238 lines
18 KiB
XML
238 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84c8a2ac-d7b8-46f3-9888-ce6c1485ac65" ID-PMC="PMC3088436" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-68-1" ID-PubMed="21594036" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-68-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 68" ModsDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho–)calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" checkinTime="1451250894870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Beglinger, Elly J. & De Voogd, Nicole J." docDate="2010" docId="55B8FCADDA13F9892B672C32EFB44D00" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 68: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 68" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" docTitle="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides Carter 1876" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="50" masterDocId="5D0AFFB7C87613675E79FFF7DA38AE2E" masterDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1668164561298" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>68</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360737" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:55B8FCADDA13F9892B672C32EFB44D00" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/55B8FCADDA13F9892B672C32EFB44D00" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1876" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1876" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella geodioides (Carter, 1876)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–G">A-G</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Pachastrella geodioides</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="226 - 479" title="Descriptions and Figures of Deep-Sea Sponges and their Spicules, from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869 (concluded)" volume="18" year="1876">Carter 1876</bibRefCitation>
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: 407, pl. XIV fig. 23.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodiides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodiides">Calthropella geodiides</taxonomicName>
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(sic);
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<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoology" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 458" title="Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876" volume="25" year="1888">Sollas 1888</bibRefCitation>
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: 111.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Corticella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corticella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Corticella geodioides</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent 1904</bibRefCitation>
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: 77, pl. IV fig. 14, pl. X fig. 12.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Atlantide Report (Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945 - 1946, Copenhagen)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="111 - 147" title="The sponges of West Africa." volume="4" year="1956">Burton 1956</bibRefCitation>
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: 142.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Pachastrissa geodioides</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Lendenfeld, R von" editor="Schulze, FE" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Porifera. Tetraxonia" volumeTitle="Das Tierreich. 19" year="1903">Lendenfeld 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 80;
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<bibRefCitation author="Van Soest, RWM" editor="Hooper, JNA" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="127 - 133" title="Family Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1907" volumeTitle="Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges" year="2002">Van Soest and Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 132, fig. 2D.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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ZMA Por. 21666, EMEPC/G3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–D03A–Ma">-D03A-Ma</normalizedToken>
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012, Azores, Terceira Island, 38.4265°N; 26.8206°W, 1201 m, coll. J. Xavier, 18 May 2007.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Specimens provided by Dr Joana Xavier, as yet unregistered: EMEPC/G3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–D01–">-D01-</normalizedToken>
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Ma005, Azores,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Jorge Island, 38.48°N; 27.798°W, 1222 m, 17 May 2007; EMEPC/G3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–D02–">-D02-</normalizedToken>
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Ma006, Azores, Terceira Island, 38.5530°N; 26.7083°W, 744 m, 18 May 2007; EMEPC/G3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–D33A–Ma">-D33A-Ma</normalizedToken>
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011a, S of Azores, Cruiser Seamount, 32.2570°N; 27.553°W, 643 m, 4 June 2007; EMEPC/G3/08.30, S of Azores, Atlantis Seamount, 33.916°N; 30.171°W, 1132 m, 30 October 2008.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Flat mounds (Fig. 24A) and thick crusts, rounded off at the edges. Size up to 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×3.5×">x3.5x</normalizedToken>
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1 cm. Surface generally smooth-looking and lacking obvious apertures. Rough to the touch, hard but crumbly. Colour white or cream (alcohol).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Skeleton: with a dense crust of microscleres carried by triaene megascleres, with scattered bundles of oxeas, which appear mostly broken and are sometimes entirely absent.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Spicules: calthrops, dichocalthrops, (broken) oxeas, tuberculated spherasters, oxyasters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Calthrops (Fig. 24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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), with common triactine forms, in a wide size range, cladi 102
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–350.9–">-350.9-</normalizedToken>
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705
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–51.5–">-51.5-</normalizedToken>
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128
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, cladomes 150
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–471.4–">-471.4-</normalizedToken>
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1050
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, possibly divisible in two categories (cladi lengths 102-180 and 434-705
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Dichocalthrops (Fig. 24D), few (absent in some specimens) and fairly small: protocladi 75-92
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, deuterocladi 28-31
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, rhabdome 92-120
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, cladome 128-183
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Oxeas (visible in Fig. 24B) invariably broken, at least 500
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in length and 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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diameter. Absent in some specimens (Sollas gives oxea size 736
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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9.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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Oxyasters (Fig. 24E) with conical rays, perhaps to be considered oxyspherasters, not common, 13-18
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">Tuberculated</pageBreakToken>
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spherasters (Fig. 24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
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), quite variable, in some specimens entirely smooth and of irregular oval shape, usually in a large size range 7-28
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, possibly divisible in two overlapping size classes (7-12 and 23-28
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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Figure 24.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
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, ZMA Por. 21666, from Azores, Terceira Island, A habit (scale bar 1 cm) B calthrops C overview of spicules, including broken oxeas D dichocalthrops E oxyaster F large tuberculated spherasters G small tuberculated spherasters.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">On rocks in deep water, 599-1222 m.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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Off Cabo
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Vicente, Portugal; Azores.
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<bibRefCitation author="Burton, M" journalOrPublisher="Atlantide Report (Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945 - 1946, Copenhagen)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="111 - 147" title="The sponges of West Africa." volume="4" year="1956">Burton (1956)</bibRefCitation>
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lists the species for Madeira, but the basis for that is not clear.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 280" title="Spongiaires des Acores" volume="25" year="1904">Topsent (1904)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali, G" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="445 - 621" title="A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali (1983)</bibRefCitation>
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both point out the great similarity of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
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. Points of difference apparently are the absence of dichocalthrops and oxeas in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella simplex" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">Calthropella simplex</taxonomicName>
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. In our present series of samples we could not find any oxeas in samples Ma012 and Ma005 (see above) and in the other samples they were invariably single, not forming bundles or radiating towards the surface and appeared to be broken generally in all sections and spicule mounts. Possibly this was artefactual. Dichocalthrops were rare to extremely rare in all studied samples.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="start">Dichocalthrops</pageBreakToken>
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that were encountered were all in the small size class of triaene megascleres (less than 200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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cladome size) and often were not
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘complete’">'complete'</normalizedToken>
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, i.e. only one or two of the cladi were forked.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">We believe that the two species simplex and geodioides could very well be the same species and could eventually be merged, but we will await further studies including molecular sequencing.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Topsent’s">Topsent's</normalizedToken>
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(1897) variety of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
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from Ambon (Indonesia) is not close to the present species. It shares the presence of oxeas and dichocalthrops with
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
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but calthrops are much smaller (200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="thick–centred">thick-centred</normalizedToken>
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euasters are only 10-12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. It is redescribed in
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<bibRefCitation author="Desqueyroux-Faundez, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="723 - 764" title="Revision de la collection d'eponges d'Amboine (Moluques, Indonesie) constitue par Bedot et Pictet et conservee au Museum d'histoire naturelle de Geneve." volume="88" year="1981">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Desqueyroux-Faúndez">Desqueyroux-Faundez</normalizedToken>
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(1981)
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</bibRefCitation>
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but remains ill-known (see below).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |