447 lines
58 KiB
XML
447 lines
58 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A2EC3BFC30A13416886BB23CAA74935E">Rediscovery and an additional record of Terminalia kangeanensis (Combretaceae), a long lost threatened species from Indonesia</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="05CAE28954DFBF542A222FF96721F491" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="45DA68F983EFC0F73813D85CD22C2608">Metusala, Destario</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4049A043B57503E47CCAD3E1DEA8C0F7">Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor-Jakarta km. 46, West Java, Indonesia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="464BBAE137E5FFD572706B1568C9157B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="03C84058BB662FC464585317B946CF3C">Farishy, Dee Dee Al</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BF56BDC4D0322283074C0E9FBF5E4A5B">Health Science Cluster, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="64A291459DBC39FF56FCD166AB4B6C21">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="762FBEAFB3BD0A023C494463C8A04F09">
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<mods:date id="1C32760BB2F1A447AD79658EEEF6A9C0">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2FDA473039E914C10CB82C28048DF9AC">2022-10-27</mods:number>
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<treatment id="DB628793FFB6FFF992E22B4EFE4B90FC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7256666" ID-GBIF-Taxon="203696091" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7256666" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DB628793FFB6FFF992E22B4EFE4B90FC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DB628793FFB6FFF992E22B4EFE4B90FC" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">
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<heading id="083C81E9FFB6FFFD92E22B4EFCFC9458" box="[136,826,1549,1576]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" reason="3">
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<treatmentCitation id="D26A1094FFB6FFFD92E22B4EFD419458" author="Slooten, D. F." box="[136,647,1549,1576]" page=")" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" year="1924">
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<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB6FFFD92E22B4EFD419458" ID-CoL="55G8D" authority="Slooten (1924: 35)" authorityName="Slooten" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1924" box="[136,647,1549,1576]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
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<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB6FFFD92E22B4EFE6D9458" bold="true" box="[136,427,1549,1576]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Terminalia kangeanensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB6FFFD93D82B4EFD419458" author="Slooten, D. F." box="[434,647,1549,1576]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" pagination="35 - 38" refId="ref4545" refString="Slooten, D. F. (1924) The Combretaceae of the Dutch East Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique De Buitenzorg 3: 35 - 38." type="journal article" year="1924">Slooten (1924: 35)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<figureCitation id="CBF02A00FFB6FFFD90F82B4EFD3A9458" box="[658,764,1549,1576]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1620,1642]" captionTargetBox="[340,1244,500,1595]" captionTargetId="figure-159@3.[340,1247,497,1595]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Terminalia kangeanensis in Tabuhan island.A), Stem and branches. B), Leaf arrangements. C), Inflorescence with fruits. D), Fruits (close view). Photos by Destario Metusala." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7256676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7256676/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Figures 3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CBF02A00FFB6FFFD91632B4DFCDF9458" box="[777,793,1550,1576]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[136,229,828,850]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,194,798]" captionTargetId="figure-23@4.[340,1247,190,804]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Terminalia kangeanensis from Tabuhan island (dried herbarium, RIO 9271). A), Leaves. B), Leaf gland on adaxial surface.C), Leaf domatia in vein axils. D), Inflorescence with fruits. E), Fruit variation. Square unit scale = 1×1 cm. Photos by Destario Metusala." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7256678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7256678/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CBF02A00FFB6FFFD914F2B4EFCF39458" box="[805,821,1549,1576]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1448,1470]" captionTargetBox="[371,1194,190,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[340,1247,190,1423]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Leaves in flat shape (above) and fruits in cross-section (below). A). Terminalia kangeanensis from Tabuhan island (RIO 2971), B). Terminalia cf. microcarpa, misidentified as T. kangeanensis (Living collection in Bogor Botanic Gardens (XXIV.A.6)). Crosssection of fruits: outer layer is pulp, loculus and hollows drawn in black, sclerenchyma white, alveolar tissue dotted. Drawing by Destario Metusala." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7256680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7256680/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">5</figureCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="1BD1650EFFB6FFFD92E22B76FE3F956D" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="53743685FFB6FFFD92E22B76FDCC94C6" blockId="2.[136,1452,1589,1719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">
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<materialsCitation id="E3A33CD8FFB6FFFD92E22B76FC51941E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3948273302" collectingDate="1919-04-14" collectionCode="L" collectorName="Backer" country="Indonesia" county="Grow" elevation="5" location="Type" municipality="Sapapan island" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
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<location id="5614605EFFB6FFFD92E22B76FF7C943A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DB628793FFB6FFF992E22B4EFE4B90FC:5614605EFFB6FFFD92E22B76FF7C943A" box="[136,186,1589,1610]" country="Indonesia" county="Grow" municipality="Sapapan island" name="Type" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Type</location>
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:—
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<collectingCountry id="2BDC7615FFB6FFFD92BC2B76FE9B943A" box="[214,349,1589,1610]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">INDONESIA</collectingCountry>
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.
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<location id="5614605EFFB6FFFD93022B76FE7B943A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DB628793FFB6FFF992E22B4EFE4B90FC:5614605EFFB6FFFD93022B76FE7B943A" box="[360,445,1589,1610]" country="Indonesia" county="Grow" municipality="Sapapan island" name="Kangean" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Kangean</location>
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archipelago,
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<collectingMunicipality id="B310ACFFFFB6FFFD902D2B76FD1B943B" box="[583,733,1589,1611]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Sapapan island</collectingMunicipality>
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.
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<collectingCounty id="BA154E09FFB6FFFD90802B76FCE7943A" box="[746,801,1589,1610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Grow</collectingCounty>
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on cliff, alt. ca.
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</quantity>
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,
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<date id="27751045FFB6FFFD966D2B76FB53943A" box="[1031,1173,1589,1611]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" value="1919-04-14">
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<collectingDate id="3731E9ADFFB6FFFD966D2B76FB53943A" box="[1031,1173,1589,1611]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" value="1919-04-14">14 April 1919</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB6FFFD96C82B76FAEA943A" box="[1186,1324,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">
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<collectorName id="FE3E5353FFB6FFFD96C82B76FB20943A" box="[1186,1254,1589,1610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Backer</collectorName>
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28449
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||
</emphasis>
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, barcode
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<collectionCode id="35DAAE40FFB6FFFD97FB2B76FA59943A" box="[1425,1439,1589,1610]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
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– 0867768, catalogue number
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||
<collectionCode id="35DAAE40FFB6FFFD93B12B1AFE2C941F" box="[475,490,1625,1647]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
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.2494369 (
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<collectionCode id="35DAAE40FFB6FFFD903C2B1AFDAC941E" box="[598,618,1625,1646]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
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!,
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<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB6FFFD90162B1AFC4B941E" bold="true" box="[636,909,1625,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">
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<typeStatus id="8C708827FFB6FFFD90162B1AFD1F941E" box="[636,729,1625,1646]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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, designated here
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</emphasis>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="E3A33CD8FFB6FFFD91CF2B1AFDC194C6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3948273303" collectionCode="BO, L" collectorName="Backer" country="Indonesia" location="Remaining" municipality="Koorders" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
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<location id="5614605EFFB6FFFD91CF2B1AFBC8941F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DB628793FFB6FFF992E22B4EFE4B90FC:5614605EFFB6FFFD91CF2B1AFBC8941F" box="[933,1038,1625,1647]" country="Indonesia" municipality="Koorders" name="Remaining" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Remaining</location>
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<typeStatus id="8C708827FFB6FFFD96722B1AFBAA941E" box="[1048,1132,1625,1646]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
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:—
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<collectingCountry id="2BDC7615FFB6FFFD96E22B1AFAD6941E" box="[1160,1296,1625,1646]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">INDONESIA</collectingCountry>
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.
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<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB6FFFD97772B1AFA63941E" box="[1309,1445,1625,1646]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">
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<collectingMunicipality id="B310ACFFFFB6FFFD97772B1AFAB1941E" box="[1309,1399,1625,1646]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Koorders</collectingMunicipality>
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188
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</emphasis>
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, BO-1684132 (
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<collectionCode id="35DAAE40FFB6FFFD93212B3EFEB594E2" box="[331,371,1661,1682]" country="Indonesia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15186" name="Herbarium Bogoriense" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="Herbarium">BO</collectionCode>
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!);
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<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB6FFFD93E12B3EFDD594E2" box="[395,531,1661,1682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">
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<collectorName id="FE3E5353FFB6FFFD93E12B3EFE0994E2" box="[395,463,1661,1682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Backer</collectorName>
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27306
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</emphasis>
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, barcode
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<collectionCode id="35DAAE40FFB6FFFD901F2B3EFD4294E3" box="[629,644,1661,1683]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
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||
–0867769, catalogue number
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||
<collectionCode id="35DAAE40FFB6FFFD91CD2B3EFC7094E3" box="[935,950,1661,1683]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
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||
.2494368 (
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<collectionCode id="35DAAE40FFB6FFFD964A2B3EFBF294E2" box="[1056,1076,1661,1682]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
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!);
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||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB6FFFD96272B3EFB1394E2" box="[1101,1237,1661,1682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Backer 29464</emphasis>
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||
, barcode
|
||
<collectionCode id="35DAAE40FFB6FFFD975D2B3EFA8094E3" box="[1335,1350,1661,1683]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
|
||
–0867767, catalogue number
|
||
<collectionCode id="35DAAE40FFB6FFFD93052BE2FEB894C6" box="[367,382,1697,1718]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
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||
.2494370 (
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||
<collectionCode id="35DAAE40FFB6FFFD938C2BE2FE3C94C6" box="[486,506,1697,1718]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
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||
!)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB6FFFD92E22B9CFE3F956D" blockId="2.[136,1452,1759,2073]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">
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<materialsCitation id="E3A33CD8FFB6FFFD92E22B9CFE32956D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3948273301" collectingDate="2021-02-06" collectionCode="BO" country="Indonesia" elevation="2" location="Grow" municipality="Tabuhan island" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Jawa Timur">
|
||
Additional examined specimen:—
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2BDC7615FFB6FFFD90642B9CFD6D9489" box="[526,683,1759,1785]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">INDONESIA</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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<collectingRegion id="910FF867FFB6FFFD90D32B9CFCEE9489" box="[697,808,1759,1785]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">East Java</collectingRegion>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="B310ACFFFFB6FFFD915D2B9CFC219489" box="[823,999,1759,1785]" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">Tabuhan island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="5614605EFFB6FFFD919C2B9CFBF09489" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DB628793FFB6FFF992E22B4EFE4B90FC:5614605EFFB6FFFD919C2B9CFBF09489" box="[1014,1078,1759,1785]" country="Indonesia" municipality="Tabuhan island" name="Grow" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" stateProvince="Jawa Timur">Grow</location>
|
||
on the seashore, alt. ca.
|
||
<quantity id="94339B60FFB6FFFD97372B9CFA489489" box="[1373,1422,1759,1785]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="D8E6D1B6FFB6FFFD97372B9CFA489489" box="[1373,1422,1759,1785]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="27751045FFB6FFFD97F72B9CFEE9956D" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" value="2021-02-06">
|
||
<collectingDate id="3731E9ADFFB6FFFD97F72B9CFEE9956D" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" value="2021-02-06">6 February 2021</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB6FFFD93502A40FE6E956D" box="[314,424,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">RIO 9271</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="35DAAE40FFB6FFFD93D22A40FE21956D" box="[440,487,1795,1821]" country="Indonesia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15186" name="Herbarium Bogoriense" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="Herbarium">BO</collectionCode>
|
||
!)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1BD1650EFFB6FFFC92D72A64FE7593A8" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB6FFFC92D72A64FE7593A8" blockId="2.[136,1452,1759,2073]" lastBlockId="3.[136,1452,158,472]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="2" pageNumber="211">
|
||
Medium-sized tree, up to 7 meters tall, basal stem reaching
|
||
<quantity id="94339B60FFB6FFFD91312A64FC669531" box="[859,928,1831,1857]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" unit="cm" value="18.0">18 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diam., stem and branch light brown or light grayish-brown, bark of the old stem usually cracked longitudinally, terminal buds and young shoots densely pubescent with silvery or golden fine hairs, becoming glabrous with age. Leaves spirally and densely arranged at the top of the branchlets, pubescent when young and glabrous when mature, fresh leaves coriaceous, becoming thick chartaceous when dry, lamina obovate to broadly obovate or rarely broadly elliptic,
|
||
<quantity id="94339B60FFB6FFFD91F12AF4FBE395A1" box="[923,1061,1975,2002]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.355" metricValueMax="1.95" metricValueMin="0.76" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" unit="cm" value="13.55" valueMax="19.5" valueMin="7.6">7.6–19.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
long x
|
||
<quantity id="94339B60FFB6FFFD961D2AF4FB3495A1" box="[1143,1266,1975,2001]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" metricValueMax="9.6" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="211" unit="cm" value="6.4" valueMax="9.6" valueMin="3.2">3.2–9.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide, cuneate at base, apex usually shortly acuminate or sometimes obtuse, midrib and lateral-veins prominent adaxially and abaxially with obvious reticulate venation, lateral veins 8–12 at each side, margins undulate, abaxial surface with several obvious relatively large domatia in vein axils, the upper half veins of the adaxial surface usually with minutely prominent glands, lamina dark green with yellowish midrib and veins; petioles
|
||
<quantity id="94339B60FFB7FFFC91412D81FC6E92AD" box="[811,936,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="cm" value="1.8" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="0.9">0.9–2.7 cm</quantity>
|
||
long x
|
||
<quantity id="94339B60FFB7FFFC91962D81FB5292AD" box="[1020,1172,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="cm" value="0.3" valueMax="0.35" valueMin="0.25">0.25–0.35 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide, densely pubescent with minute hairs especially in the basal area. Inflorescences spiciform, arising near the tip of branchlet, in axils of leaves, up to 8 spikes, each
|
||
<quantity id="94339B60FFB7FFFC93AF2C49FDE19355" box="[453,551,266,293]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="cm" value="11.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="7.0">7–15 cm</quantity>
|
||
long, each usually bearing more than 40 flowers, peduncle and rachis minutely pubescent. Flower not seen. Fruits obliquely ellipsoid, sub-cylindrical to slightly compressed laterally, 2.0–3.0 cm long x
|
||
<quantity id="94339B60FFB7FFFC92F52C11FEDB931D" box="[159,285,338,365]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="cm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="0.9">0.9–1.4 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide, minutely pubescent when young, glabrous when mature, outer surface uneven textured, cuneate at the base, apex usually pointed (sub-acute to acuminate) or sometimes obtuse; cross-section of the fruit showing sclerenchymatous tissue surrounding the loculus with 4–6 spoke-like projections with rather large yellowish alveolar tissue lying between them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="07B4660DFFB7FFFC92E22B17FDA294FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7256676" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7256676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7256676/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" startId="3.[136,229,1620,1642]" targetBox="[340,1244,500,1595]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB7FFFC92E22B17FDA294FE" blockId="3.[136,1451,1620,1678]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB7FFFC92E22B17FF3B9419" bold="true" box="[136,253,1620,1642]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB7FFFC93692B17FE349419" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[259,498,1620,1641]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB7FFFC93692B17FE349419" box="[259,498,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Terminalia kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Tabuhan island. A), Stem and branches. B), Leaf arrangements. C), Inflorescence with fruits. D), Fruits (close view). Photos by Destario Metusala.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1BD1650EFFB7FFFC92E22BAFFA9B9A56" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB7FFFC92E22BAFFF2D9576" blockId="3.[136,235,1772,1798]" box="[136,235,1772,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<heading id="083C81E9FFB7FFFC92E22BAFFF2D9576" bold="true" box="[136,235,1772,1798]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB7FFFC92E22BAFFF2D9576" bold="true" box="[136,235,1772,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Ecology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB7FFFC92E22A77FA9B9A56" blockId="3.[136,1452,1844,2087]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">
|
||
The trees of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB7FFFC937E2A76FE00953E" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[276,454,1844,1870]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB7FFFC937E2A76FE00953E" box="[276,454,1844,1870]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Tabuhan are growing very near to the sea just about 18–25 meters from shorelines and surrounded by common plants such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB7FFFC90442A1BFBEE9502" authority="Linnaeus (1759: 143)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="143" authorityYear="1759" box="[558,1064,1880,1907]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Casuarinaceae" genus="Casuarina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="equisetifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB7FFFC90442A1BFCF59502" box="[558,819,1880,1906]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Casuarina equisetifolia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB7FFFC91532A1BFBEE9502" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[825,1064,1880,1907]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" refId="ref4144" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1759) Amoenitates academicae seu dissertationes variae, physicae, medicae, botanicae, antehac seorsim editae, Nunc collectae et auctae, cum tabulis aeneis. Volumen vartum. Holmiae et Lipsiae, Apud Godofredum Kiesewetter, Germany. 600 pp." type="book" year="1759">Linnaeus (1759: 143)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an unidentified species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB7FFFC97242A1BFE9595E6" authority="Brown (1810: 64)" authorityName="Brown" authorityPageNumber="64" authorityYear="1810" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Alstonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB7FFFC97242A1BFA6D9502" box="[1358,1451,1880,1906]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Alstonia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB7FFFC92E22A3EFE9595E6" author="Brown, R." box="[136,339,1916,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" refId="ref3487" refString="Brown, R. (1810) On the Asclepiadeae. A Natural Order of Plants Separated from the Apocineae of Jussieu. Preprint of Memoir of the Wernerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh. 66 pp." type="book" year="1810">Brown (1810: 64)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB7FFFC93372A3FFBED95E6" authority="(Linnaeus 1753: 214) W. T. Aiton (1811: 78)" authorityName="W. T. Aiton" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1811" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityPageNumber="214" baseAuthorityYear="1753" box="[349,1067,1916,1943]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Calotropis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB7FFFC93372A3FFDFB95E6" box="[349,573,1916,1942]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Calotropis gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB7FFFC90212A3FFCEA95E6" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[587,812,1916,1943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" refId="ref4125" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, v. 1. Stockholm, 560 pp." type="book" year="1753">Linnaeus 1753: 214</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) W.T.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB7FFFC91062A3FFBED95E6" author="Aiton, W. T." box="[876,1067,1916,1942]" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" refId="ref3298" refString="Aiton, W. T. (1811) Hortus Kewensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. Volume II. Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster Row, London. 432 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105339" type="book" year="1811">Aiton (1811: 78)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB7FFFC960F2A3FFEC995CA" authority="A. Jussieu (1830: 221)" authorityName="A. Jussieu" authorityPageNumber="221" authorityYear="1830" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Azadirachta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB7FFFC960F2A3FFAFC95E6" box="[1125,1338,1916,1942]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">Azadirachta indica</emphasis>
|
||
A.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB7FFFC973D2A3FFEC995CA" author="Jussieu, A." pageId="3" pageNumber="212" refId="ref4103" refString="Jussieu, A. (1830) Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. G. Dufour, Paris. 469 pp." type="book" year="1830">Jussieu (1830: 221)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although there was a previous record of this species growing in a mixed rainforest on limestone at
|
||
<quantity id="94339B60FFB7FFFC97182AE3FA6A95CB" box="[1394,1452,1952,1979]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
|
||
elev., most other records indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB7FFFC905F2A86FD2E95AE" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[565,744,1988,2014]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="212" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB7FFFC905F2A86FD2E95AE" box="[565,744,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="212">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well adapted and favored to the low elevation environments such as coastal forest ecosystems. The alveolar tissues around the seed may have a function as air-chamber, allowing the fruit or seed to float and be carried by the ocean waves over great distances across the surrounding islands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="07B4660DFFB0FFFB92E22E7FFA579106" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7256678" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7256678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7256678/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" startId="4.[136,229,828,850]" targetBox="[340,1246,194,798]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB0FFFB92E22E7FFA579106" blockId="4.[136,1451,828,886]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB92E22E7FFF3A9121" bold="true" box="[136,252,828,850]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB936B2E7FFE299121" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[257,495,828,849]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB936B2E7FFE299121" box="[257,495,828,849]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Terminalia kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tabuhan island (dried herbarium,
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB91022E7EFC039121" box="[872,965,828,850]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">RIO 9271</emphasis>
|
||
). A), Leaves. B), Leaf gland on adaxial surface. C), Leaf domatia in vein axils. D), Inflorescence with fruits. E), Fruit variation. Square unit scale = 1×1 cm. Photos by Destario Metusala.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1BD1650EFFB0FFF992E22E8FFE4B90FC" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB0FFFB92E22E8FFECA9196" blockId="4.[136,268,972,998]" box="[136,268,972,998]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<heading id="083C81E9FFB0FFFB92E22E8FFECA9196" bold="true" box="[136,268,972,998]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB92E22E8FFECA9196" bold="true" box="[136,268,972,998]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB0FFFB92E22957FB7C97CB" blockId="4.[136,1458,1044,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
Careful morphological observations of the living collection labeled as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB91DC2956FBAD965E" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[950,1131,1044,1070]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB91DC2956FBAD965E" box="[950,1131,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Bogor Botanical Garden (living collection XXIV.A.6) allowed us to conclude that the features of this plant do not match those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB969E297AFA629622" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[1268,1444,1080,1106]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB969E297AFA629622" box="[1268,1444,1080,1106]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This plant differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB93FD291EFD8D9606" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[407,587,1116,1142]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB93FD291EFD8D9606" box="[407,587,1116,1142]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having narrowly oblanceolate to oblong elliptic leaf laminas with entire margins that usually bear a long acuminate or apiculate apex (vs. obovate to broadly obovate laminas with undulate margins and short acuminate apex in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB902F29E6FD3A96CE" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[581,764,1188,1214]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB902F29E6FD3A96CE" box="[581,764,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the abaxial leaf surface lack domatia on their vein axils (vs. several obvious relatively large glabrous domatia visible on the vein axils), leaves either fresh or dry are thintextured (vs. thick coriaceous when fresh and thick chartaceous when dry), and cross-section of the fruits show only thick sclerenchymatous tissue without any alveolar tissue lying between it (vs. cross-section of the fruit showing sclerenchymatous tissue surrounding the loculus with 4-6 spoke-like projections with rather large yellowish alveolar tissue lying between them) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CBF02A00FFB0FFFB93AB281BFDE59703" box="[449,547,1368,1395]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[136,229,1448,1470]" captionTargetBox="[371,1194,190,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[340,1247,190,1423]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Leaves in flat shape (above) and fruits in cross-section (below). A). Terminalia kangeanensis from Tabuhan island (RIO 2971), B). Terminalia cf. microcarpa, misidentified as T. kangeanensis (Living collection in Bogor Botanic Gardens (XXIV.A.6)). Crosssection of fruits: outer layer is pulp, loculus and hollows drawn in black, sclerenchyma white, alveolar tissue dotted. Drawing by Destario Metusala." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7256680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7256680/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Based on those characteristics, this cultivated plant may be tentatively assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB92CD283EFD8C97E7" authority="Decaisne (1834: 457)" authorityName="Decaisne" authorityPageNumber="457" authorityYear="1834" box="[167,586,1404,1431]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microcarpa">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB92CD283EFE8197E6" box="[167,327,1405,1430]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">T. microcarpa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB0FFFB933A283FFD8C97E7" author="Decaisne, J." box="[336,586,1404,1431]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" pagination="457" refId="ref3572" refString="Decaisne, J. (1834) Herbarii Timorensis, Descriptio. Nouvelles Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 3: 457." type="journal article" year="1834">Decaisne (1834: 457)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, the identity of this living collection in Bogor Botanical Garden (XXIV.A.6) should be revised and no longer considered as the latest record for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB966A28E2FB7597CA" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[1024,1203,1440,1466]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB966A28E2FB7597CA" box="[1024,1203,1440,1466]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB0FFFB92D72886FA60941E" blockId="4.[136,1458,1044,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
Moreover, based on their natural habitat preference, species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB91112887FC3397AE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[891,1013,1476,1502]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB91112887FC3397AE" box="[891,1013,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Terminalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be divided into two groups: shadeadapted or sun-adapted. The plant in Bogor Botanical Garden may be categorized as a shade-adapted species which apparently prefers low or medium light intensity rather than full sun, as one could suspect from its very thin textured leaves with less developed waxy cuticle layers on the adaxial surface, in contrast with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB962C2B72FB3E943A" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[1094,1272,1584,1610]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB962C2B72FB3E943A" box="[1094,1272,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is a sunadapted species that prefer to grow in high light intensity/full sun habitat as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB965B2B16FA64941E" authority="Linnaeus (1767: 128)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="128" authorityYear="1767" box="[1073,1442,1620,1646]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catappa">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB965B2B16FB61941E" box="[1073,1191,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">T. catappa</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus (1767: 128)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB0FFFB92D72B3BFCCF95A6" blockId="4.[136,1458,1044,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">
|
||
Although floral characters are important in identifying species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB91C52B3BFBEF94E2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[943,1065,1656,1682]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB91C52B3BFBEF94E2" box="[943,1065,1656,1682]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Terminalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the combination of characters of leaf and fruit (including seed) are often seen as more reliable for identification at species level (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB0FFFB96B82BDFFA9594C7" author="Exell, A. W." box="[1234,1363,1692,1719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" refId="ref3757" refString="Exell, A. W. (1954) Combretaceae. Flora Malesiana Series 1, Volume 4. P. Noordhoff Ltd., Groningen, pp. 533 - 589." type="book" year="1954">Exell 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB0FFFB970B2BDFFF0594AA" author="Goode, M. J. E." pageId="4" pageNumber="213" pagination="299 - 310" refId="ref3978" refString="Goode, M. J. E. (1969) Four new species of Terminalia L. (Combretaceae) from Melanesia. Kew Bulletin 23: 299 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4108979" type="journal article" year="1969">Goode 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB0FFFB92B92B83FE4F94AB" author="Nanakorn, W." box="[211,393,1728,1755]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" pagination="59 - 107" refId="ref4314" refString="Nanakorn, W. (1985) The genus Terminalia (Combretaceae) in Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin 15: 59 - 107." type="journal article" year="1985">Nanakorn 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB0FFFB93F22B83FCF994AA" author="Gangopadhyay, M. & Chakrabarty, T." box="[408,831,1728,1754]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" pagination="237 - 240" refId="ref3790" refString="Gangopadhyay, M. & Chakrabarty, T. (1992) Two new species of Terminalia L. (Combretaceae) from Andaman islands. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 16: 237 - 240." type="journal article" year="1992">Gangopadhyay & Chakrabarty 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB0FFFB91242B83FC2394AB" author="Anozie, V. C." box="[846,997,1728,1755]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" pagination="347 - 349" refId="ref3363" refString="Anozie, V. C. (1995) A new species of Terminalia from Nigeria. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 52: 347 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0960428600002031" type="journal article" year="1995">Anozie 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB0FFFB919C2B83FAD694AA" author="Chakrabarty, T. & Krishna, G. & Rasingam, L." box="[1014,1296,1728,1754]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" pagination="281 - 286" refId="ref3525" refString="Chakrabarty, T., Krishna, G. & Rasingam, L. (2019) Taxonomic notes on Indian Terminalia (Combretaceae). Plant Science Today 6: 281 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.14719 / pst. 2019.6.3.539" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Chakrabarty
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB96E12B82FB0E94AA" box="[1163,1224,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The careful examinations to the specimens collected from Tabuhan island in 2021 have shown that the leaf and fruit morphological characteristics matched well the protologue,
|
||
<typeStatus id="8C708827FFB0FFFB90E82A4AFD749553" box="[642,690,1801,1827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens, and line drawings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB96442A4BFA819552" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[1070,1351,1800,1826]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB96442A4BFA819552" box="[1070,1351,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">Terminalia kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in terms of their size and shape. Therefore, the discovery of living specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB91A62A6EFB479536" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[972,1153,1836,1862]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB91A62A6EFB479536" box="[972,1153,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Tabuhan island can be considered as a rediscovery, as well as a new record for its natural distribution (150–160 kilometers away from previously known habitats). This paper also provides additional details on its colour, morphological characters, and ecological information to complement the previous descriptions. The photos of living
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB0FFFB960A2ADAFAD395C2" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[1120,1301,1944,1970]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="213" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB0FFFB960A2ADAFAD395C2" box="[1120,1301,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="213">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this paper probably are the first photographs that ever be published.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="07B4660DFFB1FFFA92E228EBFF21945A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7256680" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7256680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7256680/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" startId="5.[136,229,1448,1470]" targetBox="[371,1194,190,1409]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB1FFFA92E228EBFF21945A" blockId="5.[136,1452,1448,1578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB1FFFA92E228EBFEC697CD" bold="true" box="[136,256,1448,1470]" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Leaves in flat shape (above) and fruits in cross-section (below). A).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB1FFFA91C428EBFB6697CD" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[942,1184,1448,1469]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB1FFFA91C428EBFB6697CD" box="[942,1184,1448,1469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">Terminalia kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Tabuhan island (
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB1FFFA97E928EAFF7E9791" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">RIO 2971</emphasis>
|
||
), B).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB1FFFA929A288FFE2D9792" authorityName="Decaisne" authorityYear="1834" box="[240,491,1484,1506]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microcarpa">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB1FFFA929A288FFE9E9791" box="[240,344,1484,1505]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">Terminalia</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB1FFFA9316288EFE2D9792" box="[380,491,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">microcarpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB1FFFA90FF288EFCE89791" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[661,814,1484,1506]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB1FFFA90FF288EFCE89791" box="[661,814,1484,1506]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Living collection in Bogor Botanic Gardens (XXIV.A.6)). Crosssection of fruits: outer layer is pulp, loculus and hollows drawn in black, sclerenchyma white, alveolar tissue dotted. Drawing by Destario Metusala.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB1FFFA92D72B1AFD2295E3" blockId="5.[136,1452,1625,2083]" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">
|
||
All currently known habitats of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB1FFFA905A2B1AFD239403" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[560,741,1625,1651]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB1FFFA905A2B1AFD239403" box="[560,741,1625,1651]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including Tabuhan) are categorized as small islands. Among these four islands, two of them (Tabuhan and Mamburit) only just about 6-8 ha, another one is 157 ha (Sapapan), and the largest is just 4500 ha (Paliat). Tabuhan is an uninhabited island but heavily visited for tourism, while Mamburit has about 50 families and some areas of this island are submerged during the high tide. Tabuhan was officially leased in 2020 to a foreign investor, and about 65% of the island is planned for private areas with additional infrastructure development (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB1FFFA93422A4EFE799557" author="Sedana, A." box="[296,447,1805,1831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" refId="ref4447" refString="Sedana, A. (2020) Pulau Tabuhan disewakan, tapi tenang masyarakat Banyuwangi masih bisa bertandang. Available from: https: // www. timesindonesia. co. id / [Online news]. (accessed 19 April 2022)." type="url" year="2020">Sedana 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sapapan is an inhabited land where more than half of the island has been converted for settlements and seasonal agriculture, leaving only narrow coastal forests along the shore in its northern part. Likewise with Paliat, where most of the lands have turned into large open areas and leaving just a very narrow green belt along the shore with scattered and fragmented small forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB1FFF992D72ADEFC7992AD" blockId="5.[136,1452,1625,2083]" lastBlockId="6.[136,1452,158,653]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">
|
||
There is a possibility to find other natural populations outside previously known localities by considering several aspects, such as the distance between currently known habitats, the direction of ocean surface currents circulation for seed dispersion, and the natural vegetation coverage. Therefore, the authors predicts that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB1FFFA96062AA6FAD9958F" authorityName="Slooten" authorityYear="1924" box="[1132,1311,2021,2047]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="5" pageNumber="214" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kangeanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB1FFFA96062AA6FAD9958F" box="[1132,1311,2021,2047]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">T. kangeanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may also be found along the most northeastern coast of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="910FF867FFB1FFFA9012254AFD259A53" box="[632,739,2057,2083]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="5" pageNumber="214">East Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
(these including Baluran National Park in Situbondo Regency and the northern part of Banyuwangi Regency) and also along the coast of the West
|
||
<collectingRegion id="910FF867FFB2FFF9965D2DDDFBA092C8" box="[1079,1126,158,184]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
National Park in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="910FF867FFB2FFF997462DDDFA9D92C8" box="[1324,1371,158,184]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
island. Of course this hypothesis has to be confirmed through direct field survey.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB2FFF992D72DA4FC95938C" blockId="6.[136,1452,158,653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
|
||
It has been widely known that species or populations in the small island are fragile and more prone to extinction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB2FFF992E52C49FE899354" author="Simberloff, D." box="[143,335,266,292]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref4492" refString="Simberloff, D. (2000) Extinction-proneness of island species-causes and management implications. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 48: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2000">Simberloff 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB2FFF993362C49FD079354" author="Gonzalez-Mancebo, J. M. & Dirkse, G. M. & Patino, J. & Romaguera, F. & Werner, O. & Ros, R. M." box="[348,705,266,293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" pagination="3613 - 3636" refId="ref3892" refString="Gonzalez-Mancebo, J. M., Dirkse, G. M., Patino, J., Romaguera, F., Werner, O. & Ros, R. M. (2012) Applying the IUCN Red List criteria to small-sized plants on oceanic islands: conservation implications for threatened bryophytes in Canary Islands. Biodiversity and Conservation 21: 3613 - 3636. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10531 - 012 - 0385 - 0" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
González-Mancebo
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB2FFF9902A2C48FDB29354" box="[576,628,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is due to isolation that limits their living area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB2FFF9974D2C49FF2C9338" author="Gillespie, R. G. & Claridge, E. M. & Roderick, G. K." pageId="6" pageNumber="215" pagination="45 - 57" refId="ref3828" refString="Gillespie, R. G., Claridge, E. M. & Roderick, G. K. (2008) Biodiversity dynamics in isolated island communities: interaction between natural and human-mediated processes. Molecular Ecology 17: 45 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2007.03466. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Gillespie
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB2FFF997FD2C48FF639338" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), higher interaction with human-induced disturbances (habitat conversion and invasive species;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB2FFF9975F2C6CFE87931C" author="Duncan, R. P. & Blackburn, T. M." pageId="6" pageNumber="215" pagination="149 - 150" refId="ref3596" refString="Duncan, R. P. & Blackburn, T. M. (2007) Causes of extinction in island birds. Animal Conservation 10: 149 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1795.2007.00110. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Duncan & Blackburn 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the tendency to high risk of genetic drift and inbreeding depression in small size populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB2FFF992E52C35FEA893E0" author="Escobar, J. S. & Nicot, A. & David, P." box="[143,366,374,400]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" pagination="1593 - 1608" refId="ref3670" refString="Escobar, J. S., Nicot, A. & David, P. (2008) The different sources of variation in inbreeding depression, heterosis and outbreeding depression in a metapopulation of Physa acuta. Genetics 180: 1593 - 1608. https: // doi. org / 10.1534 / genetics. 108.092718" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Escobar
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB2FFF992992C34FEED93E0" box="[243,299,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ongoing anthropogenic climate change may exacerbate the impact of those threats, making future conservation efforts even more challenging (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB2FFF990A82CD9FC6493C4" author="Benning, T. L. & LaPointe, D. & Atkinson, C. T. & Vitousek, P. M." box="[706,930,410,436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" pagination="14246 - 14249" refId="ref3401" refString="Benning, T. L., LaPointe, D., Atkinson, C. T. & Vitousek, P. M. (2002) Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99: 14246 - 14249. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 162372399" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Benning
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB2FFF991432CD8FCA693C4" box="[809,864,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB2FFF991C62CD9FBA893C4" author="Wood, J. R. & Alcover, J. & Blackburn, T. M. & Bover, P. & Duncan, R. P. & Hume, J. P. & Louys, J. & Meijer, H. J. M. & Rando, J. C. & Wilmshurst, J. M." box="[940,1134,410,436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref4667" refString="Wood, J. R., Alcover, J. A, Blackburn, T. M., Bover, P., Duncan, R. P., Hume, J. P., Louys, J., Meijer, H. J. M., Rando, J. C. & Wilmshurst, J. M. (2017) Island extinction: processes, patterns, and potential for ecosystem restoration. Environmental Conservation 44: 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 037689291700039 X" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
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Wood
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB2FFF9919F2CD8FBEA93C4" box="[1013,1068,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="375A4B74FFB2FFF996132CD9FAA793C4" author="Metusala, D. & Supriatna, J. & Nisyawati & Sopandie, D." box="[1145,1377,410,436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" refId="ref4253" refString="Metusala, D., Supriatna, J., Nisyawati. & Sopandie, D. (2017) Comparative leaf and root anatomy of two Dendrobium species (Orchidaceae) from different habitat in relation to their potential adaptation to drought. AIP Conference Proceedings 1862: 030118. https: // doi. org / 10.1063 / 1.4991222" type="journal volume" year="2017">
|
||
Metusala
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB2FFF9968C2CD8FADB93C4" box="[1254,1309,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">et al.</emphasis>
|
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2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Then it would make sense to promote conservation priority for threatened plant species that are endemic to small islands, particularly those already exposed to high levels of disturbance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="53743685FFB2FFF992D72F45FE4B90FC" blockId="6.[136,1452,158,653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">
|
||
Both taxonomic study and botanical exploration of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB2FFF9911C2F45FC369050" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[886,1008,518,544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="61BFEA97FFB2FFF9911C2F45FC369050" box="[886,1008,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Terminalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2BDC7615FFB2FFF9967C2F45FB459050" box="[1046,1155,518,544]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="215">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
are urgently in need to be held intensively to provide a better picture of its diversity and conservation status. The botanists are in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="94CB4D06FFB2FFF997292F68FA6A9034" box="[1347,1452,554,581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="215" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="with">race with</taxonomicName>
|
||
rapid land conversion rates of the lowland ecosystems. Therefore, research priority should be given before they are all gone in the near future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |