treatments-xml/data/82/69/F3/8269F333FCF1547F96290F179013CC7F.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c489096b-11b5-48b9-bd0b-b08af903a201" ID-PMC="PMC6821834" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-134-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="05B0E5AA9A175E549730B523BCD54C03" ID-PubMed="31686954" ModsDocID="1314-2003-134-1" checkinTime="1571900138529" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Santamaria-Aguilar, Daniel, Aguilar, Reinaldo &amp; Lagomarsino, Laura P." docDate="2019" docId="8269F333FCF1547F96290F179013CC7F" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 134: 1-82" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 134" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979" docTitle="Virola otobifolia Santamaría-Aguilar &amp; Aguilar &amp; Lagomarsino 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="05B0E5AA9A175E549730B523BCD54C03" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="05B0E5AA9A175E549730B523BCD54C03" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic synopsis of Virola (Myristicaceae) in Mesoamerica, including six new species" masterLastPageNumber="82" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668139543812" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A taxonomic synopsis of Virola (Myristicaceae) in Mesoamerica, including six new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Santamaria-Aguilar, Daniel</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Aguilar, Reinaldo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lagomarsino, Laura P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>134</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>82</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-134-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159834613" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8269F333FCF1547F96290F179013CC7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8269F333FCF1547F96290F179013CC7F" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
13. 
<taxonomicName LSID="8269F333-FCF1-547F-9629-0F179013CC7F" authority="D. Santam." authorityName="Santamaría-Aguilar &amp; Aguilar &amp; Lagomarsino" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia" status="sp. nov.">Virola otobifolia D.Santam.</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Comparisons of Virola macrocarpa with similar species in Mesoamerica A V. allenii (P. H. Allen 5763, F; inset fruits, from P. H. Allen 6727, GH) B V. amistadensis (G. McPherson 9717, MO; inset fruits, from G. McPherson 9715, MO) C V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrance 675, MO) D V. otobifolia (J. P. Folsom 1440, MO). Image courtesy of Field Museum (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349089" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure7">Figs 7D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Virola otobifolia A branch with leaf blades showing both surfaces and inflorescences B leaf blade, venation and base on abaxial surface C infructescence D fruits E detail of fruit, showing an aril of an immature fruit. Virola surinamensis. F Branch with inflorescences G, H leaf blade on adaxial (G) and abaxial surface (H). I Infructescence J detail of fruits, including a longitudinal section of an immature fruit. Photos by Rolando Perez (A, B from https: // stricollections. org / portal / index. php); Jerry Harrison (C), Alwyn H. Gentry (D, E from http: // www. tropicos. org) and John P. Janovec (F-J from http: // atrium. andesamazon. org /)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349105" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure23">
, 23 
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Virola otobifolia A branch with leaves and inflorescences B fruits. Drawn by Pedro Juarez, based on S. Mori &amp; J. Kallunki 5542 (A) and J. P. Folsom 1440 (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349108" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure26">, 26</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Species most similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola macrocarpa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having leaf blades that are discolorous abaxially with stellate, sessile trichomes with a reddish central portion and similar number of lateral veins (10-16) that are not densely spaced. However, it differs in its leaves with dense, but inconspicuously pubescent leaf undersides (vs. inconspicuously puberulent) with 2-4 veins per 5 cm that are 1.7-3 cm apart (vs. 4-5 veins per 5 cm, 0.8-1.5 cm apart) and fruits that are (2.7-) 3.5-4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(1.9-) 2.3-2.9 cm, densely tomentose with persistent trichomes, a rugose surface when dry and a line of dehiscence that is conspicuously carinate (vs. 2.7-3.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-2.3 cm, tomentellous, with caducous, dust-like trichomes, a smooth surface when dry, the line of dehiscence slightly carinate), as well as the production of thicker pericarp [(2.7-) 3-4.7 mm vs. 1.8-3 mm thick].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Panama. [
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
: Chepo], El Llano 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cartí">Carti</normalizedToken>
road 6.9 km N of Panamerican Highway, 350-500 m elev., 23 Jan 1977 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. P. Folsom 1440</emphasis>
(holotype: MO-2 sheets! [2601823, MO117643, 5551400, MO299335]; isotype: PMA!* [101093, PMA111119]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tree</emphasis>
6-30 m 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
24.9-37.3 cm DBH; bark not described. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Exudate</emphasis>
from the trunk sometimes described as red, watery-red, or black-reddish. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Twigs</emphasis>
0.23-0.34 cm, terete to slightly flattened, glabrescent to puberulent, trichomes stellate to irregularly stellate, ferruginous to greyish. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leaves</emphasis>
: petiole (1-) 1.3-2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.19-0.44 cm, flat to very slightly canaliculate, tomentose, the trichomes stellate; leaf blades (14-) 18.2-42.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(4.1-) 7.3-14.2 cm, oblong to elliptic; adaxial surface of mature leaf blades brown (sometimes shining) when dry, glabrous or sometimes with scattered stellate trichomes (especially along the veins), the surface smooth; abaxial surface when drying whitish-greyish or sometimes very light brown, dense but inconspicuously pubescent, trichomes stellate, sessile, the central part of the trichome usually reddish, contrasting in colour with the hyaline branches to reddish-clear, with 4-11 branches, the branches 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.01-0.05 mm, persistent; lateral veins 10-16 per side, 2-4 veins per 5 cm, 1.7-3 cm apart, the same colour as the adaxial surface, on adaxial surface flat to slightly sunken, on abaxial surface slightly elevated, arcuate, slightly anastomosing near the margin and without forming a very marked intramarginal vein; tertiary veins barely visible on both surfaces; midvein adaxially elevated, but submerged in a channel, abaxially raised, triangular to rounded, tomentose; base acute to obtuse, sometimes slightly cordate, not revolute, flat; margin flat to slightly revolute; apex acuminate. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Staminate inflorescences</emphasis>
3.5-9.5 cm long, axillary either at a leaf or at a leafless node, axes flattened or irregularly flattened, tomentose, with trichomes irregularly stellate to irregularly dendritic, brown to ferruginous; peduncle 1.4-2.2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.22-0.34 cm long; bracts not seen; terminal fascicles lax, with 5-13 flowers. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Staminate flower</emphasis>
with the pedicel 1.5-2 mm long; receptacle 0.7-1.5 mm wide;; perianth 2.5-2.8 mm long, infundibuliform, yellow or brown when fresh, connate by 0.9-1.5 mm long, abaxial surface pubescent with brown trichomes, adaxial surface glabrous or with few trichomes close to the base; lobes 3 (4), 1.2-1.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.9-1.1 mm; stamens 3 (-6), the filament column 0.9-1 mm long, straight and very thickened throughout its length, fleshy, constricted at the apex; anthers 0.6-1 mm long; apiculus ca. 0.1 mm long, acute to apiculate, connate or slightly separate. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pistillate inflorescences</emphasis>
3.2-4 cm long (immature), axillary, axes flattened or irregularly flattened, tomentose, with trichomes stellate, brown to ferruginous; peduncle 0.6-1.2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
ca. 3.2 cm long; bracts not seen. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pistillate flowers</emphasis>
not seen. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Infructescence</emphasis>
3.2-5 cm long, with (1-) 2-4 fruits, peduncle 1-3.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.35-0.53 cm. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fruits</emphasis>
(2.7-) 3.5-4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(1.9-) 2.3-2.9 cm, ellipsoid, shortly stipitate, densely tomentose, the trichomes stellate, ferruginous, persistent, the surface rugose when dry, the line of dehiscence conspicuously carinate, the base obtuse to subtruncate, the apex acute to acuminate, brown (possibly by pubescence), although presumably green when fresh; pericarp (2.7-) 3-4.7 mm thick; pedicel 0.5-0.8 (-1) cm long; seed 2.5-2.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-1.7 cm, the testa dark brown when dry, markedly grooved; aril described as red when fresh, brown to blackish when dry, membranaceous, with a dry texture, thin, laciniate in narrow bands distally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distinctive characters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recognised by its large leaf blades with well-spaced lateral veins (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Pattern of the lateral veins in Mesoamerican Virola A Virola allenii (K. Thomsen 1284, NO) B V. amistadensis (G. McPherson 8703, MO) C V. chrysocarpa (B. Hammel et al. 16864, MO) D V. elongata (M. Correa &amp; R. L. Dressler 1078, MO) E V. fosteri (G. de Nevers 7226, MO) F V. guatemalensis (G. Ibarra 957, MO) G V. koschnyi (J. Miller &amp; J. C. Sandino 1110, MO) H V. laevigata (N. Zamora &amp; T. D. Pennington 1583, MO) I V. megacarpa (G. de Nevers 5184, MO) J V. montana (E. Lepiz &amp; J. F. Morales 284, MO) K V. multiflora (J. Manzanares 3561, MO) L V. nobilis from Barro Colorado (R. J. Schmalzel 320, MO) M V. otobifolia (G. de Nevers et al. 7530, MO) N V. sebifera (T. B. Croat 5959, MO) O V. nobilis from Osa Peninsula (R. Aguilar 11186, MO)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349090" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure8">Fig. 8M</figureCitation>
) and a whitish abaxial surface that is covered with stellate, sessile trichomes (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Trichomes in Mesoamerican Virola A Virola allenii (R. Aguilar 2224, MO) B V. amistadensis (G. McPherson 8703, MO) C V. chrysocarpa (O. Valverde 970, MO) D V. elongata (G. McPherson 13674, MO) E V. fosteri (G. McPherson 20913, MO) F V. guatemalensis (R. Cedillo 3349, MO) G V. koschnyi (R. E. Gereau et al. 3455, MO) H V. laevigata (R. Aguilar 2004, MO) I V. megacarpa (J. A. Duke 15261, MO) J V. montana (E. Bello 855, MO) K V. multiflora (R. Rueda et al. 8196, MO; inset, J. C. Sandino 3302, MO) L V. nobilis from Barro Colorado (R. J. Schmalzel 320, MO) M V. otobifolia (G. de Nevers &amp; H. Herrera 7056, MO) N V. sebifera (F. Almeda et al. 5553, MO) O V. nobilis from Osa Peninsula (R. Aguilar 11186, MO)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349085" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure3">Fig. 3M</figureCitation>
); staminate flowers that have a filament column that is straight and very thickened throughout its length, except where it is constricted at the apex and anthers that are almost the same length as the filament column; and its large fruits with thick pericarp that are densely tomentose and with a conspicuously carinate line of dehiscence (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Fruits of Mesoameican Virola, organised in groups of morphologically similar species A V. allenii (P. H. Allen 6727, GH) B V. amistadensis (G. McPherson 9715, MO) C V. otobifolia (A. Gentry &amp; S. Mori 14199, MO) D V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrance 675, MO) E V. chrysocarpa (B. Hammel et al. 16864, MO) F V. koschnyi (R. Robles 1587, MO) G V. guatemalensis (S. Sinaca 1542, MO) H V. montana (J. Utley &amp; K. Utley 5054, MO) I V. fosteri (S. Mori &amp; J. Kallunki 4891, MO) J V. multiflora (R. Rueda et a. l 9960, MO) K V. sebifera (T. B. Croat 5959, MO) L V. elongata (J. D. Dwyer &amp; M. Correa 8420, MO) M V. laevigata (R. Aguilar 1585, MO) N V. nobilis from Barro Colorado (T. B. Croat 8090, MO) O V. nobilis from the Osa Peninsula (G. Herrera 4222, MO) P V. megacarpa (G. de Nevers 5184, MO). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349086" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure4">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The specific epithet refers to the similarity of the leaf blades with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.Karsten" authorityYear="1882" baseAuthorityName="A.DC." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Otoba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Otoba" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Otoba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, another member of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="H.Karsten" authorityYear="1882" baseAuthorityName="A.DC." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Myristicaceae</taxonomicName>
. This epithet was, in part, inspired by the fact that some of the first collections of this new species were initially confused with this genus (as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Dialyanthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dialyanthera" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dialyanthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Warb.; e.g. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. Gentry &amp; S. Mori 14199</emphasis>
, MO).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known in Panama (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Colón">Colon</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
and San Blas), where it is found on the Caribbean slope (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Geographic distribution of Virola otobifolia (A) and V. sebifera (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349109" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure27">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
). It has been recorded between 50-850 m elevation.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349108" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 26" startId="F26">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
branch with leaves and inflorescences 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
fruits. Drawn by Pedro Juarez, based on 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. Mori &amp; J. Kallunki 5542</emphasis>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
) and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. P. Folsom 1440</emphasis>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349109" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 27" startId="F27">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 27.</emphasis>
Geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
) and 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. sebifera" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sebifera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. sebifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola obtobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola obtobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is Endangered following IUCN criteria B1a and B2a. Justifying this status, it has both a small EOO (3,269 km2) and AOO (36 km2) and is known from only five localities.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Panama: velario, miguelario; cuinur burwi, putmas (Kuna).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded with flowers and fruits in February to April and one collection with fruits was made in October.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Field characters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Exudate is slow to appear and is watery and red-black. Leaf blades are whitish abaxially. Flowers have yellow perianth. Fruits are green, but appearing brown (possibly due to pubescence).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been confused with and identified as 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. macrocarpa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Correa, MD" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B17" refString="Correa, MD, Galdames, C, Stapf, M, 2004. Catalogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Panama. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama" title="Catalogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Panama." year="2004">Correa et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400836178" author="Condit, R" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, New Jersey" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B15" refString="Condit, R, Perez, R, Daguerre, N, 2011. Trees of Panama and Costa Rica. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400836178" title="Trees of Panama and Costa Rica." url="https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400836178" year="2011">Condit et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Fruits of Mesoameican Virola, organised in groups of morphologically similar species A V. allenii (P. H. Allen 6727, GH) B V. amistadensis (G. McPherson 9715, MO) C V. otobifolia (A. Gentry &amp; S. Mori 14199, MO) D V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrance 675, MO) E V. chrysocarpa (B. Hammel et al. 16864, MO) F V. koschnyi (R. Robles 1587, MO) G V. guatemalensis (S. Sinaca 1542, MO) H V. montana (J. Utley &amp; K. Utley 5054, MO) I V. fosteri (S. Mori &amp; J. Kallunki 4891, MO) J V. multiflora (R. Rueda et a. l 9960, MO) K V. sebifera (T. B. Croat 5959, MO) L V. elongata (J. D. Dwyer &amp; M. Correa 8420, MO) M V. laevigata (R. Aguilar 1585, MO) N V. nobilis from Barro Colorado (T. B. Croat 8090, MO) O V. nobilis from the Osa Peninsula (G. Herrera 4222, MO) P V. megacarpa (G. de Nevers 5184, MO). Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349086" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure4">Figs 4D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Comparisons of Virola macrocarpa with similar species in Mesoamerica A V. allenii (P. H. Allen 5763, F; inset fruits, from P. H. Allen 6727, GH) B V. amistadensis (G. McPherson 9717, MO; inset fruits, from G. McPherson 9715, MO) C V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrance 675, MO) D V. otobifolia (J. P. Folsom 1440, MO). Image courtesy of Field Museum (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349089" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure7">7C</figureCitation>
), probably due to the similar size of the fruits and the leaf morphology (i.e. large discolorous leaf blades, with stellate, sessile trichomes with a reddish centre, and lateral veins that are well-separated). However, it is easily distinguished by the leaf width, pubescence on abaxial surface of the leaves, the number of lateral veins, fruit morphology and habitat; a comparative table of these two species is presented in Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 7" captionStartId="T7" captionText="Table 7. Morphological comparison between Virola otobifolia and V. macrocarpa." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E9EDF7D95C03B15C935BF3943DEC6809" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="E9EDF7D95C03B15C935BF3943DEC6809">7</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="E9EDF7D95C03B15C935BF3943DEC6809" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E9EDF7D95C03B15C935BF3943DEC6809" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Table 7" startId="T7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Table 7.</emphasis>
Morphological comparison between 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. macrocarpa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Characters</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. macrocarpa" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="macrocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. macrocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Leaf blades</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
(14-) 18.2-42.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(4.1-) 7.3-14.2 cm; dense, but inconspicuously pubescent on abaxial side
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
20-40 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7-11 cm; inconspicuously puberulent on abaxial side*
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Lateral veins</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">10-16 per side, 2-4 veins per 5 cm, 1.7-3 cm apart</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">14-16 per side*, 4-5 veins per 5 cm, 0.8-1.5 cm apart</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Petiole</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
(1-) 1.3-2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.19-0.44 cm
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
1.5-2.3* 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.18-0.23 cm
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Fruit</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
(2.7-) 3.5-4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(1.9-) 2.3-2.9 cm; densely tomentose, with persistent trichomes; the surface rugose when dry, the line of dehiscence conspicuously carinate.
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
2.7-3.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-2.3 cm*; tomentellous, with cauducous trichomes that are dust-like when they fall; the surface smooth when dry, the line of dehiscence slightly carinate.
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Pericarp</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">(2.7-) 3-4.7 mm thick</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1.8-3 mm thick</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Habitat</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
Lowland or premontane rain forest, Central Panama (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, San Blas) at 50-850 m elevation
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
Montane forests at high elevations Andes of Colombia (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boyacá">Boyaca</normalizedToken>
) at 1100 m elevation*
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<tableNote pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
* From 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2804799" author="Smith, AC" journalOrPublisher="Brittonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="393 - 510" refId="B90" refString="Smith, AC, Wodehouse, RP, 1938. The American species of Myristicaceae. Brittonia 2 (5): 393 - 510, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2804799" title="The American species of Myristicaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2804799" volume="2" year="1938">Smith and Wodehouse 1938</bibRefCitation>
(except the pericarp).
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Two similar species from Mesoamerica that resemble 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Virola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virola otobifolia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="otobifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Virola otobifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are: 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. allenii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="allenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. allenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Virola allenii A treetop B branching C lower trunk and buttress D branch with leaves, showing the adaxial surface E leaf blades on abaxial surface F exudate of the trunk G leaf blade surfaces, adaxial (above) and abaxial (below) H petiole and leaf base I mature fruit, inset left and arrow showing the galls on leaves and branches, respectively J fruits K fruit close-up. Photos by Reinaldo Aguilar." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349088" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure6">Figs 6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Comparisons of Virola macrocarpa with similar species in Mesoamerica A V. allenii (P. H. Allen 5763, F; inset fruits, from P. H. Allen 6727, GH) B V. amistadensis (G. McPherson 9717, MO; inset fruits, from G. McPherson 9715, MO) C V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrance 675, MO) D V. otobifolia (J. P. Folsom 1440, MO). Image courtesy of Field Museum (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349089" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure7">7A</figureCitation>
), which ocurrs in the lowland wet forest on the Pacific slope of Costa Rica and 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myristicaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="V. amistadensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="amistadensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. amistadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Comparisons of Virola macrocarpa with similar species in Mesoamerica A V. allenii (P. H. Allen 5763, F; inset fruits, from P. H. Allen 6727, GH) B V. amistadensis (G. McPherson 9717, MO; inset fruits, from G. McPherson 9715, MO) C V. macrocarpa (A. E. Lawrance 675, MO) D V. otobifolia (J. P. Folsom 1440, MO). Image courtesy of Field Museum (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/349089" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.134.37979.figure7">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
) from montane forests of Costa Rica and Panama on the Caribbean slope. Morphological comparison between these species is presented in Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Comparison of Virola allenii with the two other morphologically most similar species in Mesoamerica." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F0B1B2423AD169B5D41C14685AACA9A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="F0B1B2423AD169B5D41C14685AACA9A1">3</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The holotype, deposited at Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), represents a single collection mounted on two sheets that are clearly labelled (&quot;Sheet 1 of 2,&quot; &quot;Sheet 2 of 2) as being parts of the same specimen (ICN Art. 8.3) (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland, NJ" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B105" refString="Turland, NJ, Wiersema, JH, Barrie, FR, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Kusber, W-H, Li, D-Z, Marhold, K, May, TW, McNeill, J, Monro, AM, Prado, J, Price, MJ, Smith, GF, 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Panama. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Colón">Colon</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Teck Cominco Petaquilla, 200 m elev., 21 Feb 2008 (fl bud), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. McPherson 20135</emphasis>
(MO!); [Donoso] Westernmost part of province, site of proposed copper mine (INMET), 150 m elev., 12 Apr 2009 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. McPherson 20905</emphasis>
(MO!). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: [Chepo] El Llano 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cartí">Carti</normalizedToken>
road, near El Llano, [460 m elev.], 27 Mar 1976 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T. B. Croat 33725</emphasis>
(MO!); Cerro Jefe, Parque Nacional Chagres, [985 m elev.], 17 Jan 2002 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
N. Flores &amp; R. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aizprúa">Aizprua</normalizedToken>
B3156
</emphasis>
(MO!); [Chepo] El Llano 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cartí">Carti</normalizedToken>
road 18 km from Pan-Americana Highway, 330-370 m elev., 14 Feb 1975 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. Gentry &amp; S. Mori 14199</emphasis>
(MO!, SCZ!*); El Llano-Carti road, 12.7 km N from Pan American Highway, 350 m elev., 15 Feb 1975 (fl bud), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. Gentry &amp; S. Mori 14213</emphasis>
(MO!); below Cerro Jefe, along road to 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Pacora, 850 m elev., 09 Jan 1986 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. McPherson 7946</emphasis>
(INPA!*, MO!, PMA!*). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">San Blas</emphasis>
: El 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Llano-Cartí">Llano-Carti</normalizedToken>
road, 24.5-25 km from PanAmerican highway, [250-350 m elev.], 12 Apr 1975 (♂ fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. Mori &amp; J. Kallunki 5542</emphasis>
(MO!); El Llano-Carti road, 350 m elev., 01 Oct 1984 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. de Nevers &amp; H. Herrera 3981</emphasis>
(MO!, MEXU!*, PMA!*); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cangandí">Cangandi</normalizedToken>
, 30 m elev., 10 Feb 1986 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. de Nevers &amp; H. Herrera 7056</emphasis>
(MO!, INPA!*, PMA!*); ibid, 10 Feb 1986 (fl bud), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. de Nevers &amp; H. Herrera 7068</emphasis>
(MO!, INPA!*); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cangandí">Cangandi</normalizedToken>
, 30 m elev., 27 Mar 1986 (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. de Nevers et al. 7430</emphasis>
(MO-2 sheets!, PMA!*); ibid, 27 Mar 1986 (fl bud), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. de Nevers et al. 7448</emphasis>
(MO!); ibid, 27 Mar 1986 (♂ fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. de Nevers et al. 7530</emphasis>
(MEXU!*, MO!, PMA!*); ibid, 27 Mar 1986 (fl bud), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. de Nevers et al. 7605, 7607</emphasis>
(MEXU!*, MO!, PMA!*).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>