387 lines
38 KiB
XML
387 lines
38 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="000A0211D9A7ABD35BA7710EA9FCF9E3">New insights on the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Neotropical genus Phoebis (Pieridae: Coliadinae) revealed by molecular and morphological data</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9B88E4E2A991D6E63D890A490A8416B3" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1441C32F38EAFD8BEB6947F37E1A6EC8">Murillo-Ramos, Leidys</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="B4E04E94BD9E45DBBFAD8FA362475762">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4242B9877D0A6DDCE6268D248DA0C532">Torres, Renzo Hernández</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="BE8D4948707371418E8E4CA8731158AD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1297E2BD4B7209DBB45C5576E64BAC37">Águila, Rayner Núñez</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="4C9E7CC49BC485CF40A22F4B80D16663" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="9AE071B09FB692E637FAEFA1444DEDE3">Ayazo, Roger</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9C42FDA0690F27932769A381CD63754E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="29FFFEEE23E291F5AB85673A2C89438E">
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<mods:date id="693C58116F855078739FC703CFD6FB16">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1ECDEA4B6CD24DA3B5953A5B60F2C5A8">2018-08-07</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5B8CCA0DCDC907C5CBB3DAB43B7674D0" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="6E2FDFCACBAF09189A713ADC035E38E2">4457</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="39B1A3F8581D8265DC4BADA3476BFD62" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4457.1.10</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AF878BFF8D485DFF58F907FBCC296F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5998528" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148691718" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5998528" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AF878BFF8D485DFF58F907FBCC296F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AF878BFF8D485DFF58F907FBCC296F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
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<subSubSection id="C31C6516FF8D485BFF58F907FDAE2F76" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB9369DFF8D485BFF58F907FDC52EB0" blockId="3.[151,529,1704,1731]" box="[151,529,1704,1731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
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<heading id="D0F181F1FF8D485BFF58F907FDC52EB0" bold="true" box="[151,529,1704,1731]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8D485BFF58F907FDC52EB0" bold="true" box="[151,529,1704,1731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8D485BFF21F906FE622EB0" ID-CoL="6NV2" ID-ENA="40076" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[238,438,1704,1731]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8D485BFF21F906FE9A2EB1" bold="true" box="[238,334,1704,1730]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Phoebis</emphasis>
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Hübner
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</taxonomicName>
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, [1819]
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB9369DFF8D485BFF58F941FDAE2F76" blockId="3.[151,634,1775,1828]" box="[151,634,1775,1797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8D485BFF58F941FDC82F76" authority="Godman & Salvin, 1889" authorityName="Godman & Salvin" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,540,1775,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Rhabdodryas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8D485BFF58F941FECA2F76" box="[151,286,1775,1797]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Rhabdodryas</emphasis>
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Godman & Salvin, 1889
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8D485BFDEDF95EFDAE2F76" bold="true" box="[546,634,1776,1797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">syn. rev.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31C6516FF8D485BFF58F8A0FC7C2F11" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB9369DFF8D485BFF58F8A0FE072F57" blockId="3.[151,634,1775,1828]" box="[151,467,1806,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8D485BFF58F8A0FEA12F57" authority="Butler, 1873" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,373,1806,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Aphrissa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8D485BFF58F8A0FF252F57" box="[151,241,1806,1828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Aphrissa</emphasis>
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Butler, 1873
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8D485BFEB4F8A1FE072F57" bold="true" box="[379,467,1807,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">syn. rev.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB9369DFF8D485BFF58F8E3FC7C2F11" blockId="3.[151,936,1868,1890]" box="[151,936,1868,1890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
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Type species.
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8D485BFEEAF8E2FDA82F11" authority="(Fabricius 1775)" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[293,636,1868,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argante">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8D485BFEEAF8E2FE1F2F11" box="[293,459,1868,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Phoebis argante</emphasis>
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(Fabricius 1775)
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</taxonomicName>
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, designated by Butler (1873).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31C6516FF8D485CFF58F820FD1F2A52" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BB9369DFF8D485CFF58F820FD1F2A52" blockId="3.[151,1436,1934,2031]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,545]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8D485BFF58F820FEDE2FD4" bold="true" box="[151,266,1934,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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(modified from Brown 1931 and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF974B6CFF8D485BFD5DF820FCC02FD4" box="[658,788,1934,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" refId="ref4417" refString="Klots, A. B. (1931) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica Americana, 12, 139 - 242." type="journal article">Klots 1931</bibRefCitation>
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). Medium sized to large butterflies ≈
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<quantity id="4CFE9B78FF8D485BFB08F820FAEC2FD4" box="[1223,1336,1934,1959]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" unit="mm" value="52.5" valueMax="75.0" valueMin="30.0">30-75mm</quantity>
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; antenna short with gradual club (
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<figureCitation id="133D2A18FF8D485BFE68F81CFDDD2FB8" box="[423,521,1970,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[220,1362,193,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[220,1363,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Representatives of Phoebis, Aphrissa and Rhabdodryas (Males). Left side dorsal view, right side ventral view. A. Phoebis agarithe; B. Phoebis argante; C. Phoebis neocypris; D. Phoebis philea; E. Phoebis sennae; F. Aphrissa statira; G. Rhabdodryas trite; H. Phoebis avellaneda." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1457547/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">Figure 4</figureCitation>
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). The palpi of both sexes are short and thick (differing from
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8D485BFB65F81DFAC02FB9" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[1194,1300,1971,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Aphrissa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="statira">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8D485BFB65F81DFAC02FB9" box="[1194,1300,1971,1994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">A. Statira</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); forewings apex shape cuneiform, the costal margin is curved and the termen is straight (except in
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8D485BFBA1F879FB2C2F9D" baseAuthorityName="Hübner, [" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[1134,1272,2007,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="182" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neocypris">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8D485BFBA1F879FB2C2F9D" box="[1134,1272,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="182">P. neocypris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). The margins of the wings of the males broadly bordered with mealy scales varying in width according to the species. The males present either with a androconial scales on the caudal edge of the forewings or on the costal margin of hindwings. In
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFF78FF4EFEF62884" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[183,290,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Aphrissa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="statira">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFF78FF4EFEF62884" box="[183,290,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">A. statira</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFEFDFF4FFE41288B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1763" box="[306,405,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="philea">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFEFDFF4FFE41288B" box="[306,405,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">P. philea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFE1EFF4FFDBD288B" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[465,617,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avellaneda">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFE1EFF4FFDBD288B" box="[465,617,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">P. avellaneda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, androconial scales are found on both wings. In
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFB52FF4FFB392884" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1181,1261,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Rhabdodryas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trite">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFB52FF4FFB392884" box="[1181,1261,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">R. trite</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFAE7FF4FFA48288B" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1320,1436,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argante">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFAE7FF4FFA48288B" box="[1320,1436,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">P. argante</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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androconial scales are modified as a pencil of 'hairs' below Sc+R1 of hindwings. Forewings with R1 and R2 arising from the discal cell. R3 and R4+5 stalked, R4+5 considerably longer than the distance from the end of the cell to its base.
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFF18FEFFFED2291A" box="[215,262,337,361]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">mdc</emphasis>
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slightly more than half as long as
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFD41FEFFFD64291A" box="[654,688,337,361]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">ldc</emphasis>
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. Hindwing with humeral vein very short. R s, M1 and M2 from cell separately with
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFE86FED6FEAC29E3" box="[329,376,376,400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">mdc</emphasis>
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being the shortest of the three discodellulars veins,
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFC0DFED6FC3029E3" box="[962,996,376,400]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">ldc</emphasis>
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distinctly angled. Harpe subtriangular; distal process prolonged (quite short in
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFDACFE33FD1B29C7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[611,719,413,436]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sennae">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFDACFE33FD1B29C7" box="[611,719,413,436]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">P. sennae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFCC4FE33FC7029C7" baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[779,932,412,436]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="avellaneda">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFCC4FE33FC7029C7" box="[779,932,412,436]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">P. avellaneda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Marginal process prominent (except in
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFA4BFE33FF1229AB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Rhabdodryas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trite">
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<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFA4BFE33FF1229AB" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">R. trite</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); annellus slender; juxtae broadly filamentous, leaf-like (in
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFCA8FE6EFC1F29AB" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1873" box="[871,971,448,472]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Aphrissa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFCA8FE6EFC1F29AB" box="[871,971,448,472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Aphrissa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Both uncus and saccus each simple and about equal in length, no dorsal lobe on the uncus; scaphium absent; vinculum slender. Aedeagus slender, straight or undulating; several cornuti in the distal portion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF796615FF8A485CFF58FDFEFD692A14" box="[151,701,592,615]" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB9369DFF8A485CFF58FDFEFD692A14" blockId="4.[151,701,592,615]" box="[151,701,592,615]" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFF58FDFEFEDD2A14" bold="true" box="[151,265,592,615]" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Character list of morphological data set.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB9369DFF8A485CFF51FD2DFD2C2E1E" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<table id="F906C43DFF8AB7A7FF51FD2DFA422E1E" box="[158,1430,643,1645]" gridcols="1" gridrows="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FD2DFA422AEA" box="[158,1430,643,665]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<th id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FD2DFA422AEA" box="[158,1430,643,665]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">CHARACTERS LIST</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FD02FA422A92" box="[158,1430,684,737]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FD02FA422A92" box="[158,1430,684,737]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
1. Androconial scales on upper side of hindwings (males):
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFD3DFD02FEC02A92" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) below Sc+R1 invading the Rs; 1) below Sc+R1 never invading the Rs.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FD5AFA422B5A" box="[158,1430,756,809]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FD5AFA422B5A" box="[158,1430,756,809]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
2. Distance from R2 vein to rear end of discal cell. Length relative to media discocellular vein (mdc):
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFB56FD5AFD8C2B5A" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Shorter than Di.M; 1) As long as Di.M; 2) Larger than Di.M.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FC92FA422B21" box="[158,1430,828,850]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FC92FA422B21" box="[158,1430,828,850]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
3. Shape of Anal angle (To) of APD:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFDD7FC92FB2B2B21" box="[536,1279,828,850]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Without prolongation of hindwings; 1) With prolongation of hindwings</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FCCBFA422B0F" box="[158,1430,869,892]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FCCBFA422B0F" box="[158,1430,869,892]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
4 Orange patches on the discal area of forewings:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFD56FCCBFCA32B0F" box="[665,887,869,892]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Absent; 1) Present.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FC21FA422BD6" box="[158,1430,911,933]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FC21FA422BD6" box="[158,1430,911,933]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
5 Marginal wing areas with orange coloration:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFDB6FC21FC832BD6" box="[633,855,911,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Absent; 1) Present.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FC16FA422BBD" box="[158,1430,952,974]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FC16FA422BBD" box="[158,1430,952,974]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
6 Transverse band on forewings, ventral:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFD8DFC16FCF42BBD" box="[578,800,952,974]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Absent; 1) Present.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FC4FFA422B84" box="[158,1430,993,1015]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FC4FFA422B84" box="[158,1430,993,1015]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
7 Transverse band on forewings, ventral (shape):
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFD5CFC4FFB0E2B84" box="[659,1242,993,1015]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Straight and discontinuous; 1) Straight and continuous</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FBA5FA422C4C" box="[158,1430,1035,1087]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FBA5FA422C4C" box="[158,1430,1035,1087]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
8 Brow spots on marginal area of hindwings.
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFDA4FBA5FDB62C4C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Absence of brown spots in the marginal area of HW Brown; 1) Presence of brown spots in the marginal area of HW</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FBFDFA422CF4" box="[158,1430,1107,1159]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FBFDFA422CF4" box="[158,1430,1107,1159]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
9 Sclerotization on the ductus bursae. Relative to the length:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFCCAFBFDFDDC2CF4" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) One third of the length; 1) Two thirds of the length; 2) Half of the length 3) No sclerotization.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FB35FA422CC2" box="[158,1430,1179,1201]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FB35FA422CC2" box="[158,1430,1179,1201]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
10. Corpus bursae, shape:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFE66FB35FC042CC2" box="[425,976,1179,1201]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Orbicular 1) pyriform 2) cylindrical 3) semi-square</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FB6AFA422CA9" box="[158,1430,1220,1242]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FB6AFA422CA9" box="[158,1430,1220,1242]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">11 Signum, shape: 0) Broad plate spined or dentate on surface; 1) smooth plate with a prominent spine in the middle posterior.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FB43FA422D70" box="[158,1430,1261,1283]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FB43FA422D70" box="[158,1430,1261,1283]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
12. Thickness of saccus, relative to vinculum:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFDBBFB43FAAE2D70" box="[628,1402,1261,1283]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Thicker than vinculum; 1) Same than vinculum 2) Thinner than vinculum.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FAB9FA422D5E" box="[158,1430,1303,1325]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FAB9FA422D5E" box="[158,1430,1303,1325]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
13. Juxta, shape:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFE82FAB9FD462D5E" box="[333,658,1303,1325]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) blade-like 1) filamentous-like</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FAEEFA422D25" box="[158,1430,1344,1366]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FAEEFA422D25" box="[158,1430,1344,1366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
14. Dorsal process of the harpe:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFE29FAEEFC952D25" box="[486,833,1344,1366]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Inconspicuous; 1) Conspicuous</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FAC7FA422D0C" box="[158,1430,1385,1407]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FAC7FA422D0C" box="[158,1430,1385,1407]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
15. Dorsal process of the harpe, shape: 0
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFDF6FAC4FCE82D0C" box="[569,828,1385,1407]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">) Truncated 1) Acuminate</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FA3DFA422DDA" box="[158,1430,1427,1449]" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FA3DFA422DDA" box="[158,1430,1427,1449]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
16. Shape of distal process:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFE75FA3DFC622DDA" box="[442,950,1427,1449]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Hooked 1) Rounded 2) Acuminate 3) Truncated</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FA12FA422DA1" box="[158,1430,1468,1490]" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FA12FA422DA1" box="[158,1430,1468,1490]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
17. Ampullas into the harpe:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFE0AFA12FD472DA1" box="[453,659,1468,1490]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Absent 1) Present</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51FA4BFA422E69" box="[158,1430,1509,1562]" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51FA4BFA422E69" box="[158,1430,1509,1562]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
18. Androconial scales on upper side of hindwings (males):
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFD31FA4BFEB22E69" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Present on marginal zone; 1) Present on marginal and submarginal zone.</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51F983FA422E37" box="[158,1430,1581,1604]" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51F983FA422E37" box="[158,1430,1581,1604]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
19. Saccus length: 0)
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFEB7F983FDED2E37" box="[376,569,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Shorter than uncus</emphasis>
|
||
1)
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFD94F980FCD22E37" box="[603,774,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">As long as uncus</emphasis>
|
||
2)
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFCE8F981FC312E37" box="[807,997,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Longer than uncus</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353634DFFF8AB7A7FF51F9F9FA422E1E" box="[158,1430,1623,1645]" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<td id="76E75DA3FF8AB7A7FF51F9F9FA422E1E" box="[158,1430,1623,1645]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
20. Aedeagus with a basal extension:
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFDD3F9F9FD262E1E" box="[540,754,1623,1645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">0) Absent; 1) Present</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31C6516FF8A485DFF08F91FFBCC296F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB9369DFF8A485DFF08F91FFBCC296F" blockId="4.[151,1437,1713,2026]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFF08F91FFEE02EB9" bold="true" box="[199,308,1713,1738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. Currently the morphological characters that separate the genera are as follow: for males (i) species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFEE9F97BFE5E2E9E" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1873" box="[294,394,1749,1773]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Aphrissa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFEE9F97BFE5E2E9E" box="[294,394,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Aphrissa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ in the leaf-like structure of the juxtae compared to males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFBBDF97BFB182E9E" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[1138,1228,1749,1773]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFBBDF97BFB182E9E" box="[1138,1228,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Phoebis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which the juxta is a filamentous and for females, (ii) the terminal joint of the palpi is long and well exposed in females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFAF7F954FA4F2F61" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1873" box="[1336,1435,1786,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Aphrissa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFAF7F954FA4F2F61" box="[1336,1435,1786,1810]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Aphrissa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFF32F8B3FE8C2F46" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[253,344,1821,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFF32F8B3FE8C2F46" box="[253,344,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Phoebis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very short (Brown 1931;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B6CFF8A485CFD6EF8B3FC602F45" box="[673,948,1821,1846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" refId="ref4235" refString="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (1879 - 1901) Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Biologia Centrali Americana. Uol. II. Taylor and Francis, London, 782 pp." type="book">
|
||
Godman & Salvin
|
||
<date id="FFB8105DFF8A485CFCB5F8B0FC602F45" box="[890,948,1822,1846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" value="1879" valueMax="1901">1879</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–1901).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFBDDF8B3FB732F46" authorityName="Godman & Salvin" authorityYear="1889" box="[1042,1191,1821,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Rhabdodryas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFBDDF8B3FB732F46" box="[1042,1191,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Rhabdodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFA8DF8B3FA482F46" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[1346,1436,1821,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFA8DF8B3FA482F46" box="[1346,1436,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Phoebis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to a pencil of hairs below the subcostal vein on the hind wings and patches of scales above the subcostal vein. In general, venation pattern is quite similar among the genera. We agree with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B6CFF8A485CFBFFF8CBFB162F0D" box="[1072,1218,1893,1918]" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" refId="ref4417" refString="Klots, A. B. (1931) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica Americana, 12, 139 - 242." type="journal article">Klots (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
when he said that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFF58F824FF252FD1" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[151,241,1930,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFF58F824FF252FD1" box="[151,241,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Phoebis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a genus within which specific differentiation had proceeded very quickly.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B6CFF8A485CFBA6F827FB272FD1" box="[1129,1267,1929,1954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" refId="ref4363" refString="Klots, A. B. (1929) The generic status of Catopsilia Hubner and Phoebis Hubner, with a discussion of the relationships of the species and the homologies of the male genitalia (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 24, 203 - 214." type="journal article">Klots (1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B6CFF8A485CFACEF824FAEE2FD1" box="[1281,1338,1930,1954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" refId="ref4417" refString="Klots, A. B. (1931) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica Americana, 12, 139 - 242." type="journal article">1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) did not find a strong morphological evidences to divide
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFD74F803FCC12FB6" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[699,789,1965,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFD74F803FCC12FB6" box="[699,789,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Phoebis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in to more genera. Instead, the author considered several subgroups inside
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8A485CFE92F87CFE632F99" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[349,439,2002,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="183" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8A485CFE92F87CFE632F99" box="[349,439,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="183">Phoebis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, very well supported by male genitalia. According to the results found in this study, no further splitting of
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8B485DFEA1FF36FDEE28C3" box="[366,570,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8B485DFEA1FF36FE1F28C3" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[366,459,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phoebis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8B485DFE18FF36FDEE28C3" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1873" box="[471,570,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Aphrissa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aphrissa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8B485DFDBCFF36FCDC28C3" authorityName="Godman & Salvin" authorityYear="1889" box="[627,776,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Rhabdodryas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8B485DFDBCFF36FCDC28C3" box="[627,776,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="184">Rhabdodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in two or more genera is corroborated, especially because the morphological characters proposed to separate the genera are not strongly supported by concatenated data set analyses and ancestral state reconstruction. With the herein proposed synonymy, the species included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8B485DFAF7FF4EFA4F288B" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1873" box="[1336,1435,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Aphrissa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8B485DFAF7FF4EFA4F288B" box="[1336,1435,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="184">Aphrissa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8B485DFF09FEAAFE8F296F" authorityName="Godman & Salvin" authorityYear="1889" box="[198,347,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Rhabdodryas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8B485DFF09FEAAFE8F296F" box="[198,347,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="184">Rhabdodryas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are now part of
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EA8FFF8B485DFDDBFEAAFDA1296F" box="[532,629,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D1EFF8B485DFDDBFEAAFDA5296F" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[532,625,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Phoebis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phoebis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as previously stated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B6CFF8B485DFC4CFEAAFBC1296F" box="[899,1045,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="184" refId="ref4417" refString="Klots, A. B. (1931) A generic classification of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera) together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica Americana, 12, 139 - 242." type="journal article">Klots (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |