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<document id="0E0E74D427FA6F065CD5222F66D01FBA" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.314.1.1" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13700770" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725575392568" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bosak, Sunčica &amp; Sarno, Diana" docDate="2017" docId="038587FE5154FFF46AE5FCC9D9BAF94D" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.314.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 314 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.314.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Chaetoceros brevis Schutt 1895" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FFBCFF865144FFE46A6DFFCBDD70FFEC" masterDocTitle="The planktonic diatom genus Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from the Adriatic Sea" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1725585328926" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="DCEC845A50597407E06BEF6D0B6F31C7">The planktonic diatom genus Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from the Adriatic Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="31CFFEF06178FA53CB7773760B5843A2">Bosak, Sunčica</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2BC371FAA81E494FEFF7D4324660D0DB">University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR- 10000 Zagreb, Croatia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="75715B8C8C2BBF832B3DD796506D3AA8">Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="6982E94AF5FF971C54F821A17240C322">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="D7253D0401138FA4BB2015C00264FEEF" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.314.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F93069908F17156E1D57F63587B24850" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C33665635154FFF46AE5FCC9DFB4FCF1" box="[136,708,770,797]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9336E85154FFF46AE5FCC9DFB4FCF1" blockId="16.[136,708,770,797]" box="[136,708,770,797]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D0DB81845154FFF46AE5FCC9DFB4FCF1" box="[136,708,770,797]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3C11C65154FFF46AE5FCC9DFB4FCF1" box="[136,708,770,797]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8D10F95154FFF46AE5FCC9DF5DFCF1" author="Schutt, F." box="[136,557,770,797]" page=")" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1895">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5154FFF46AE5FCC9DF5DFCF1" ID-CoL="TB2W" authority="Schutt (1895: 38)" authorityName="Schutt" authorityPageNumber="38" authorityYear="1895" box="[136,557,770,797]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="brevis">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46AE5FCC9DC12FCF1" bold="true" box="[136,354,770,797]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chaetoceros brevis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195154FFF46B07FCCFDF5DFCF1" author="Schutt, F." box="[362,557,772,797]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="35 - 50" refId="ref29635" refString="Schutt, F. (1895) Arten von Chaetoceras und Peragallia. Ein Beitrag zur Hochseeflora. Berichte der Deutsche Botanisch Gesellschaft 13: 35 - 50." type="journal article" year="1895">Schutt (1895: 38)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF46851FCCFDFCCFCF1" box="[572,700,772,797]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 63–71</figureCitation>
)
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33665635154FFF46AE5FCE1D9BAF94D" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9336E85154FFF46AE5FCE1DE1FFC8F" blockId="16.[136,1452,810,903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46AE5FCE1DD87FCD3" bold="true" box="[136,247,810,831]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">References</emphasis>
:—
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195154FFF46B79FCE1DCD9FCD3" author="Hustedt, F." box="[276,425,810,831]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref27612" refString="Hustedt, F. (1930) Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Osterrreichs und der Schweiz under Berucksichtigung der ubrigen Lander Europas sowie der angrenzenden Meeresgebiete. 1. Teil. Akademische Verlaggesellschaft, Leipzig, 920 pp." type="book" year="1930">Hustedt (1930)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195154FFF46BDFFCE1DF5EFCD3" author="Cupp, E. E." box="[434,558,810,831]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 237" refId="ref26235" refString="Cupp, E. E. (1943) Marine plankton diatoms of the west coast of north America. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Technical series 5: 1 - 237." type="book chapter" year="1943">Cupp (1943)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195154FFF4685AFCE1DE44FCD3" author="Rines, J. E. B. &amp; Hargraves, P. E." box="[567,820,810,831]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref29358" refString="Rines, J. E. B. &amp; Hargraves, P. E. (1988) The Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyceae) Flora of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, U. S. A. Bibliotheca Phycologica, Band 79, J. Cramer, Berlin, 196 pp." type="book" year="1988">Rines &amp; Hargraves (1988)</bibRefCitation>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5154FFF46936FCE1D941FCD3" ID-CoL="TB2W" authorityName="Schutt" authorityYear="1895" box="[859,1073,810,831]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="brevis">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46936FCE1DEA3FCD3" box="[859,979,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chaetoceros</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF4699AFCE1D941FCD3" box="[1015,1073,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">brevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195154FFF46E28FCE1D83AFCD3" author="Hernandez-Becerril, D. U." box="[1093,1354,810,831]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref27227" refString="Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. (1996) A morphological study of Chaetoceros species (Bacillariophyta) from the plankton of the Pacific Ocean of Mexico. Bullettin of the Natural History Museum of London 26: 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1996">Hernández-Becerril (1996)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195154FFF46F3EFCE1DC11FC8F" author="Jensen, K. G. &amp; Moestrup, O." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref27749" refString="Jensen, K. G. &amp; Moestrup, O. (1998) The genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae) in innner Danish coastal waters. Opera Botanica 133: 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1998">Jensen &amp; Moestrup (1998)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195154FFF46B06FC85DFE3FC8F" author="Berard-Therriault, L. &amp; Poulin, M. &amp; Bosse, L." box="[363,659,846,867]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref25548" refString="Berard-Therriault, L., Poulin, M. &amp; Bosse, L. (1999) Guide d'identification du phytoplancton marin de l'estuarie et du golfe du Saint- Laurent incluant egalement certains protozoaires (Guide to the identifying marine phytoplankton of the estuary and gulf of St. Lawrence including certain protozoans). Publication speciale canadienne des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques, Ottawa, 387 pp." type="book" year="1999">
Bérard-Therriault
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46876FC85DF35FC8F" box="[539,581,846,867]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. (1999)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195154FFF468F0FC85DE1BFC8F" author="Sunesen, I. &amp; Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Sar, E. A." box="[669,875,846,867]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="303 - 326" refId="ref29885" refString="Sunesen, I., Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Sar, E. A. (2008) Marine diatoms from Buenos Aires coastal waters (Argentina). V. Species of the genus Chaetoceros. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia 43: 303 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.4067 / s 0718 - 19572008000200009" type="journal article" year="2008">
Sunesen
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF4689EFC85DE6DFC8F" box="[755,797,846,867]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. (2008)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85154FFF46AE5FCB9D802FC6B" blockId="16.[136,1452,810,903]" box="[136,1394,882,903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46AE5FCB9DD89FC6B" bold="true" box="[136,249,882,903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Synonyms:</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5154FFF46B7CFCB9DF1FFC6B" authority="(Cleve) Cleve" authorityName="Cleve" authorityYear="1900" baseAuthorityName="Cleve" box="[273,623,882,903]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="hiemalis">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46B7CFCB9DC91FC6B" box="[273,481,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chaetoceros hiemalis</emphasis>
(Cleve) Cleve
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5154FFF46814FCB9D978FC6B" authority="Cleve" authorityName="Cleve" authorityYear="1897" box="[633,1032,882,903]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="didymus" variety="hiemalis">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46814FCB9DE38FC6B" box="[633,840,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chaetoceros didymus</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF4691AFCB9DEB8FC6B" box="[887,968,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">hiemalis</emphasis>
Cleve
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5154FFF46E7FFCB9D802FC6B" ID-CoL="TB77" authority="Pavillard." authorityName="Pavillard." box="[1042,1394,882,903]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="pseudobrevis">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46E7FFCB9D87FFC6B" box="[1042,1295,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chaetoceros pseudobrevis</emphasis>
Pavillard.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85154FFF46AE5FC73DFC2FC3D" blockId="16.[136,1452,952,1697]" box="[136,690,952,977]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46AE5FC73DC4BFC3D" bold="true" box="[136,315,952,977]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Morphometry:</emphasis>
—a.a.: 14–37 μm; p.a.: 9–40 μm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85154FFF46AD0FC17DC09FAF9" blockId="16.[136,1452,952,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46AD0FC17DD84FC19" bold="true" box="[189,244,988,1013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">LM:</emphasis>
—Cells are united in straight chains (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF468CFFC17DF88FC19" box="[674,760,988,1013]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
). Cells are cylindrical, rectangular in girdle view with sharp and drawn up corners. Each cell has a single chloroplast often located close to one valve (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF46E14FBCBD9BEFBF5" box="[1145,1230,1024,1049]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
). The mantle is low with a slight constriction near the margin. Setae originate from the drawn up valve corners and cross immediately at the chain margin. Apertures are wide and peanut-shaped due to the presence of a central inflation on the sibling valves (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF46AFDFBA7DD94FB69" box="[144,228,1132,1157]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
). Intercalary setae extend almost parallel to the valvar plane and symmetrically diverge from the apical plane. Setae of the intercalary cells positioned in the centre of the chain are mostly oriented perpendicular to the chain axis while those near the chain end have setae curved towards that end. The terminal setae form a U-shape. Setae very often contain some unknown plastid-like material, which did not fluoresce under UV light, indicating they do not contain chlorophyll (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF46B75FB37DC1DFAF9" box="[280,365,1276,1301]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85154FFF46AD0FAEBD9ACF9B5" blockId="16.[136,1452,952,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46AD0FAEBDD84FAD5" bold="true" box="[189,244,1312,1337]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">EM:</emphasis>
—Resting spores have the primary valve ornamented with numerous thin capilli and a distinct mantle region (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF46AFDFA8FDD98FAB1" box="[144,232,1348,1373]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 66</figureCitation>
). The valve has a central annulus from which radiate widely spaced parallel and scarcely dichotomously branched costae (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF46B21FAA3DCD1FA6D" box="[332,417,1384,1409]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 67</figureCitation>
). A central slit-shaped rimoportula bearing an external wide flattened tube is present only in terminal valves (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF46B29FA47DCB7FA49" box="[324,455,1420,1445]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 67, 68</figureCitation>
). The area between costae is hyaline; however, in the centre of the intercalary valve face there is a slightly more silicified area, which in TEM observations appears as a large and irregularly shaped darker patch (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF46ABEFA1FDC56FA01" box="[211,294,1492,1517]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
). The marginal ridge usually possesses a very low hyaline rim from which, sometimes in terminal valves, extend irregular silica projections (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF46867FA33DF2DF9FD" box="[522,605,1528,1553]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 68</figureCitation>
). The girdle bands are ornamented with alternating transverse parallel costae and hyaline striae that are perforated by small and irregularly distributed poroids (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF46E42F9D7D9F5F9D9" box="[1071,1157,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 70</figureCitation>
). The setae are circular in cross-section, adorned with densely distributed sharkfin-shaped spines and small poroids (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5154FFF46E16F98BD9BEF9B5" box="[1147,1230,1600,1625]" captionStart="FIGURES 63–71" captionStartId="17.[136,243,1648,1669]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,317,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-61@17.[151,1436,317,1623]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 63–71. Chaetoceros brevis. Figs 63–64, 67–71: culture material, strain PMFB1. Figs 65–66: field material. Figs 63–65: LM. Figs 66, 68: SEM. Figs 67, 69–71: TEM. 63) A complete chain. 64) Middle part of a chain showing single plate-like chloroplasts and peanut-shaped apertures. 65) Terminal part of a chain with plastid-like material within the setae. 66) Resting spore still covered with the remains of the girdle bands from the parent cell. Primary valve ornamented with numerous thin filamentous spines. 67) Detail of the valve with externally flattened tube of the rimoportula. 68) Internal view of the terminal valve showing the slit-shaped rimoportula (arrow) and silica projections extending from the marginal ridge (arrowheads). 69) Intercalary valve face showing central annulus and radially arranged parallel costae. Note the darker area in the central part of the valve. 70) Part of a girdle with bands ornamented with transverse costae. Note the connecting band with marked undulation. 71) Detail of a seta. Scale bars: 63= 20 μm; 64–65=10 μm; 66, 68–69=5 μm; 67, 70–71=1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700786/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85154FFF46AD0F9AFD9BAF94D" blockId="16.[136,1452,952,1697]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5154FFF46AD0F9AFDCDCF991" bold="true" box="[189,428,1636,1661]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distinctive features:</emphasis>
—Valve face with a central inflation. Thin setae cointaining plastid-like material. Dark patch in the central area of the valve surface. Primary valve of resting spore with numerous thin capilli.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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