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<mods:title id="670DB0D1A3087447FE5F9BB9500F273B">Evaluation of morphological traits in Trhypochthoniidae with focus on Allonothrus, and morphology-molecule conflict in classification and phylogeny of Nothrina (Acari: Oribatida)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BB936F76B533D584786FBD0FDAEA215" blockId="23.[151,1437,1123,1725]" box="[151,541,1123,1149]" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584786FBD0FDAEA215" box="[151,541,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">
Leg setation in
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B533D584654FBD0FDAEA215" ID-CoL="647R4" authority="(Weigmann, 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Weigmann" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[325,541,1123,1149]" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trhypochthoniellus</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="8BB936F76B533D5847D6FB34FB67A33D" blockId="23.[151,1437,1123,1725]" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B066B533D5847D6FB34FE7BA2C9" author="Seniczak, S. &amp; Norton, R. A. &amp; Wang, H. - F." box="[199,456,1159,1185]" pageId="23" pageNumber="167" pagination="85 - 95" refId="ref43596" refString="Seniczak, S., Norton, R. A. &amp; Wang, H. - F. (1998) The morphology of juvenile stages of moss mites of the family Trhypochthoniidae (Acari: Oribatida), and the taxonomic status of some genera and species. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 237, 85 - 95." type="journal article" year="1998">
Seniczak
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584626FB34FEC0A2C9" box="[311,371,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
presented the setal ontogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B533D584458FB34FB27A2C9" authority="(Berlese, 1904)" baseAuthorityName="Berlese" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[841,1172,1159,1185]" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longisetus">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584458FB34FC69A2C9" box="[841,986,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">T. longisetus</emphasis>
(Berlese, 1904)
</taxonomicName>
under the synonym
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B533D584299FB34FD83A2AD" authority="(Warburton &amp; Pearce, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Warburton &amp; Pearce" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassus">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584299FB34FF58A2AC" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">T. crassus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B066B533D5847E8FB18FD9BA2AD" author="Warburton, C. &amp; Pearce, N. D. F." box="[249,552,1194,1221]" pageId="23" pageNumber="167" pagination="564 - 569" refId="ref45019" refString="Warburton, C. &amp; Pearce, N. D. F. (1905) On new and rare British mites of the family Oribatidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, 2, 564 - 569. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1906. tb 08408. x" type="journal article" year="1905">Warburton &amp; Pearce, 1905</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. [See
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B066B533D584563FB18FCFBA2AD" author="Weigmann, G." box="[626,840,1195,1221]" pageId="23" pageNumber="167" pagination="199 - 218" refId="ref45206" refString="Weigmann, G. (1997 a) New and old species of Malaconothroidea from Europe. Spixiana, 20 (3), 199 - 218." type="journal article" year="1997">Weigmann (1997a)</bibRefCitation>
for discussion of synonymies in this group.]. Notable traits include: the presence of four larval setae (including
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584436FB63FC8CA283" box="[807,831,1232,1259]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167"></emphasis>
) on tibia I, with no additions; the absence of
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584257FB63FAEDA283" box="[1350,1374,1232,1259]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167"></emphasis>
from larval tibia II, with no additions, for a final complement of three; the absence of several fundamental tarsal setae, including the primilateral pair (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D5846EAFAA4FDA2A359" box="[507,529,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">pl</emphasis>
) from tarsus I, primiventral setae (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D58448CFAA4FC04A358" box="[925,951,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">pv</emphasis>
) from tarsi IIII, and fastigial seta
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584259FAABFAEDA35B" box="[1352,1374,1304,1331]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">ftʹ</emphasis>
from tarsus III. Of antelateral setae, only
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584539FA8FFD8FA33F" box="[552,572,1340,1367]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">aʹ</emphasis>
forms on tarsus IV. No accessory setae form on any tarsus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB936F76B533D5847D6FAECFE5AA045" blockId="23.[151,1437,1123,1725]" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">
Illustrations of adult legs were provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B066B533D5845D0FAECFC2EA311" author="Weigmann, G." box="[705,925,1375,1401]" pageId="23" pageNumber="167" pagination="199 - 218" refId="ref45206" refString="Weigmann, G. (1997 a) New and old species of Malaconothroidea from Europe. Spixiana, 20 (3), 199 - 218." type="journal article" year="1997">Weigmann (1997a)</bibRefCitation>
; they are unlabelled, and slight variations in leg orientation make setal identifications somewhat challenging, but they accord well with the ontogenetic table. The absence of eustasic pair (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D5846F6FA14FDB2A3A8" box="[487,513,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">pv</emphasis>
) from tarsus I, as well as IIIII, and the absence of any proximal accessory setae, conspicuously leaves the unpaired seta
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584541FA78FDE8A38C" box="[592,603,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">s</emphasis>
as the most proximal seta in the ventral region of these tarsi. Eustasic pair (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D5847B0FA5CFF1CA060" box="[161,175,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">a</emphasis>
) forms as usual on these tarsi, occupying a clearly lateral position, slightly higher than usual in oribatid mites and slightly distal to the level of
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D5846C9F9A0FE50A044" box="[472,483,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">s</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB936F76B533D5747D6F984FE1CA409" blockId="23.[151,1437,1123,1725]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,609]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">
For most other
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B533D58466CF984FD03A039" box="[381,688,1591,1617]" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D58466CF984FDE6A039" box="[381,597,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">Trhypochthoniellus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
leg setation is unknown or analysed based only on adults. In
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B533D584299F984FDF2A01D" authority="Ermilov &amp; Weigmann, 2015" authorityName="Ermilov &amp; Weigmann" authorityYear="2015" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584299F984FF4AA01D" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">T. chilensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B066B533D584610F9E8FDF2A01D" author="Ermilov, S. G. &amp; Weigmann, G." box="[257,577,1626,1653]" pageId="23" pageNumber="167" pagination="1495 - 1500" refId="ref37035" refString="Ermilov, S. G. &amp; Weigmann, G. (2015) A new species of Trhypochthoniellus (Acari: Oribatida: Trhypochthoniidae) from Chile, with remarks on diagnosis of the genus. Biologia, 70 (11), 1495 - 1500. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 25.6.3" type="journal article" year="2015">Ermilov &amp; Weigmann, 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B533D584568F9E8FBD2A01D" authority="Ermilov et al., 2017" authorityName="Ermilov" authorityYear="2017" box="[633,1121,1627,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malaconothriformis">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584568F9E8FCC0A01D" box="[633,883,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">T. malaconothriformis</emphasis>
Ermilov
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D5844CEF9E8FBABA01D" box="[991,1048,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
</taxonomicName>
, the tarsal setation seems to differ from that of
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B533D58467BF9CCFE4BA0F1" baseAuthorityName="Berlese" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[362,504,1663,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longisetus">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D58467BF9CCFE4BA0F1" box="[362,504,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">T. longisetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in two ways. First, both species seem to form pair (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584351F9CCFBE9A0F0" box="[1088,1114,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">pv</emphasis>
) on tarsus I; their homology could only be confirmed with knowledge of early instars, but it seems likely they are (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B533D584387F910FB03A0D4" box="[1174,1200,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="167">pv</emphasis>
), since no proximal accessory setae are known in this genus. The second difference is that the partial regression of pair (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D5743E7FF24FAB7A6D8" box="[1270,1284,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">a</emphasis>
) on tarsus IV of
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B5C3D5747A7FF08FEF7A6BD" baseAuthorityName="Berlese" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[182,324,187,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longisetus">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D5747A7FF08FEF7A6BD" box="[182,324,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">T. longisetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to extend also to the other tarsi in
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B5C3D574406FF08FC26A6BD" authorityName="Ermilov &amp; Weigmann" authorityYear="2015" box="[791,917,187,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D574406FF08FC26A6BD" box="[791,917,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">T. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B5C3D5744DDFF08FB75A6BD" box="[972,1222,187,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malaconothriformis">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D5744DDFF08FB75A6BD" box="[972,1222,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">T. malaconothriformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such that only the abaxial (antiaxial) member of the pair is formed (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D5745AAFF53FD66A693" box="[699,725,224,251]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168"></emphasis>
on I/II,
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D57443EFF53FCF0A693" box="[815,835,224,251]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">aʹ</emphasis>
on III/IV). These authors misidentified the antelateral setae as accessory iteral setae (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D5746F6FEB7FDB1A777" box="[487,514,260,287]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">itʺ</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D57451EFEB7FD96A777" box="[527,549,260,287]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">itʹ</emphasis>
), which do not develop on any known member of
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B5C3D574356FEB0FAACA775" baseAuthorityName="Norton" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1095,1311,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trhypochthoniidae</taxonomicName>
; antelateral setae can be unusually high in this genus, close to or even distal to setae
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D5744C1FE94FC57A728" box="[976,996,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">tc</emphasis>
. Tarsi IIII of
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B5C3D57439DFE94FF49A70D" authority="Ojeda et al., 2020" authorityName="Ojeda" authorityYear="2020" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="churincensis">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D57439DFE94FA85A729" box="[1164,1334,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">T. churincensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B066B5C3D57422CFE94FF49A70D" author="Ojeda, M. &amp; Velez, P. &amp; Espinosa-Asuar, L. &amp; Eguiarte, L. E. &amp; Souza, V." pageId="24" pageNumber="168" pagination="974 - 985" refId="ref41549" refString="Ojeda, M., Velez, P., Espinosa-Asuar, L., Eguiarte, L. E. &amp; Souza, V. (2020) A new species of Trhypochthoniellus (Acari: Oribatid: Trhypochthoniidae) from Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila, Mexico, and a key to the world species. Systematic &amp; Applied Acarology, 25 (6), 974 - 985. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 25.6.3" type="journal article" year="2020">
Ojeda
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D574299FE94FF07A70D" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
also lack pair (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D5746B9FEF8FE71A70C" box="[424,450,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">pv</emphasis>
) and probably one antelateral seta; the latter point is equivocal, as their illustrations are difficult to interpret and they wrongly applied many setal notations (including
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D57430BFEDCFB99A7E0" box="[1050,1066,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">it</emphasis>
); tarsus IV is like that of all the other
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B5C3D5747C7FE20FDBFA7C5" box="[214,524,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D5747C7FE20FE1DA7C5" box="[214,430,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">Trhypochthoniellus</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
The only other data we have comes from a past study of adult
<typeStatus id="54BD88556B5C3D5743ABFE20FB59A7C5" box="[1210,1258,403,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">type</typeStatus>
specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B5C3D574299FE20FE12A7B9" authority="Hammer, 1982" authorityName="Hammer" authorityYear="1982" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ramosus">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D574299FE20FF45A7B8" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">T. ramosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B066B5C3D5747EDFE04FE12A7B9" author="Hammer, M." box="[252,417,439,465]" pageId="24" pageNumber="168" pagination="445 - 464" refId="ref39121" refString="Hammer, M. (1982) On a collection of oribatid mites from Bali (Indonesia). Entomologica Scandinavica, 13, 445 - 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631282 X 00291" type="journal article" year="1982">Hammer, 1982</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(R.A.N., unpublished, 1996); it has leg setation identical to that of adult
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B5C3D5743D3FE04FAFDA7B9" baseAuthorityName="Berlese" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1218,1358,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Trhypochthoniidae" genus="Trhypochthoniellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sarcoptiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longisetus">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D5743D3FE04FAFDA7B9" box="[1218,1358,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">T. longisetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except for lacking seta
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D574645FE6FFED5A79F" box="[340,358,476,503]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">vʹ</emphasis>
from trochanter III. Overall, the data allow the following generalizations
<taxonomicName id="4C064D746B5C3D5743D4FE68FF5BA471" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D5743D4FE68FA2EA79D" box="[1221,1437,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">Trhypochthoniellus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
lack the primiventral pair (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D57450EFE4CFD8AA470" box="[543,569,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">pv</emphasis>
) on tarsi II, III and in some species also on I; antelateral setae are present as a pair on tarsi IIII or only the abaxial seta forms; leg IV always forms pair (
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D5744E0FD90FBB8A454" box="[1009,1035,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">pv</emphasis>
) and seta
<emphasis id="B972EAE56B5C3D57436FFD97FB21A457" box="[1150,1170,548,575]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="168">aʹ</emphasis>
; no proximal accessory setae form on any tarsus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>