360 lines
57 KiB
XML
360 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="77772553BB5744D5451D3447FFFBE422" ID-CLB-Dataset="42284" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3881.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2fdfece8-0e27-4196-831f-408883820970" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="226203" ID-ZooBank="62DB7048-70F2-4CB5-8C98-D7BCE48F4FC2" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460956528488" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Welton, Luke J., Travers, Scott L., Siler, Cameron D. & Brown, Rafe M." docDate="2014" docId="6D728781FFC53A0AC4C7FC4DFBE1A081" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03881p227.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3881 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Varanus dalubhasa Welton, Travers, Siler & Brown, 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="215" masterDocId="914BFFF9FFCE3A04C450FFAAFF92A738" masterDocTitle="Integrative taxonomy and phylogeny-based species delimitation of Philippine water monitor lizards (Varanus salvator Complex) with descriptions of two new cryptic species" masterLastPageNumber="227" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="212" updateTime="1698586420062" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="EA94C61C3A546B993A1B9C0CE9FFC6BD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5F54DF52B38D78CCCA651F4C08D39038">
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<mods:title id="76C0F9BD3099BEA72A5429B0219DFAC5">Integrative taxonomy and phylogeny-based species delimitation of Philippine water monitor lizards (Varanus salvator Complex) with descriptions of two new cryptic species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="BDC0A2D113990CFE9B48A642209302E5" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CBD0B6E5240B9F7DD984C269F5370156">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F62D0079FD6B85EE5B9BFE624DE61CCC">Welton, Luke J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="90AF382A8752C628FFA80C3F212E0A80">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A7AD0CC67440FA1B3D3E943D4BE7566A">Travers, Scott L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="B6F6F5163739A421ECCFF2A914426D64">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8C0C905D1CB5AAB9E58D15B3A8D35A54">Siler, Cameron D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="64962A0E0FAABA2415D38A4D11B91E3F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="588FCFCAE492454F9DEE49ED2C93C72B">Brown, Rafe M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C057454020FD136E39888FF442272C44">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="17656B8A0F49284FDFE34E0C06E4B78D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8471CD200EA53E581D2AB74E43B7426D">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="450B222F6A6C570E9F16176F916CC327">3881</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="35D18CA7B8C53C199DE695238EEB1975" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3881.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6D728781FFC53A0AC4C7FC4DFBE1A081" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6139289" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119592557" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6139289" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6D728781FFC53A0AC4C7FC4DFBE1A081" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D728781FFC53A0AC4C7FC4DFBE1A081" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<subSubSection id="ADC1651CFFC53A0FC4C7FC4DFE8EA31A" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E5643697FFC53A0FC4C7FC4DFE74A339" blockId="11.[151,486,999,1058]" box="[151,486,999,1025]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<heading id="BE2C81FBFFC53A0FC4C7FC4DFE74A339" bold="true" box="[151,486,999,1025]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC4C7FC4DFE74A339" bold="true" box="[151,486,999,1025]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC53A0FC4C7FC4DFE12A339" box="[151,384,999,1025]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalubhasa" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC4C7FC4DFE12A339" bold="true" box="[151,384,999,1025]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Varanus dalubhasa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="CC9C57FEFFC53A0FC5D8FC4DFE74A339" box="[392,486,999,1025]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC53A0FC4C7FBA3FE8EA31A" blockId="11.[151,486,999,1058]" box="[151,284,1033,1058]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC53A0FC4C7FBA3FF76A31A" box="[151,228,1033,1058]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1763,1785]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,399,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[152,1437,388,1723]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comparison of gular coloration and patterning among Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (Bicol, Polillo, Catanduanes), V. bangonorum sp. nov. (Mindoro, Semirara), V. marmoratus, V. nuchalis, and V. palawanensis. Scale = 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226206/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC53A0FC4A1FBA3FE8EA31A" box="[241,284,1033,1058]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStart-3="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="13.[151,250,814,836]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1304,1326]" captionStartId-2="18.[151,250,1307,1329]" captionStartId-3="18.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,176,813]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,195,1274]" captionTargetBox-2="[150,1435,198,1277]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,1412,1843]" captionTargetId-0="figure@13.[151,1435,173,818]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[151,1435,193,1283]" captionTargetId-2="figure@18.[150,1436,193,1285]" captionTargetId-3="figure@18.[151,1436,1412,1847]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionTargetPageId-3="18" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Holotype of Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (PNM 9796), with body shown in dorsal and ventral aspects; and head shown in dorsal, ventral, and profile aspects. Scale = 50 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Dorsal color variation in the type series for both Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (top) and V. bangonorum sp. nov. (bottom). Scale = 50 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 7. Ventral color variation in the type series for both Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (top) and V. bangonorum sp. nov. (bottom). Scale = 50 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 8. Photos in life of Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (A; KU 306601) and V. bangonorum sp. nov. (B; KU 335742)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/226208/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/226209/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/226210/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/226211/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">5–8</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="ADC1651CFFC53A0FC4C7FBFBFC82A2EA" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E5643697FFC53A0FC4C7FBFBFACCA38A" blockId="11.[151,1437,1105,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC4C7FBFBFE99A352" bold="true" box="[151,267,1105,1130]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<typeStatus id="3A608835FFC53A0FC4C7FBFBFE94A352" box="[151,262,1105,1130]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="83CAAE52FFC53A0FC544FBF8FEC3A351" box="[276,337,1106,1129]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mxaf-c5e2" name="Philippine National Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<collectingCountry id="9DCC7607FFC53A0FC544FBF8FEC3A351" box="[276,337,1106,1129]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">PNM</collectingCountry>
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</collectionCode>
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9796 (formerly University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute [KU] 306603; Field No. CWL 521), adult male, collected by Charles W. Linkem and
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<collectionCode id="83CAAE52FFC53A0FC690FBDCFD6BA3B6" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15840" box="[704,761,1142,1166]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15840" name="Charles Darwin Research Station" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">CDS</collectionCode>
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, 0
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<date id="91651057FFC53A0FC744FBDCFC09A3B6" box="[788,923,1141,1166]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="2006-07-08">
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8 July
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<quantity id="22239B72FFC53A0FC730FBDFFC09A3B6" box="[864,923,1141,1166]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0061799999999996" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" unit="m" value="2006.18">2006</quantity>
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</date>
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, 18 m above sea level (14.03202, 122.34143; WGS-84), Barangay Madlangdungan, Municipality of Calauag, Quezon Province, Luzon Island,
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<collectingCountry id="9DCC7607FFC53A0FC088FB33FAC8A38A" box="[1240,1370,1177,1202]" name="Philippines" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E5643697FFC53A0FC497FB17FCEBA3C2" blockId="11.[151,1437,1105,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC497FB17FEE9A3EE" bold="true" box="[199,379,1213,1238]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Paratopotypes.</emphasis>
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KU 305155 (
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<collectionCode id="83CAAE52FFC53A0FC643FB14FDD9A3EE" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15840" box="[531,587,1214,1238]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15840" name="Charles Darwin Research Station" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">CDS</collectionCode>
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Field No. 2202), adult male;
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<collectionCode id="83CAAE52FFC53A0FC7C7FB15FC46A3EE" box="[919,980,1215,1238]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mxaf-c5e2" name="Philippine National Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<collectingCountry id="9DCC7607FFC53A0FC7C7FB15FC46A3EE" box="[919,980,1215,1238]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">PNM</collectingCountry>
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</collectionCode>
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9797 (formerly KU 306601; CWL Field No. 440), juvenile; KU 306602 (CWL Field No. 520), adult male.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E5643697FFC53A0FC497FAAFFD1FA296" blockId="11.[151,1437,1105,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC497FAAFFED4A226" bold="true" box="[199,326,1285,1310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<typeStatus id="3A608835FFC53A0FC497FAAFFED3A226" box="[199,321,1285,1310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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KU 308216 (
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<collectionCode id="83CAAE52FFC53A0FC5B6FAACFD8CA226" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15840" box="[486,542,1286,1310]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15840" name="Charles Darwin Research Station" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">CDS</collectionCode>
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Field No. 2298), juvenile, collected
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<date id="91651057FFC53A0FC798FAACFB04A226" box="[968,1174,1285,1310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="2007-02-22">22 February 2007</date>
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, Barangay Buenavista, Municipality of Bato, Catanduanes Province, Catanduanes Island,
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<collectingCountry id="9DCC7607FFC53A0FC72FFA83FB93A27A" box="[895,1025,1321,1346]" name="Philippines" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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; KU 313880 (RMB Field No. 9910), adult male, collected 0
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<date id="91651057FFC53A0FC5CEFAE4FDB7A25E" box="[414,549,1357,1382]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="2008-07-01">1 July 2008</date>
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, Barangay Tulay Na Lupa, Municipality of Labo, Camarines Norte Province, Luzon Island; KU 326702 and 326703 (LJW Field No. 0 0 75, 0077), adult males, salvaged
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<date id="91651057FFC53A0FC0CCFAD8FAD4A2B2" box="[1180,1350,1394,1418]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" value="2009-08-03">3 August 2009</date>
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, Polillo Island (exact locality information unknown).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E5643697FFC53A0FC497FA13FC82A2EA" blockId="11.[151,1437,1105,2030]" box="[199,784,1465,1490]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC497FA13FE17A2EA" bold="true" box="[199,389,1465,1490]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Other Material.</emphasis>
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See Specimens Examined Section.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="ADC1651CFFC53A0FC497FA77FC52A1BE" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="E5643697FFC53A0FC497FA77FC52A1BE" blockId="11.[151,1437,1105,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC497FA77FEDCA2CE" bold="true" box="[199,334,1501,1526]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The specific epithet,
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<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC53A0FC611FA74FD24A2CE" box="[577,694,1502,1526]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalubhasa">
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<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC611FA74FD24A2CE" box="[577,694,1502,1526]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">dalubhasa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, is derived from the Tagolog word “
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<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC53A0FC01FFA77FB56A2CE" box="[1103,1220,1501,1526]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalubhasa">dalubhasa</taxonomicName>
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” meaning a person who has authoritative and comprehensive knowledge of a particular area, or a skilled expert in a particular subject. We choose this term in honor of Vicente “Enteng” Yngente of Polillo Island, whose extensive knowledge of natural history and ecology of
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<collectingCountry id="9DCC7607FFC53A0FC5CEF9E3FD83A15A" box="[414,529,1609,1634]" name="Philippines" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Philippine</collectingCountry>
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reptiles (particularly monitor lizards) has been instrumental to our research and conservation work. Suggested common name: Enteng’s Monitor Lizard.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ADC1651CFFC53A08C497F93BFD9BA5C8" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC53A0FC497F93BFA82A066" blockId="11.[151,1437,1105,2030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
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<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC497F93BFED3A192" bold="true" box="[199,321,1681,1706]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC53A0FC519F938FDB3A192" box="[329,545,1682,1706]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalubhasa">
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<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC519F938FDB3A192" box="[329,545,1682,1706]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Varanus dalubhasa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from congeners by (1) small, dark speckling and variable transverse banding through the gular region (
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<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC53A0FC6C6F91FFD48A1F6" box="[662,730,1717,1742]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1763,1785]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,399,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[152,1437,388,1723]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comparison of gular coloration and patterning among Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (Bicol, Polillo, Catanduanes), V. bangonorum sp. nov. (Mindoro, Semirara), V. marmoratus, V. nuchalis, and V. palawanensis. Scale = 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226206/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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); (2) number of scales around the tail at 1/3 distance from the base; (3) number of gular scales; (4) number of dorsal scales in nuchal region; (5) total number of dorsal scales; (6) number of scales around the neck anterior to the gular fold; and (7) phylogenetic placement sister to
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<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC53A0FC149F955FA07A02E" box="[1305,1429,1790,1814]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC149F955FA07A02E" box="[1305,1429,1790,1814]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">V. nuchalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, this distinct lineage is biogeographically circumscribed in the Bicol Peninsula faunal sub-region, a distinct geological component of greater Luzon Island which remained inuslar until 3 Ma (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="814A4B66FFC53A0FC0DEF8EFFA96A066" author="Hall" box="[1166,1284,1861,1886]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" refString="Hall, R. (2002) Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 20, 353 - 431." type="journal article" year="2002">Hall 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC53A08C497F8C3FCF6A7EC" blockId="11.[151,1437,1105,2030]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="213" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC497F8C3FEFFA0BA" bold="true" box="[199,365,1897,1922]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
The new species in phenotypically nearly indistinguishable from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC53A0FC000F8C0FAAEA0B9" box="[1104,1340,1898,1921]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC53A0FC000F8C0FAAEA0B9" box="[1104,1340,1898,1921]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Varanus marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but can generally be diagnosed by the presence of small, dark speckling in the gular region and faint anterior transverse bands (versus speckling and distinct anterior transverse bands;
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC53A0FC738F81BFC3EA0F2" box="[872,940,1969,1994]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1763,1785]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,399,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[152,1437,388,1723]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comparison of gular coloration and patterning among Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (Bicol, Polillo, Catanduanes), V. bangonorum sp. nov. (Mindoro, Semirara), V. marmoratus, V. nuchalis, and V. palawanensis. Scale = 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226206/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), and its allopatric distribution in the Bicol faunal sub-region (versus the remaining portions of Luzon and Lubang islands, and the Batanes and Babuyan island groups). Additionally, although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC23A08C608FF33FD7FA788" box="[600,749,152,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalubhasa">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C608FF33FD7FA788" box="[600,749,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">V. dalubhasa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is phenotypically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC23A08C012FF33FB79A788" box="[1090,1259,153,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C012FF33FB79A788" box="[1090,1259,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">V. marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, available data suggest that it is not most closely related to this species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC23A08C741FF16FCC5A7EC" box="[785,855,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1803,1825]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,510,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1432,510,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of Philippine species in the Varanus salvator Complex, and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic inference (RAxML v 7.5.4; Stamatakis, 2006) for the V. salvator Complex with Bayesian support values (MrBayes v 3.2; Ronquist et al. 2011) mapped onto relevant nodes. Solid circles indicate posterior probabilities> 95 and bootstrap support> 75, open circles indicate bootstrap support> 75 only. Asterisk “ * ” denotes sampling from Semirara Island. Open stars indicate type localities for V. dalubhasa sp. nov. (Bicol Peninsula, Luzon Island) and V. bangonorum sp. nov. (Mindoro Island). Scale bar represents number of changes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226205/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC23A08C497FF4BFD9BA5C8" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC23A08C497FF4BFE0CA7C0" box="[199,414,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalubhasa">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C497FF4BFE0CA7C0" box="[199,414,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Varanus dalubhasa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be conveniently distinguished from its allopatric sister taxon,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC23A08C02FFF4BFB6BA7C0" box="[1151,1273,224,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuchalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C02FFF4BFB6BA7C0" box="[1151,1273,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">V. nuchalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(distributed in the West Visayan islands of Negros, Panay, Guimaras, Masbate, and the Romblon Province islands of Sibuyan, Tablas, and Romblon;
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC23A08C5C4FE8DFE47A678" box="[404,469,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1679,1701]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,769,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,769,1658]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. The distribution of the Varanus salvator Complex water monitor species. Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex (PAIC) faunal regions in the Philippines (indicated by island group color differences) are delineated by the 120 m underwater contour (Voris 2000; Brown & Diesmos 2009). Both V. togianus and V. s. macromaculatus are reported to occur on Sulawesi Island (Koch et al. 2010 a). The distribution of V. rasmusseni is denoted with an asterisk, “ * ”, while the distributions of the two newly identified evolutionary lineages (Welton et al. 2013 a, b) are denoted by question marks (?); see Figure 2." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226204/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC23A08C5B3FE82FE61A678" box="[483,499,296,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1803,1825]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,510,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1432,510,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of Philippine species in the Varanus salvator Complex, and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic inference (RAxML v 7.5.4; Stamatakis, 2006) for the V. salvator Complex with Bayesian support values (MrBayes v 3.2; Ronquist et al. 2011) mapped onto relevant nodes. Solid circles indicate posterior probabilities> 95 and bootstrap support> 75, open circles indicate bootstrap support> 75 only. Asterisk “ * ” denotes sampling from Semirara Island. Open stars indicate type localities for V. dalubhasa sp. nov. (Bicol Peninsula, Luzon Island) and V. bangonorum sp. nov. (Mindoro Island). Scale bar represents number of changes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226205/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">2</figureCitation>
|
||
), by the presence of more scales around the tail at 1/3 distance from the base (mean = 53 ± 4, versus 46 ± 3), fewer gular scales (mean = 80 ± 3, versus 73 ± 3), and more dorsal scales from the tympanum to the gular fold (mean = 27 ± 2, versus 23 ± 2). Of the remaining, geographically proximate species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC23A08C490FE3FFEA5A694" box="[192,311,404,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvator">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C490FE3FFEA5A694" box="[192,311,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">V. salvator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Complex, this new species can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC23A08C7C7FE3FFBD8A694" box="[919,1098,404,428]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palawanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C7C7FE3FFBD8A694" box="[919,1098,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">V. palawanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having fewer dorsal scales from the tympanum to the gular fold (mean = 27 ± 2, versus 32 ± 3), fewer dorsal scales from the gular fold to the hind limb insertion (mean = 84 ± 5, versus 96 ± 3), fewer total dorsals scales longitudinally (mean = 111 ± 5, versus 128 ± 3), and fewer scales around the neck anterior to the gular fold (mean = 78 ± 3, versus 87 ± 4). Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC23A08C4C7FD8FFEB9A504" box="[151,299,548,572]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalubhasa">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C4C7FD8FFEB9A504" box="[151,299,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">V. dalubhasa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from the allopatric Mindoro lineage by having variable dark speckling and transverse bands in the gular region (versus distinct spotting;
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC23A08C71CFDEDFC02A558" box="[844,912,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1763,1785]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,399,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[152,1437,388,1723]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Comparison of gular coloration and patterning among Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (Bicol, Polillo, Catanduanes), V. bangonorum sp. nov. (Mindoro, Semirara), V. marmoratus, V. nuchalis, and V. palawanensis. Scale = 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226206/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Lastly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC23A08C7A9FDE3FB18A558" box="[1017,1162,584,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalubhasa">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C7A9FDE3FB18A558" box="[1017,1162,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">V. dalubhasa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is comprised of entirely distinct haplotypes or haplotype networks, relative to all other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC23A08C05EFDC7FB14A5BC" box="[1038,1158,620,644]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvator">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C05EFDC7FB14A5BC" box="[1038,1158,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">V. salvator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Complex (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="814A4B66FFC23A08C160FDC6FE9CA590" author="Welton" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" refString="Welton, L. J., Siler, C. D. Bennet, D., Diesmos, A. C., Duya, M. R., Dugay, R., Rico, E. L., van Weerd, M. & Brown, R. M. (2010) A spectacular new Philippine monitor lizard reveals a hidden biogeographic boundary and a novel flagship species for conservation. Biology Letters, 6, 654 - 658." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Welton
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C1D8FDC7FF26A590" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2010a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We have constrained our morphological analyses to the geographically most proximate taxa due to previous studies (Koch
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C5F5FD1FFE4DA5F4" box="[421,479,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007, 2010b) demonstrating their distinctiveness relative to the remaining diversity withing the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC23A08C54CFD73FE06A5C8" box="[284,404,728,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvator">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C54CFD73FE06A5C8" box="[284,404,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">V. salvator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ADC1651CFFC23A0AC497FD56FBE1A081" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="215" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC23A08C497FD56FA10A49D" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC23A08C497FD56FE7FA42D" bold="true" box="[199,493,764,789]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A608835FFC23A08C52FFD56FE7AA42D" box="[383,488,764,789]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
An adult male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC23A08C6E2FD56FD6BA42D" box="[690,761,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,814,836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,176,813]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,173,818]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype of Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (PNM 9796), with body shown in dorsal and ventral aspects; and head shown in dorsal, ventral, and profile aspects. Scale = 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226208/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), hemipenes everted; SVL 505.0 mm; tail
|
||
<quantity id="22239B72FFC23A08C0A3FD56FACAA42C" box="[1267,1368,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.57" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" unit="mm" value="657.0">657 mm</quantity>
|
||
; head relatively slender, length 89.1 mm, width 51.0 mm, and depth at eye 32.0 mm; snout length 47.6 mm, 53.4% head length; snout rounded anteriorly; narial openings 5.4 mm, ovular, posteriorly elevated, encircled by 9L/9R small polygonal scales; snout elevated sharply just anterior to narial region, then continuing gradually to ocular region; narial region not distinctly elevated above horizon of snout; cranial table squarish, only slightly wider than long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC23A08C497FC05FC8AA168" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
|
||
Head scales ovular to polygonal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC23A08C61FFC05FD04A4F0" box="[591,662,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,814,836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,176,813]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,173,818]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype of Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (PNM 9796), with body shown in dorsal and ventral aspects; and head shown in dorsal, ventral, and profile aspects. Scale = 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226208/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), heterogeneous in size with the smallest occurring dorso-laterally between ocular opening and tympanum, and largest ocurring dorso-medially from tip of snout to conspicuous parietal; supraoculars 6L/6R, subrectangular and elongated transversely; supralabials 59, slightly larger than lateral head scales; infralabials 61, smaller than both supralabials and nearest rows of gular scales; both supra- and infralabials increasing in size anteriorly; nuchals large, circular, increasing in size to forelimb insertion along both dorsal and lateral surfaces; lateral nuchals less than half the size of dorsals; scales immediately posterior to cranial table quite small, granular; sutures between scales slightly larger in nuchal region than on head; nuchals 31, in semi-regular transverse rows from posterior margin of tympanum to forelimb insertion; dorsal trunk scales arranged in 88 semi-regular transverse rows from fore- to hindlimb insertions, ovular, slightly smaller than nuchals, gradually decreasing in size to hindlimb insertion as well as laterally, with smallest scales occuring laterally adjecent to limb insertions; midbody scales 138; axilla–groin distance
|
||
<quantity id="22239B72FFC23A08C7BFFABDFBC4A208" box="[1007,1110,1303,1328]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" unit="mm" value="245.0">245 mm</quantity>
|
||
; dorsal limb scales ovular, decreasing in size distally to digits; fore- and hindlimbs 92 and
|
||
<quantity id="22239B72FFC23A08C709FA96FC25A26C" box="[857,951,1340,1364]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" unit="mm" value="107.0">107 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively, 18.2% and 21.2% snout–vent length, 32.6 and 53.9 mm diameter at insertions; limb scales present in semiregular rows; scales of manus and pes smaller and more irregular in shape, ranging from circular to nearly rectangular dorsally; supradigitals rectangular dorsally, ovular laterally, with terminal scale nearly twice as large as others; digits terminate in long, slender recurved claws; caudals ovular and granular at insertion, becoming rectangular posteriorly; dorsal keel composed of paired, posteriorly elevated scales commenses
|
||
<quantity id="22239B72FFC23A08C68BFA45FCBCA130" box="[731,814,1519,1544]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
posterior to hindlimb insertion, and continues to tail terminus with paired scales gradually decreasing in size; caudal scales moderately keeled, in regular transverse and longitudinal rows laterally, decreasing in size posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC23A08C497F9F6FDB2A081" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Ventrals less variable than dorsals; gular scales generally rectangular anteriorly, becoming more ovular towards gular fold; smallest scales medially in anterior third of gular region, with largest scales just anterior to gular fold but followed posteriorly by three transverse rows of smaller, more granular gulars; scales around the neck anterior to the gular fold 78, mid-gular 87; gular scales in 85 irregular rows from tip of snout to gular fold; ventrals of fore- and hindlimbs circular to polygonal, with those of forelimbs slightly smaller than those of hindlimbs; precloacals homogenous in size and shape with those of hindlimbs; ventral trunk scales from gular fold to hindlimb insertion 85, ovular anteriorly, becoming rectangular posteriorly, and present in semi-regular rows; scales decreasing in size laterally and at hindlimb insertions; ventral caudal scales rectangular, smallest just posterior to cloacal opening; scale surface slightly rounded anteriorly, becoming sharply keeled and more longitudinally elongate posteriorly.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B1A4661FFFC33A09C4C7FC84FC93A45A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226208/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" targetBox="[151,1435,176,813]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC33A09C4C7FC84FC93A45A" blockId="13.[151,1436,814,866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC33A09C4C7FC84FE86A47C" bold="true" box="[151,276,814,836]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC33A09C5CEFC85FDF1A47B" box="[414,611,814,836]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalubhasa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC33A09C5CEFC85FDF1A47B" box="[414,611,814,836]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Varanus dalubhasa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CC9C57FEFFC33A09C63AFC84FD2EA47C" box="[618,700,814,836]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC33A09C63AFC84FD2EA47C" bold="true" box="[618,700,814,836]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(PNM 9796), with body shown in dorsal and ventral aspects; and head shown in dorsal, ventral, and profile aspects. Scale = 50 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC33A09C497FC20FB58A337" blockId="13.[151,1437,906,2011]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Right and left hemipenes partially everted; maximum length 56.2 mm, with proximal cylindrical section extending 26.2 mm; bifurcation resulting in primary cylindrical apical portion with external flounces, and more diminutive portion resembling an “ear” or reduced fold; flounces present in irregular rows, totalling 15 anterior to sulcus spermaticus, 6 posteriorly; lacking notable external appearance of ossified hemibaculum.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC33A09C497FBB0FEE8A3DF" blockId="13.[151,1437,906,2011]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC33A09C497FBB0FDE8A30B" bold="true" box="[199,634,1050,1075]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
Measurements of
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A608835FFC33A09C5F0FBB0FD95A30B" box="[416,519,1050,1075]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(in mm).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
SVL 505; tail length 657; head length 89.1, width 51.0, depth at eye 32.0; eye–naris distance 33.7; naris–snout distance 14.9; rictus–rictus scales 60; scales around tail base 103; scales around tail 1/3 distance form base 59; mid-body scales 138; gular scales 85; ventrals from gular fold to hind limb insertion 85; total ventral scales 170; dorsals from tympanum to gular fold 31; dorsals from gular fold to hind limb insertion 88; total dorsals 119; supralabials 59; scales around the neck anterior to gular fold 78; and enlarged supraoculars 6L/6R.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC33A09C497FB58FA0EA287" blockId="13.[151,1437,906,2011]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC33A09C497FB58FD35A233" bold="true" box="[199,679,1266,1291]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
Coloration of
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A608835FFC33A09C527FB58FE4CA233" box="[375,478,1266,1291]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in preservative.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs black; aggregation of yellow-gold scales present dorsoanteriorly to narial openings, along canthal ridge just anterior to oculars, and irregularly dispersed throughout cranial table; trunk with seven transverse rows comprised of yellow-gold, indistinct ocelli; tail with nine, slightly more distinct yellow-gold bands, becoming more diffuse or speckled laterally; forelimbs with irregularly distributed yellow-gold scales, density increasing distally and along lateral surfaces; hindlimbs with irregular agreggations of ocelli consisting of only two or three yellow-gold scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC33A09C11AFA0CFA1CA287" box="[1354,1422,1446,1471]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,814,836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,176,813]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,173,818]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype of Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (PNM 9796), with body shown in dorsal and ventral aspects; and head shown in dorsal, ventral, and profile aspects. Scale = 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226208/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC33A09C497FA60FD45A1E7" blockId="13.[151,1437,906,2011]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
Lateral coloration of head consisting of partial, near vertical yellow-gold bands at the tip of snout, posterior margin of narial opening, and two between the narial opening and the ocular; posterior band with ventral widening oriented more posteriorly; post-orbitally, a yellow-gold stipe extends to tympanum, and a yellow-gold spot consisting of four or five scales appears ventral to the anterior margin of the stripe; lateral coloration of the nuchal region consists of 2L/3R faint spots directly posterior to the tympanum; ventral margins of nuchal region with yellow-gold variable demarcation, extending more dorsally along the posterior margin and appearing to wrap around the dorsal margin of the fore-limb insertions; trunk with variable yellow-gold spotting directly posterior to forelimbs, fading to solid black posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC33A09C6D5F96CFD58A1E7" box="[645,714,1734,1759]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,814,836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,176,813]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,173,818]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype of Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (PNM 9796), with body shown in dorsal and ventral aspects; and head shown in dorsal, ventral, and profile aspects. Scale = 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226208/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC33A09C497F940FC74A0E3" blockId="13.[151,1437,906,2011]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
|
||
Ventral coloration predominately yellow-gold throughout; gular region with irregular spots, faint anteriorly but becoming prominent and dark along lateral margins just anterior to gular fold; scapular region with two irregular black bands; trunk with irregular black bands and spots anteriorly, becoming more broken medially and posteriorly, appearing as laterally elongated yellow-gold ovals; forelimbs with faint, irregular dark mottling; hindlimbs with near uniform venter medially, with dark mottling along lateral margins; manus and pes dark yellow-gray; venter of tail appearing anteriorly much like that of the trunk, with yellow-gold laterally elongated ovals; posterior portions of tail with more regular alternation of dark and yellow-gold bands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC33A09C7C4F868FC4AA0E3" box="[916,984,1986,2011]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,814,836]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,176,813]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,173,818]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype of Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (PNM 9796), with body shown in dorsal and ventral aspects; and head shown in dorsal, ventral, and profile aspects. Scale = 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226208/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC03A0AC497FF3DFED9A558" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC03A0AC497FF3DFEA9A788" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Our small
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A608835FFC03A0AC595FF32FE67A788" box="[453,501,152,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series exhibits some color variation, but specimens are generally phenotypically similar. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A608835FFC03A0AC574FF16FE14A7ED" box="[292,390,188,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(KU 306603) and three
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A608835FFC03A0AC6CAFF17FC94A7ED" box="[666,774,189,213]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(KU 305155, 306602, and 308126) have lighter interstitial coloration between the dorsal scales, yielding an overall lighter appearance than other specimens. These three specimens also exhibit much more diffuse yellow gold coloration on limbs and tail, while two specimens (KU 313880, 326702) exhibit much more distinct yellow-gold spots or ocelli throughout. Additionally, the yellow-gold coloration in the lateral portions of the nuchal region, among all specimens, and on either side of a single specimen, are present as either a single longitudinal stripe extending posteriorly from the posterior margin of the tympanum or as a series of two or three longitudinally elongated spots or blotches. Two specimens (KU 305155, 306602) exhibit two relatively well-defined yellow crossbands on the snout, with the former’s being even more pronounced than the latter, and with this specimen (KU 305155) also exhibiting a much larger proportion of yellow coloration in the supraocular and temporal regions. In contrast, two specimens (KU 308216, 313880) exhibit nearly uniform, dark dorsal head coloration, with the former being completely devoid of yellow-gold accents with the exception of the pineal scale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC03A0AC497FDC6FCECA328" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
Ventral coloration is only slightly more variable than that of the dorsum. All specimens exhibit variable speckling in the gular region, gernerally consisting of 1–4 black scales. In the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3A608835FFC03A0AC004FD25FB24A590" box="[1108,1206,655,680]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(KU 306603), this speckling is much more reduced. In one specimen (KU 305155) anterior speckling in the gular region gives way to 2 broken transverse bands, and somewhat reduced speckling through the remainder of the gular region. Three specimens (KU 306602, 308216, and 326702) exhibit four, more well-defined dark transverse bands in the anterior portion of the gular regions, with speckling throughout the remainder of the gular region being relatively dense. A single specimen (KU 313880) exhibits nearly complete dark transverse bands throughout the gular region, with less prominent bands present anteriorly. Ventral trunk coloration is nearly uniform among specimens, with the only notable variation present in two individuals (KU 305155, 326702), the first of which exhibits reduced dark coloration extending medially onto the abdomen, and the second of which with darker, more distinct coloration extending medially onto the abdomen. Ventral tail coloration lacks any notable variation among specimens (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC03A0AC4C7FC5DFE92A328" box="[151,256,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1304,1326]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1274]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1435,193,1283]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dorsal color variation in the type series for both Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (top) and V. bangonorum sp. nov. (bottom). Scale = 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226209/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Figures 6</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC03A0AC566FC52FED6A337" box="[310,324,1016,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1307,1329]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,198,1277]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[150,1436,193,1285]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 7. Ventral color variation in the type series for both Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (top) and V. bangonorum sp. nov. (bottom). Scale = 50 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226210/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">7</figureCitation>
|
||
for further information on color pattern variation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC03A0AC497FBB6FB79A235" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC03A0AC497FBB6FE0EA30D" bold="true" box="[199,412,1052,1077]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Coloration in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on the only available image,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9DCC7607FFC03A0AC76BFBB7FCEAA30C" box="[827,888,1053,1076]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">PNM</collectingCountry>
|
||
9797 (formerly KU 306601;
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC03A0AC099FBB6FA98A30C" box="[1225,1290,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1412,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,1412,1847]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Photos in life of Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (A; KU 306601) and V. bangonorum sp. nov. (B; KU 335742)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226211/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A), and field notes of the authors. Dorsal ground coloration black to dark gray, with consipcuous transverse cross bands of yellow-gold ocelli from the posterior margin of the nuchal region through the anterior third of the tail. Trunk ocelli larger with a darkened, ground-colored center. Additionally, dorsal trunk with faded reticulate pattern, owing to light brown interstitial coloration. Lateral margins of head and nuchal region with conspicuous yellow-gold stripe, extending from the the posterior margin of the ocular, through the tympanum, and midway into the nuchal region. Yellow-gold ocelli brightest at lateral margins of trunk and adjacent to hindlimb and tail insertions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC03A0AC497FABDFAF8A26D" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Dorsal limb surfaces colored similarly to body, but with ocelli irregularly arranged and significantly smaller, lacking any dark-colored center. Dorsal ground color of limbs bright yellow, with irregular dark pigmentation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC03A0AC497FAF5FB49A2A4" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
Ventral coloration bright yellow-gold, with scattered black pigmentation and with ocelli of ventro-lateral surfaces irregularly arranged and significantly smaller, lacking any dark-colored center (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC03A0AC024FA2EFB24A2A4" box="[1140,1206,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1412,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,1412,1847]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Photos in life of Varanus dalubhasa sp. nov. (A; KU 306601) and V. bangonorum sp. nov. (B; KU 335742)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226211/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC03A0AC497FA0DFC50A1A0" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC03A0AC497FA0DFD4CA2F8" bold="true" box="[199,734,1447,1472]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Ecology, Distribution, and Natural History.</emphasis>
|
||
As with all members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC03A0AC06EFA03FA90A2F8" box="[1086,1282,1448,1472]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvator">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC03A0AC06EFA03FA90A2F8" box="[1086,1282,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Varanus salvator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Complex,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC03A0AC1D7FA03FE9EA2DC" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalubhasa">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC03A0AC1D7FA03FE9EA2DC" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">V. dalubhasa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be considered a habitat generalist, often thriving in a range of habitats from primary forest to more urbanized areas. While no detailed studies have been undertaken on this taxon specifically, the findings of Gaulke (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="814A4B66FFC03A0AC54AF9BFFD06A114" author="Luxmoore" box="[282,660,1556,1581]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" refString="Luxmoore, R. & Groombridge, B. (1989) Asian monitor lizards: a review of distribution, status, exploitation and trade in four selected species. Report to the Cites Secretariat, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge." type="book" year="1989">Luxmoore & Groombridge 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1992) are likely relevant. This taxon is most likely to be found in mangrove and riparian habitats (as their common name might suggest). Additionally, most water monitors seek out shelters in the form of rock crevices or even trees, most often near water sources. In more urban areas, human habitation may be used in lieu of more “natural” shelters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="814A4B66FFC03A0AC74FF9D5FC27A1A0" author="Gaulke" box="[799,949,1663,1688]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" refString="Gaulke, M. (1992) Taxonomy and biology of Philippine water monitors (Varanus salvator). The Philippine Journal of Science 121 (4), 345 - 364." type="journal article" year="1992">Gaulke 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC03A0AC497F90FFD3CA075" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
Not surprisingly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC03A0AC5DFF90FFDF8A184" box="[399,618,1700,1724]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalubhasa">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC03A0AC5DFF90FFDF8A184" box="[399,618,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Varanus dalubhasa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found throughout the Bicol Peninsula and faunal sub-region, including genetically confirmed specimen identifications from Polillo and Catanduanes islands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC03A0AC09FF96DFA8FA1D8" box="[1231,1309,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1679,1701]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,769,1652]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1435,769,1658]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. The distribution of the Varanus salvator Complex water monitor species. Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex (PAIC) faunal regions in the Philippines (indicated by island group color differences) are delineated by the 120 m underwater contour (Voris 2000; Brown & Diesmos 2009). Both V. togianus and V. s. macromaculatus are reported to occur on Sulawesi Island (Koch et al. 2010 a). The distribution of V. rasmusseni is denoted with an asterisk, “ * ”, while the distributions of the two newly identified evolutionary lineages (Welton et al. 2013 a, b) are denoted by question marks (?); see Figure 2." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226204/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DE02A12FFC03A0AC17BF962FAAEA1D8" box="[1323,1340,1736,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1803,1825]" captionTargetBox="[152,1431,510,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[152,1432,510,1775]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of Philippine species in the Varanus salvator Complex, and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic inference (RAxML v 7.5.4; Stamatakis, 2006) for the V. salvator Complex with Bayesian support values (MrBayes v 3.2; Ronquist et al. 2011) mapped onto relevant nodes. Solid circles indicate posterior probabilities> 95 and bootstrap support> 75, open circles indicate bootstrap support> 75 only. Asterisk “ * ” denotes sampling from Semirara Island. Open stars indicate type localities for V. dalubhasa sp. nov. (Bicol Peninsula, Luzon Island) and V. bangonorum sp. nov. (Mindoro Island). Scale bar represents number of changes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226205/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is an area with significant agricultural (rice fields) and coastal environments, and is additionally subdivided by a number of moderately sized river drainages. The northern extent of distribution for this taxon, and potential contact zone with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22DB4D14FFC03A0AC55CF89FFE3DA074" box="[268,431,1845,1868]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AFEA85FFC03A0AC55CF89FFE3DA074" box="[268,431,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">V. marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
requires further study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E5643697FFC03A0AC497F8FDFBE1A081" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Although no dietary preferences have been observed for this taxon, one can reasonably assume that its diet consists primarily of invertebrates and smaller vertebrates (fish, rodents, frogs, snakes). Additionally, this species is attracted to a number of carion items, with a particular affinity for fish (LJW pers. obs.).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |