6C3FF166875F888F945" box="[172,1891,270,1678]" gridcols="7" gridrows="22" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46B2929FF166875F998F945" blockId="21.[162,1909,241,1698]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166875F888FE4C" box="[172,1891,270,391]" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166875FE23FE4C" box="[172,456,270,391]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FF166875FEA7FEE4" bold="true" box="[172,332,270,303]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Specimen</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6875FCE8FE4C" box="[551,771,270,391]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FD9D6874FD9DFEFB" bold="true" box="[551,630,271,304]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Type</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6875FC3EFE4C" box="[865,981,270,391]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FCDB6875FC21FEE4" bold="true" box="[865,970,270,303]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Femur</emphasis>
|
||
Length (mm)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826875FAC4FE4C" box="[1080,1327,270,391]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Femur Circumference (mm)</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6875FA3CFE4C" box="[1412,1495,270,391]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Mass (kg)</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6875F954FE4C" box="[1604,1727,270,391]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Mass (tonne)</th>
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6875F888FE4C" box="[1777,1891,270,391]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Morph</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF1668CBF888FE19" box="[172,1891,432,466]" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF1668CBF888FE19" box="[172,1891,432,466]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929FF1468CBFEEBFE19" box="[174,256,432,466]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FF1468CBFF29FE19" box="[174,194,432,466]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">T.</emphasis>
|
||
rex
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166896F888FDDA" box="[172,1891,493,529]" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166896FE23FDDA" box="[172,456,493,529]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF646896FE9BFDC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400307" box="[222,368,493,527]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6896FC3EFDDA" box="[865,981,493,529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1200</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826896FAC4FDDA" box="[1080,1327,493,529]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">545</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6896FA3CFDDA" box="[1412,1495,493,529]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">4726</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6896F954FDDA" box="[1604,1727,493,529]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">4.7</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6896F888FDDA" box="[1777,1891,493,529]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">R</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166B52F888FD86" box="[172,1891,553,589]" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166B52FE23FD86" box="[172,456,553,589]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF656B52FE5FFD80" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400304" box="[223,436,553,587]" collectionCode="BMNH" httpUri="https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/5bda6356-b77a-41dc-9e6f-12b4fbe54cce/1568678400000" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="BMNH R7994">BMNH R7994</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826B52FAC4FD86" box="[1080,1327,553,589]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">490</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6B52FA3CFD86" box="[1412,1495,553,589]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3535</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6B52F954FD86" box="[1604,1727,553,589]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166B1DF888FD41" box="[172,1891,614,650]" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166B1DFE23FD41" box="[172,456,614,650]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF5A6B1DFE6AFD43" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400412" box="[224,385,614,648]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="MOR 1128">MOR 1128</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6B1DFC3EFD41" box="[865,981,614,650]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1260</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826B1DFAC4FD41" box="[1080,1327,614,650]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">580</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6B1DFA3CFD41" box="[1412,1495,614,650]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">5601</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6B1DF954FD41" box="[1604,1727,614,650]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">5.6</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6B1DF888FD41" box="[1777,1891,614,650]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">R</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166BD8F888FD0D" box="[172,1891,675,710]" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166BD8FE23FD0D" box="[172,456,675,710]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF5A6BD8FE6AFD0E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400331" box="[224,385,675,709]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="MOR 1125">MOR 1125</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6BD8FCE8FD0D" box="[551,771,675,710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">B-rex</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6BD8FC3EFD0D" box="[865,981,675,710]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1150</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826BD8FAC4FD0D" box="[1080,1327,675,710]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">510</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6BD8FA3CFD0D" box="[1412,1495,675,710]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3943</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6BD8F954FD0D" box="[1604,1727,675,710]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3.9</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6BD8F888FD0D" box="[1777,1891,675,710]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">R</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166B9BF888FCC8" box="[172,1891,736,771]" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166B9BFE23FCC8" box="[172,456,736,771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF5A6B9BFE9BFCC9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400458" box="[224,368,736,770]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6B9BFCE8FCC8" box="[551,771,736,771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Wankel rex</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6B9BFC3EFCC8" box="[865,981,736,771]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1275</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826B9BFAC4FCC8" box="[1080,1327,736,771]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">514</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6B9BFA3CFCC8" box="[1412,1495,736,771]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">4028</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6B9BF954FCC8" box="[1604,1727,736,771]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">4.0</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6B9BF888FCC8" box="[1777,1891,736,771]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">G</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166A67F888FC8B" box="[172,1891,796,832]" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166A67FE23FC8B" box="[172,456,796,832]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF5A6A67FE9FFCF5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400419" box="[224,372,796,830]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="MOR 980">MOR 980</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6A67FCE8FC8B" box="[551,771,796,832]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Peck's Rex</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6A67FC3EFC8B" box="[865,981,796,832]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1232</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826A67FAC4FC8B" box="[1080,1327,796,832]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">483</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6A67FA3CFC8B" box="[1412,1495,796,832]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3399</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6A67F954FC8B" box="[1604,1727,796,832]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3.4</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6A67F888FC8B" box="[1777,1891,796,832]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">G</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166A22F888FCB7" box="[172,1891,857,892]" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166A22FE23FCB7" box="[172,456,857,892]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF656A22FE51FCB0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400377" box="[223,442,857,891]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6A22FCE8FCB7" box="[551,771,857,892]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Sue</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6A22FC3EFCB7" box="[865,981,857,892]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1340</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826A22FAC4FCB7" box="[1080,1327,857,892]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">580</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6A22FA3CFCB7" box="[1412,1495,857,892]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">5601</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6A22F954FCB7" box="[1604,1727,857,892]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">5.6</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6A22F888FCB7" box="[1777,1891,857,892]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">R</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166AEEF888FC73" box="[172,1891,917,952]" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166AEEFE23FC73" box="[172,456,917,952]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF656AEEFE81FC7C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400310" box="[223,362,917,951]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6AEEFCE8FC73" box="[551,771,917,952]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Stan</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6AEEFC3EFC73" box="[865,981,917,952]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1310</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826AEEFAC4FC73" box="[1080,1327,917,952]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">500</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6AEEFA3CFC73" box="[1412,1495,917,952]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3735</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6AEEF954FC73" box="[1604,1727,917,952]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3.7</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6AEEF888FC73" box="[1777,1891,917,952]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">G</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166AA9F888FC3E" box="[172,1891,978,1013]" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166AA9FE23FC3E" box="[172,456,978,1013]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF656AA9FE80FC3F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400327" box="[223,363,978,1012]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="BHI 6232">BHI 6232</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6AA9FC3EFC3E" box="[865,981,978,1013]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1180</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826AA9FAC4FC3E" box="[1080,1327,978,1013]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">527</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6AA9FA3CFC3E" box="[1412,1495,978,1013]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">4312</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6AA9F954FC3E" box="[1604,1727,978,1013]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">4.3</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6AA9F888FC3E" box="[1777,1891,978,1013]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">R</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166D74F888FBFA" box="[172,1891,1039,1073]" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166D74FE23FBFA" box="[172,456,1039,1073]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF656D74FE81FBFA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400391" box="[223,362,1039,1073]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="BHI 6233">BHI 6233</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6D74FC3EFBFA" box="[865,981,1039,1073]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1110</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826D74FAC4FBFA" box="[1080,1327,1039,1073]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">515</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6D74FA3CFBFA" box="[1412,1495,1039,1073]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">4049</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6D74F954FBFA" box="[1604,1727,1039,1073]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">4.1</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6D74F888FBFA" box="[1777,1891,1039,1073]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">R</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166D30F888FBA5" box="[172,1891,1099,1134]" gridrow="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166D30FE23FBA5" box="[172,456,1099,1134]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF656D37FE85FBA5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400384" box="[223,366,1100,1134]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="BHI 6230">BHI 6230</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6D30FCE8FBA5" box="[551,771,1099,1134]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Wyrex</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6D30FC3EFBA5" box="[865,981,1099,1134]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1190</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826D30FAC4FBA5" box="[1080,1327,1099,1134]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">494</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6D30FA3CFBA5" box="[1412,1495,1099,1134]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3614</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6D30F954FBA5" box="[1604,1727,1099,1134]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3.6</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6D30F888FBA5" box="[1777,1891,1099,1134]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">G</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166DFCF888FB61" box="[172,1891,1159,1194]" gridrow="13" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166DFCFE23FB61" box="[172,456,1159,1194]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF5A6DF3FE81FB61" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400402" box="[224,362,1160,1194]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="BHI 6242">BHI 6242</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6DFCFCE8FB61" box="[551,771,1159,1194]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Henry</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6DFCFC3EFB61" box="[865,981,1159,1194]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1180</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826DFCFAC4FB61" box="[1080,1327,1159,1194]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">512</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6DFCFA3CFB61" box="[1412,1495,1159,1194]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3985</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6DFCF954FB61" box="[1604,1727,1159,1194]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">4.0</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6DFCF888FB61" box="[1777,1891,1159,1194]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">R</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166DBFF888FB2C" box="[172,1891,1220,1255]" gridrow="14" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166DBFFE23FB2C" box="[172,456,1220,1255]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF5B6DBEFE42FB2C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400374" box="[225,425,1221,1255]" collectionCode="RTMP" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="RTMP 81.12.1">RTMP 81.12.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6DBFFCE8FB2C" box="[551,771,1220,1255]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Huxley</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6DBFFC3EFB2C" box="[865,981,1220,1255]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1200</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826DBFFAC4FB2C" box="[1080,1327,1220,1255]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">560</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6DBFFA3CFB2C" box="[1412,1495,1220,1255]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">5090</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6DBFF954FB2C" box="[1604,1727,1220,1255]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">5.1</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6DBFF888FB2C" box="[1777,1891,1220,1255]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">R</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166C7BF888FAE8" box="[172,1891,1280,1315]" gridrow="15" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166C7BFE23FAE8" box="[172,456,1280,1315]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF5A6C7AFE71FAE8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400389" box="[224,410,1281,1315]" collectionCode="RTMP" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="RTMP 81.6.1">RTMP 81.6.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6C7BFCE8FAE8" box="[551,771,1280,1315]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Back Beauty</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6C7BFC3EFAE8" box="[865,981,1280,1315]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1210</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826C7BFAC4FAE8" box="[1080,1327,1280,1315]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">470</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6C7BFA3CFAE8" box="[1412,1495,1280,1315]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3155</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6C7BF954FAE8" box="[1604,1727,1280,1315]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3.2</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6C7BF888FAE8" box="[1777,1891,1280,1315]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">G</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166C46F888FAAB" box="[172,1891,1341,1376]" gridrow="16" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166C46FE23FAAB" box="[172,456,1341,1376]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF5A6C45FE46FAAB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400435" box="[224,429,1342,1376]" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="USNM V6183">USNM V6183</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6C46FC3EFAAB" box="[865,981,1341,1376]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">990</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826C46FAC4FAAB" box="[1080,1327,1341,1376]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">425</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6C46FA3CFAAB" box="[1412,1495,1341,1376]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">2397</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6C46F954FAAB" box="[1604,1727,1341,1376]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">2.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166C01F888FA57" box="[172,1891,1402,1436]" gridrow="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166C01FE23FA57" box="[172,456,1402,1436]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF5A6C01FE82FA57" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400439" box="[224,361,1402,1436]" collectionCode="LL" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="LL.12823">LL12823</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6C01FC3EFA57" box="[865,981,1402,1436]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1200</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826C01FAC4FA57" box="[1080,1327,1402,1436]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">467</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6C01FA3CFA57" box="[1412,1495,1402,1436]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3100</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6C01F954FA57" box="[1604,1727,1402,1436]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">3.1</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6C01F888FA57" box="[1777,1891,1402,1436]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">G</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166CCDF888FA13" box="[172,1891,1462,1496]" gridrow="18" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166CCDF888FA13" box="[172,1891,1462,1496]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929FF156CCDFEEAFA13" box="[175,257,1462,1496]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FF156CCDFF0AFA13" box="[175,225,1462,1496]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">T. "</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FF4F6CCDFEEAFA13" box="[245,257,1462,1496]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">"</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166C89F888F9DE" box="[172,1891,1522,1557]" gridrow="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166C89FE23F9DE" box="[172,456,1522,1557]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF5B6C89FEBDF9DF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400370" box="[225,342,1522,1556]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="Samson">Samson</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6C89FCE8F9DE" box="[551,771,1522,1557]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FD906C88FD98F9DE" box="[554,627,1523,1557]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">Z-rex</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6C89FC3EF9DE" box="[865,981,1522,1557]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">1295</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826C89FAC4F9DE" box="[1080,1327,1522,1557]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">560</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6C89FA3CF9DE" box="[1412,1495,1522,1557]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">5090</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6C89F954F9DE" box="[1604,1727,1522,1557]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">5.1*</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F94B6C89F888F9DE" box="[1777,1891,1522,1557]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">R</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166F54F888F999" box="[172,1891,1583,1618]" gridrow="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166F54FE23F999" box="[172,456,1583,1618]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FF5B6F54FE23F99A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400437" box="[225,456,1583,1617]" collectionCode="BMR" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="BMR P2002.4.1">BMR P2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6F54FCE8F999" box="[551,771,1583,1618]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929FD936F4BFCE8F999" box="[553,771,1584,1618]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6F54FC3EF999" box="[865,981,1583,1618]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">720</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826F54FAC4F999" box="[1080,1327,1583,1618]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">250</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6F54FA3CF999" box="[1412,1495,1583,1618]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">563</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6F54F954F999" box="[1604,1727,1583,1618]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">0.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FD9D6F10FCE8F945" box="[551,771,1643,1678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929FD966F17FD1AF945" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" box="[556,753,1644,1678]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="113" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FCDB6F10FC3EF945" box="[865,981,1643,1678]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">825</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FB826F10FAC4F945" box="[1080,1327,1643,1678]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">270</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FA3E6F10FA3CF945" box="[1412,1495,1643,1678]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">695</td>
|
||
<td id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3F9FE6F10F954F945" box="[1604,1727,1643,1678]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">0.7</td>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46B2929FF646F10FE57F946" blockId="21.[162,1909,241,1698]" box="[222,444,1643,1677]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<tr id="1BCC34D8D46BD6C3FF166F10F888F945" box="[172,1891,1643,1678]" gridrow="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="581D5DA4D46BD6C3FF166F10FE23F945" box="[172,456,1643,1678]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">TCM2001.89.1</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46B2929FF1D6F9DFE8CF892" blockId="21.[167,484,1758,1881]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<tableNote id="581A3714D46B2929FF1D6F9DFE8CF892" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" targetBox="[172,1891,270,1678]" targetPageId="21">Abbreviations:— G, gracile: R, robust. * Mean, 4.1.</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46B2929FF126EC3FE6AF821" blockId="21.[168,385,1976,2026]" box="[168,385,1976,2026]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<heading id="FE0B81F6D46B2929FF126EC3FE6AF821" bold="true" box="[168,385,1976,2026]" fontSize="17" level="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" reason="0">Conclusion</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46B2929FD376EB8F937F609" blockId="21.[653,1897,1979,2714]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
This study examined 34 specimens that have been assigned by various authors to
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FCA76E8CFBBAF7D2" box="[797,1105,2039,2073]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929FCA76E8CFBA6F7D2" box="[797,1101,2039,2073]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This list also included specimens ascribed by some authors to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929FC276157FAC8F785" authority="Gilmore, 1946" box="[925,1315,2092,2126]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanotyrannus lancensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
but synonymized by others with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929F8F26150FD54F74E" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FD356118FD54F74E" box="[655,703,2147,2181]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FD056118FD28F74E" box="[703,707,2147,2181]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">.</emphasis>
|
||
By use of shared and derived characters, these specimens (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929F938611AF8B6F748" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400387" box="[1666,1885,2145,2179]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FD2A61E3FC98F772" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400425" box="[656,883,2199,2234]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="LACM 23871">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FC3E61ECFB6CF772" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400373" box="[900,1159,2199,2233]" collectionCode="BMR" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="BMR P2002.4.1">BMR P2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FB6761ECFA93F773" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400394" box="[1245,1400,2198,2233]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="BHI 6235">BHI 6235</materialsCitation>
|
||
) may clearly be removed from the clade, thus validating the work of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46B2929FB5961B7FA36F726" author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[1251,1501,2251,2286]" firstAuthor="Gilmore" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" pagination="1 - 19" part="106" refId="ref7823" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1946. A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 106: 1 - 19." title="A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana" type="journal article" year="1946">Gilmore (1946)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD46B2929F99761B0F8B5F726" author="Bakker, R. T. & Williams, M. & Currie, P." box="[1581,1886,2251,2285]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" pagination="1 - 26" part="1" refId="ref6987" refString="Bakker, R. T., Williams, M., and Currie, P. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1 (5): 1 - 26." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pvgmv tyrannosaur, from the Latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Also ofcontention is a group of4 specimens (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FAE1607BF9DBF6E9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400332" box="[1371,1584,2304,2338]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929F987607BF90EF6E9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400319" box="[1597,1765,2304,2338]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="MOR 008">MOR 008</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929F94F607BFD19F691" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400306" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" speciimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D46B2929FCF7604CFC25F692" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400383" box="[845,974,2359,2393]" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" specimenCode="Samson">Samson</materialsCitation>
|
||
) that have been referred to as
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FA05604DF908F693" box="[1471,1763,2358,2392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929FA05604DF935F693" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1471,1758,2358,2392]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species=""x"">Tyrannosaurus “x</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
” Again, by use of taxonomic characters, there is ample evidence to remove them from the species
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FCF160DAFC6BF608" box="[843,896,2465,2499]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">rex,</emphasis>
|
||
but maintain them within the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FA5260DBF937F609" box="[1512,1756,2464,2498]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929FA5260DBF93CF609" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1512,1751,2464,2498]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A543369AD46B292BFD6160ADFAD6F742" blockId="21.[653,1897,1979,2714]" lastBlockId="23.[670,1911,1985,2187]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
By use of morphometric
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FB3A60ADFAEEF633" box="[1152,1285,2518,2552]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">analysis</emphasis>
|
||
, gracile and robust morphs are confirmed to be present within the clade
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D46B2929FAAE6370F9A1F5E6" box="[1300,1610,2571,2605]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D46B2929FAAE6370F9ADF5E6" box="[1300,1606,2571,2605]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Extant phylogenetic bracketing (comparison with living crocodiles and birds) leads us to conclude that the existence of these 2 morphs most parsimoniously represents sexual dimorphism. The discovery of medullary bone within the medullary cavity of a robust specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D469292BFADA6E87FA50F7D5" box="[1376,1467,2044,2078]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D469292BFA366E87FA50F7D5" box="[1420,1467,2044,2078]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="124">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
established
|
||
<materialsCitation id="15943CC7D469292BF9346E87F8ADF7D5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396400395" box="[1678,1862,2044,2078]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="23" pageNumber="124" specimenCode="MOR 1125">MOR 1125</materialsCitation>
|
||
as female (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C16D4B6BD469292BFC92614AFB75F798" author="Schweitzer, M. H. & Wittmever, J. L & Horner, J. R." box="[808,1182,2097,2131]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schweitzer" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="23" pageNumber="124" pagination="1456 - 1460" part="308" refId="ref8938" refString="Schweitzer, M. H., Wittmever, J. L " and Horner, J. R. 2005. Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 308: 1456 - 1460." title="Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex" type="journal article" year="2005">Schweitzer et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and therefore all other robust
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62FC4D19D469292BF90B614AF8E1F798" box="[1713,1802,2097,2131]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="9788EA88D469292BF961614AF8E1F798" box="[1755,1802,2097,2131]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="124">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens are, in all probability, also female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |