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<mods:title id="6F111EB291BFCAF2242745B42B1D0BA9">The planktonic diatom genus Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from the Adriatic Sea</mods:title>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8D10F95151FFF16AE5FE99DF13FE81" author="Pavillard, J." box="[136,611,338,365]" page=")" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" year="1911">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5151FFF16AE5FE99DF13FE81" ID-CoL="TB3K" authority="Pavillard (1911: 24)" authorityName="Pavillard" authorityPageNumber="24" authorityYear="1911" box="[136,611,338,365]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="costatus">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5151FFF16AE5FE99DC0BFE81" bold="true" box="[136,379,338,365]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Chaetoceros costatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195151FFF16BEEFE9FDF13FE81" author="Pavillard, J." box="[387,611,340,365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref29118" refString="Pavillard, J. (1911) Observations sur les diatomees. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 58: 21 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1911.10831437" type="journal article" year="1911">Pavillard (1911: 24)</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF1681FFE9FDE70FE81" box="[626,768,340,365]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 95–104</figureCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="8B9336E85151FFF16AE5FEB1D99FFE5F" blockId="21.[136,1451,378,471]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5151FFF16AE5FEB1DD87FE63" bold="true" box="[136,247,378,399]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">References</emphasis>
:— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195151FFF16B79FEB1DCD7FE63" author="Hustedt, F." box="[276,423,378,399]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref27612" refString="Hustedt, F. (1930) Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Osterrreichs und der Schweiz under Berucksichtigung der ubrigen Lander Europas sowie der angrenzenden Meeresgebiete. 1. Teil. Akademische Verlaggesellschaft, Leipzig, 920 pp." type="book" year="1930">Hustedt (1930)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195151FFF16BC2FEB1DF59FE63" author="Cupp, E. E." box="[431,553,378,399]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 237" refId="ref26235" refString="Cupp, E. E. (1943) Marine plankton diatoms of the west coast of north America. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Technical series 5: 1 - 237." type="book chapter" year="1943">Cupp (1943)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195151FFF1685CFEB1DE5AFE63" author="Rines, J. E. B. &amp; Hargraves, P. E." box="[561,810,378,399]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref29358" refString="Rines, J. E. B. &amp; Hargraves, P. E. (1988) The Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyceae) Flora of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, U. S. A. Bibliotheca Phycologica, Band 79, J. Cramer, Berlin, 196 pp." type="book" year="1988">Rines &amp; Hargraves (1988)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195151FFF1695EFEB1D95FFE63" author="Jensen, K. G. &amp; Moestrup, O." box="[819,1071,378,399]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref27749" refString="Jensen, K. G. &amp; Moestrup, O. (1998) The genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae) in innner Danish coastal waters. Opera Botanica 133: 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1998">Jensen &amp; Moestrup (1998)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195151FFF16E5AFEB1DD8FFE5F" author="Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Flores Granados, C." pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="505 - 519" refId="ref27444" refString="Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Flores Granados, C. (1998) Species of the diatom genus Chaetoceros (Bacilariophyceae) in the plankton from the southern Gulf of Mexico. Botanica Marina 41: 505 - 519. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / botm. 1998.41.1 - 6.505" type="journal article" year="1998">
Hernández-Becerril &amp; 
<collectingCountry id="F33B76785151FFF16F62FEB1D83BFE63" box="[1295,1355,378,399]" name="Indonesia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Flores</collectingCountry>
Granados (1998)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195151FFF16B64FE55DFD7FE5F" author="Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Ake-Castillo, J. A." box="[265,679,414,435]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="53 - 62" refId="ref27364" refString="Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Ake-Castillo, J. A. (2001) Morphological study of two marine planktonic diatoms of the genus Chaetoceros: C. anastomosans and C. costatus. In: Jahn, R., Kociolek, J. P., Witkowski, A. &amp; Compere, P. (Eds.) Studies on Diatoms. Lange- Bertalot-Festschrift. Gantner, Ruggell, pp. 53 - 62." type="book chapter" year="2001">Hernández-Becerril &amp; Aké-Castillo (2001)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195151FFF168DCFE55DEF2FE5F" author="Kooistra, W. H. C. F. &amp; Sarno, D. &amp; Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Assmy, P. &amp; Di Prisco, C. &amp; Montresor, M." box="[689,898,414,435]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="471 - 500" refId="ref27928" refString="Kooistra, W. H. C. F., Sarno, D., Hernandez-Becerril, D. U., Assmy, P., Di Prisco, C. &amp; Montresor, M. (2010) Comparative molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses of taxa in the Chaetocerotaceae (Bacillariophyta). Phycologia 5: 471 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.2216 / 09 - 59.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
Kooistra 
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5151FFF16964FE55DE44FE5F" box="[777,820,414,435]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
. (2010)
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, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195151FFF169E6FE55D943FE5F" author="Ishii, K. - I. &amp; Iwataki, M. &amp; Matsuoka, K. &amp; Imai, I." box="[907,1075,414,435]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="351 - 362" refId="ref27686" refString="Ishii, K. - I., Iwataki, M., Matsuoka, K. &amp; Imai, I. (2011) Proposal of identification criteria for resting spores of Chaetoceros species (Bacillariophyceae) from a temperate coastal sea. Phycologia 50: 351 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.2216 / 10 - 36.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
Ishii 
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5151FFF169D1FE55DE96FE5F" box="[956,998,414,435]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
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, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195151FFF16E50FE55D99BFE5F" author="Lee, S. D. &amp; Joo, H. M. &amp; Lee, J. H." box="[1085,1259,414,435]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="614 - 638" refId="ref28128" refString="Lee, S. D., Joo, H. M. &amp; Lee, J. H. (2014 a) Critical criteria for identification of the genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyta) based on setae ultrastructure. II. Subgenus Hyalochaete. Phycologia 53: 614 - 638. https: // doi. org / 10.2216 / 14 - 51 R 2.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Lee 
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5151FFF16E0AFE55D9E1FE5F" box="[1127,1169,414,435]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
. (2014a)
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85151FFF16AE5FE09DF31FE3B" blockId="21.[136,1451,378,471]" box="[136,577,450,471]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5151FFF16AE5FE09DD80FE3B" bold="true" box="[136,240,450,471]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Synonym:</emphasis>
— 
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5151FFF16B65FE09DF31FE3B" authority="Mangin." authorityName="Mangin." box="[264,577,450,471]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="adhaerens">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5151FFF16B65FE09DC99FE3B" box="[264,489,450,471]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Chaetoceros adhaerens</emphasis>
Mangin.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85151FFF16AE5FDC3DFCFFDCD" blockId="21.[136,1452,520,1409]" box="[136,703,520,545]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5151FFF16AE5FDC3DC4BFDCD" bold="true" box="[136,315,520,545]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Morphometry:</emphasis>
—a.a.: 11–15 μm; p.a.: 21–32 μm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85151FFF16AD0FDE7D9A0FC89" blockId="21.[136,1452,520,1409]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5151FFF16AD0FDE7DD84FDA9" bold="true" box="[189,244,556,581]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">LM:</emphasis>
—Cells are arranged in straight, sometimes very long chains. The cells are rectangular in girdle view. There is a single, plate-like chloroplast per cell (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF16839FD9BDFD8FD85" box="[596,680,592,617]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
). Valve face is flat to slightly concave and possesses four submarginal flattened protuberances, two on each side of the valve positioned close to the valve apices. Sibling cells join by fusion of these protuberances, but also by fusion of sibling setae (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF1697CFD53DE15FD5D" box="[785,869,664,689]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
). The aperture is very narrow, shaped as a linear thin slit, extending between the protuberances, shorter than the apical axis (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF169C9FD77DE89FD39" box="[932,1017,700,725]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
). The valve mantle is very low and the girdle often very wide. The edges of the numerous girdle bands are readily visible in LM (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF16E10FD2BD9A2FD15" box="[1149,1234,736,761]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
). The thin and long intercalary setae originate at the valve margin, cross immediately without a basal part and extend mostly perpendicular to the chain axis or slightly curve towards the end of the chain, diverging variously from the apical plane. The terminal setae are morphologically similar to intercalary ones and curved obliquely towards the chain axis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85151FFF16AD0FCBBD863FB45" blockId="21.[136,1452,520,1409]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5151FFF16AD0FCBBDD84FC65" bold="true" box="[189,244,880,905]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">EM:</emphasis>
—The lightly silicified valve face has a distinct pattern of costae radiating from a central or a slightly eccentric large hyaline annulus (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF16BEFFC5FDF72FC41" box="[386,514,916,941]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 97, 98</figureCitation>
). In the central part of the valve face, costae branch dichotomously towards the valve edge, whilst in part near the apices costae remain for a certain distance parallel with the apical axis converging towards the setae bases (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF16B54FC17DCFDFC19" box="[313,397,988,1013]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
). Each valve, including the terminal ones, has four protuberances not hyaline, but adorned with parallel costae oriented perpendicularly to the apical axis (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF1694DFBCBDE05FBF5" box="[800,885,1024,1049]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
). An eccentric, slit-shaped rimoportula bearing an external flattened tube is present only on terminal valves (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF1697DFBEFDED1FBD1" box="[784,929,1060,1085]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 99, 100</figureCitation>
). The marginal ridge is ornamented with a low siliceous hyaline rim (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF16BE8FB83DCABFB8D" box="[389,475,1096,1121]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 97</figureCitation>
). Setae are circular in cross-section, ornamented with small shaped poroids and shark fin-spines arranged in a spiral pattern (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF16851FBA7DFEEFB69" box="[572,670,1132,1157]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 101</figureCitation>
). The girdle bands are ornamented with transverse costae interspaced with hyaline areas. The advalvar bands have a distinct thickened longitudinal rib at one edge (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF16EC9FB5BD876FB45" box="[1188,1286,1168,1193]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 102</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85151FFF16AD0FB7FDF31FAF9" blockId="21.[136,1452,520,1409]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Resting spores are oval or rounded in shape. The primary valve is dome-shaped and covered with numerous hooked conical spines sometimes joined at their basal part by siliceous vela (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF169B2FB13D931FB1D" box="[991,1089,1240,1265]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 103</figureCitation>
). The secondary valve has fewer conical spines at the surface (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5151FFF16BBFFB37DF44FAF9" box="[466,564,1276,1301]" captionStart="FIGURES 95–104" captionStartId="22.[136,243,1650,1671]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,207,1624]" captionTargetId="figure-18@22.[151,1436,206,1624]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 95–104. Chaetoceros costatus. Fig. 96: field material. Figs 95, 97–104: culture material. Figs 95, 99–100, 102: strain PMFB7. Figs 97–98: strain PMFB8. Figs 101, 103–104: strain PMFB6. Figs 95–96: LM. Figs 97–100, 102: TEM. Figs 101, 103–104: SEM. 95) Complete chain showing orientation of the setae. 96) Middle part of a chain showing the visible edges of the girdle bands (arrow). 97) Sibling valves, note the fusion of protuberances and sibling setae joining the cells. Arrow indicates hyaline rim on the marginal ridge. 98) Valve face of the terminal valve showing eccentric annulus and costae pattern. 99) External flattened tube of the rimoportula. 100) Slit-shaped aperture of the rimoportula. 101) Detail of a seta. 102) Girdle composed of half-bands with the thickened edges on advalvar bands. 103) Primary valve with hooked spines. The edge of the valve and the mantle are covered with silica membranes which appear to be remains of the girdle left from the parent cell. 104) Secondary valve with conical spines and single marginal ring of poroids. 95–96=10 μm; 97–98, 102, 103–104=2 μm; 99, 101= 0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 104</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85151FFF16AD0FAEBDE5CFA6D" blockId="21.[136,1452,520,1409]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5151FFF16AD0FAEBDCC0FAD5" bold="true" box="[189,432,1312,1337]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Distinctive features:</emphasis>
—Cells usually united in long chains. Girdle bands visible in LM. Sibling valves joined by setae and by four submarginal protuberances. Aperture shorter than the apical axis. Valve ornamentation pattern showing parallel costae in area proximal to the valve apices.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>