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<document id="217CA3F24D0F50E604383234CA14B43D" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.314.1.1" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13700770" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725575392568" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bosak, Sunčica &amp; Sarno, Diana" docDate="2017" docId="038587FE515FFFF96AE5F939DF9EFC65" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.314.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 314 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.314.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Chaetoceros lauderi Ralfs" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FFBCFF865144FFE46A6DFFCBDD70FFEC" masterDocTitle="The planktonic diatom genus Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from the Adriatic Sea" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1725585328926" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="D139DE135DAF8F4D8B2269E7CB3135D7">The planktonic diatom genus Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from the Adriatic Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B02DDDF29C35BFA8507A40D10BA1CF93">Bosak, Sunčica</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F952A9AD3D5C2F1D4CE4A3F7821436A4">University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR- 10000 Zagreb, Croatia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8EB18C5E2B5E7C129674DB27AFF5AD77">Sarno, Diana</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D6FD12F32BD5DBB62F7B2F38EA4C3388">Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="62FE4BD82C8A4C9DF8566094480D789B">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="36833986A6EDEFAD2C137ECDA8013B81" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.314.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3BF045668CCDC0897CF0193A449215B8" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038587FE515FFFF96AE5F939DF9EFC65" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038587FE515FFFF96AE5F939DF9EFC65" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038587FE515FFFF96AE5F939DF9EFC65" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<subSubSection id="C3366563515FFFFF6AE5F939DE12F8E1" box="[136,866,1778,1805]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9336E8515FFFFF6AE5F939DE12F8E1" blockId="27.[136,866,1778,1805]" box="[136,866,1778,1805]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="D0DB8184515FFFFF6AE5F939DE12F8E1" box="[136,866,1778,1805]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3C11C6515FFFFF6AE5F939DE12F8E1" box="[136,866,1778,1805]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B515FFFFF6AE5F939DCC3F8E1" ID-CoL="TB5R" authority="Ralfs" authorityName="Ralfs" box="[136,435,1778,1805]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="lauderi">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA515FFFFF6AE5F939DC00F8E1" bold="true" box="[136,368,1778,1805]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chaetoceros lauderi</emphasis>
Ralfs
</taxonomicName>
in
<treatmentCitation id="0A8D10F9515FFFFF6BBAF93FDFDFF8E1" author="Lauder, H. S." box="[471,687,1780,1805]" page="77" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1864">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B19515FFFFF6BBAF93FDFDFF8E1" author="Lauder, H. S." box="[471,687,1780,1805]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="6 - 8" refId="ref28003" refString="Lauder, H. S. (1864 a) On new diatoms. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 4: 6 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1864. tb 01620. x" type="journal article" year="1864">Lauder (1864a: 77)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<figureCitation id="13172A6D515FFFFF68D0F93FDE29F8E1" box="[701,857,1780,1805]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs 142–153</figureCitation>
)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3366563515FFFF96AE5F8D1DF9EFC65" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9336E8515FFFFF6AE5F8D1D959F8BF" blockId="27.[136,1451,1818,1911]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA515FFFFF6AE5F8D1DD8FF8C3" bold="true" box="[136,255,1818,1839]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">References:</emphasis>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B19515FFFFF6B75F8D1DCD9F8C3" author="Hustedt, F." box="[280,425,1818,1839]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref27612" refString="Hustedt, F. (1930) Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Osterrreichs und der Schweiz under Berucksichtigung der ubrigen Lander Europas sowie der angrenzenden Meeresgebiete. 1. Teil. Akademische Verlaggesellschaft, Leipzig, 920 pp." type="book" year="1930">Hustedt (1930)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B19515FFFFF6BDFF8D1DF5CF8C3" author="Cupp, E. E." box="[434,556,1818,1839]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 237" refId="ref26235" refString="Cupp, E. E. (1943) Marine plankton diatoms of the west coast of north America. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Technical series 5: 1 - 237." type="book chapter" year="1943">Cupp (1943)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B19515FFFFF6858F8D1DFAEF8C3" author="Hargraves, P. E." box="[565,734,1818,1839]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="99 - 120" refId="ref26847" refString="Hargraves, P. E. (1979) Studies on marine plankton diatoms. IV. Morphology of Chaetoceros resting spores. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 64: 99 - 120." type="journal article" year="1979">Hargraves (1979)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B19515FFFFF688BF8D1DE92F8C3" author="Rines, J. E. B. &amp; Hargraves, P. E." box="[742,994,1818,1839]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref29358" refString="Rines, J. E. B. &amp; Hargraves, P. E. (1988) The Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyceae) Flora of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, U. S. A. Bibliotheca Phycologica, Band 79, J. Cramer, Berlin, 196 pp." type="book" year="1988">Rines &amp; Hargraves (1988)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B19515FFFFF6986F8D1D8D7F8C3" author="Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Flores Granados, C." box="[1003,1447,1818,1839]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="505 - 519" refId="ref27444" refString="Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Flores Granados, C. (1998) Species of the diatom genus Chaetoceros (Bacilariophyceae) in the plankton from the southern Gulf of Mexico. Botanica Marina 41: 505 - 519. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / botm. 1998.41.1 - 6.505" type="journal article" year="1998">
Hernández-Becerril &amp;
<collectingCountry id="F33B7678515FFFFF6EA9F8D1D870F8C3" box="[1220,1280,1818,1839]" name="Indonesia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Flores</collectingCountry>
Granados (1998)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B19515FFFFF6AD0F8F5DCB0F8BF" author="Jensen, K. G. &amp; Moestrup, O." box="[189,448,1854,1875]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref27749" refString="Jensen, K. G. &amp; Moestrup, O. (1998) The genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae) in innner Danish coastal waters. Opera Botanica 133: 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1998">Jensen &amp; Moestrup (1998)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B19515FFFFF6BA7F8F5DFE8F8BF" author="Sunesen, I. &amp; Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Sar, E. A." box="[458,664,1854,1875]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="303 - 326" refId="ref29885" refString="Sunesen, I., Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Sar, E. A. (2008) Marine diatoms from Buenos Aires coastal waters (Argentina). V. Species of the genus Chaetoceros. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia 43: 303 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.4067 / s 0718 - 19572008000200009" type="journal article" year="2008">
Sunesen
<emphasis id="B958EAFA515FFFFF684DF8F5DF3AF8BF" box="[544,586,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. (2008)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B19515FFFFF68CFF8F5DE03F8BF" author="Kooistra, W. H. C. F. &amp; Sarno, D. &amp; Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Assmy, P. &amp; Di Prisco, C. &amp; Montresor, M." box="[674,883,1854,1875]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="471 - 500" refId="ref27928" refString="Kooistra, W. H. C. F., Sarno, D., Hernandez-Becerril, D. U., Assmy, P., Di Prisco, C. &amp; Montresor, M. (2010) Comparative molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses of taxa in the Chaetocerotaceae (Bacillariophyta). Phycologia 5: 471 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.2216 / 09 - 59.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
Kooistra
<emphasis id="B958EAFA515FFFFF6896F8F5DE55F8BF" box="[763,805,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. (2010)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B19515FFFFF6910F8F5D955F8BF" author="Ishii, K. - I. &amp; Iwataki, M. &amp; Matsuoka, K. &amp; Imai, I." box="[893,1061,1854,1875]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="351 - 362" refId="ref27686" refString="Ishii, K. - I., Iwataki, M., Matsuoka, K. &amp; Imai, I. (2011) Proposal of identification criteria for resting spores of Chaetoceros species (Bacillariophyceae) from a temperate coastal sea. Phycologia 50: 351 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.2216 / 10 - 36.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
Ishii
<emphasis id="B958EAFA515FFFFF69C0F8F5DEAEF8BF" box="[941,990,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E8515FFFFF6AE5F8A9DF31F89B" blockId="27.[136,1451,1818,1911]" box="[136,577,1890,1911]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA515FFFFF6AE5F8A9DD89F89B" bold="true" box="[136,249,1890,1911]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Synonyms:</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B515FFFFF6B7CF8A9DF31F89B" ID-CoL="TB8R" authority="Schutt." authorityName="Schutt." box="[273,577,1890,1911]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="weissflogii">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA515FFFFF6B7CF8A9DC87F89B" box="[273,503,1890,1911]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chaetoceros weissflogii</emphasis>
Schütt.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E8515FFFFF6AE5F863DFB0F82D" blockId="27.[136,1452,1960,2093]" box="[136,704,1960,1985]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA515FFFFF6AE5F863DC4BF82D" bold="true" box="[136,315,1960,1985]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Morphometry:</emphasis>
—a.a.: 15–39 μm; p.a.: 27–63 μm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E8515FFFF96AD0F807DCE9FE7D" blockId="27.[136,1452,1960,2093]" lastBlockId="29.[136,1452,160,905]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA515FFFFF6AD0F807DD84F809" bold="true" box="[189,244,1996,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">LM:</emphasis>
—Cells are united into long straight chains which are slightly twisted around the chain axis (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D515FFFFF6F76F807D80FF809" box="[1307,1407,1996,2021]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 142</figureCitation>
). In valve view cells are circular to elliptical, in girdle view rectangular with sharp corners and pervalvar axis generally longer than the apical axis (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D515FFFFF6BADF7DFDF53F7C1" box="[448,547,2068,2093]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 143</figureCitation>
). There are numerous (25–45) small chloroplasts present in each cell (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D515FFFFF6F51F7DFD8EFF7C1" box="[1340,1439,2068,2093]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 143</figureCitation>
). The valve face is flat. The mantle is low without constriction at its edge while the girdle is usually very broad. Intercalary setae emerge from the corners of the valves, fuse without a basal part and immediately diverge in different directions. Apertures are very narrow and slit-like (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF968A5FF23DE5BFEED" box="[712,811,232,257]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 143</figureCitation>
). Setae are generally straight, extending perpendicular to the chain axis, with some of them curving towards either end of the chain (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF969A4FEC7D95BFEC9" box="[969,1067,268,293]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 142</figureCitation>
). In valve view setae diverge from the apical plane at an angle of 30–40°; in some cases one seta is parallel with the apical plane and the other is more or less perpendicular. Terminal setae are morphologically similar to intercalary ones, strongly diverging in a broad Ushaped curve (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF96B47FEB3DCFDFE7D" box="[298,397,376,401]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 142</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5366605158FFF86AE5F952D858F846" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" startId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" targetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" targetPageId="28" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9336E85158FFF86AE5F952D858F846" blockId="28.[136,1453,1689,1962]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5158FFF86AE5F952DC23F942" bold="true" box="[136,339,1689,1710]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURES 142–153.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5158FFF86B37F952DF6EF942" box="[346,542,1689,1710]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="lauderi">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5158FFF86B37F952DF6EF942" box="[346,542,1689,1710]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Chaetoceros lauderi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation. 145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs. 146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85159FFF96AD0FE57D920FCF1" blockId="29.[136,1452,160,905]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5159FFF96AD0FE57DD84FE59" bold="true" box="[189,244,412,437]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">EM:</emphasis>
—The valve face is ornamented with densely and irregularly distributed anastomosing costae radiating from a relatively large central annulus (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF96879FE0BDFC7FE35" box="[532,695,448,473]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs 144, 145</figureCitation>
) and becoming parallel on the valve mantle (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF96EA6FE0BD841FE35" box="[1227,1329,448,473]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 146</figureCitation>
). The area between costae is hyaline. The marginal ridge is often ornamented with a very low hyaline rim (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF96EA2FE2FD843FE11" box="[1231,1331,484,509]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 147</figureCitation>
). Terminal valves possess a slit-shaped rimoportula (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF96808FDC3DE76FDCD" box="[613,774,520,545]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs 146, 148</figureCitation>
) with an external wide flattened tube (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF96EA5FDC3D85DFDCD" box="[1224,1325,520,545]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 147</figureCitation>
). Setae are circular in cross-section, ornamented with small poroids and shark fin-shaped spines arranged in a spiral pattern (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF96F13FDE7DDC6FD85" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 149</figureCitation>
). The girdle bands have parallel transverse ribs alternating with less silicified areas perforated by irregularly distributed small poroids (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF96BDFFDBFDF66FD61" box="[434,534,628,653]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 150</figureCitation>
). The resting spores are ornamented with long spines on their primary valve and few long thing capilli on the secondary valve. (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF968FBFD53DF81FD5D" box="[662,753,664,689]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig 151</figureCitation>
). The capitate primary valve of the resting spore is constricted at its base and spines which are either completely straight or sharply bent near the tip (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF96E32FD77D9B2FD39" box="[1119,1218,700,725]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 152</figureCitation>
). Secondary valve is flat to vaulted, either with smooth surface or ornamented with thin and very long hair-like spines (capilli) which are commonly present in a form of a single ring on the mantle advalvar margin (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5159FFF9698CFCCFD934FCF1" box="[993,1092,772,797]" captionStart="FIGURES 142–153" captionStartId="28.[136,243,1689,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1415,190,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-18@28.[151,1436,190,1664]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 142–153. Chaetoceros lauderi culture material, strain PMFL1. Figs 142–143, 151: LM. Figs 144–146, 148, 150: TEM. Figs 147, 149, 152–153: SEM. 142) Complete chain showing setae orientation. 143) Intercalary cells with numerous chloroplasts. 144) Two overlapped sibling valves showing valve ornamentation.145) Detail of the valve with central annulus and anastomosing ribs.146) Terminal valve with slit-like rimoportula (arrow). Note the parallel ribs on the valve mantle. 147) Terminal valve with external flattened tube of the rimoportula. Note the low hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 148) Detail of the terminal valve with the slit-like rimoportula. 149) Detail of a seta. 150) Detail of the girdle band. 151) Resting spore. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the secondary valve mantle (arrow). 152) Primary valve of the resting spore. 153) Secondary valve of the resting spore with the single ring of puncta on the advalvar mantle margin. Scale bars: 142=50 μm; 143=20 μm; 151–153=10 μm; 144, 146–147=5 μm; 145, 148–150=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700806" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700806/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 153</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85159FFF96AD0FCE3DF9EFC65" blockId="29.[136,1452,160,905]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5159FFF96AD0FCE3DCDFFCAD" bold="true" box="[189,431,808,833]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Distinctive features:</emphasis>
—Elongated cells, very narrow and almost non-existent apertures. Chains slightly twisted around the axis and setae diverging in all directions. Resting spores with long spines on the capitate primary valve and ring of long capilli around the secondary valve mantle.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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