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<document id="D94D3997F83B4907F9C72091AAAC5C68" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.314.1.1" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13700770" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725575392568" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bosak, Sunčica &amp; Sarno, Diana" docDate="2017" docId="038587FE5149FFE96AE5FCA5DDA6F7C1" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.314.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 314 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.314.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Chaetoceros affinis Lauder 1864" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFBCFF865144FFE46A6DFFCBDD70FFEC" masterDocTitle="The planktonic diatom genus Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from the Adriatic Sea" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1725585328926" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="336B1D08DEB8ECF2EE8DF9357EDBB000">The planktonic diatom genus Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from the Adriatic Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C462AB7289BEFCF802A7ACF2B06757A2">Bosak, Sunčica</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="23CCE1EB54561D308224ED87695781E4">University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR- 10000 Zagreb, Croatia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B0E6BC512B13D31CED9B9888A2A28E13">Sarno, Diana</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1F11583880CC547134F8FAE8886770F9">Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8B9336E85149FFE96AE5FCA5DF96FC65" blockId="13.[136,742,878,905]" box="[136,742,878,905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="D0DB81845149FFE96AE5FCA5DF96FC65" box="[136,742,878,905]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="3">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3C11C65149FFE96AE5FCA5DF96FC65" box="[136,742,878,905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8D10F95149FFE96AE5FCA5DF37FC65" author="Lauder, H. S." box="[136,583,878,905]" page=")" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1864">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE96AE5FCA5DF37FC65" ID-CoL="TB2L" authority="Lauder (1864 a: 78)" authorityName="Lauder" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1864" box="[136,583,878,905]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96AE5FCA5DC18FC64" bold="true" box="[136,360,878,905]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros affinis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195149FFE96B02FCBBDF37FC65" author="Lauder, H. S." box="[367,583,880,905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="6 - 8" refId="ref28003" refString="Lauder, H. S. (1864 a) On new diatoms. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 4: 6 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1864. tb 01620. x" type="journal article" year="1864">Lauder (1864a: 78)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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(
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE9683BFCBBDFA9FC65" box="[598,729,880,905]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 42–53</figureCitation>
).
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<subSubSection id="C33665635149FFE96AE5FC5DDDA6F7C1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9336E85149FFE96AE5FC5DDCCAFC1F" blockId="13.[136,1452,918,1155]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96AE5FC5DDD87FC47" bold="true" box="[136,247,918,939]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">References</emphasis>
:—
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195149FFE96B79FC5DDCD9FC47" author="Hustedt, F." box="[276,425,918,939]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref27612" refString="Hustedt, F. (1930) Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Osterrreichs und der Schweiz under Berucksichtigung der ubrigen Lander Europas sowie der angrenzenden Meeresgebiete. 1. Teil. Akademische Verlaggesellschaft, Leipzig, 920 pp." type="book" year="1930">Hustedt (1930)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195149FFE96BD9FC5DDF40FC47" author="Cupp, E. E." box="[436,560,918,939]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 237" refId="ref26235" refString="Cupp, E. E. (1943) Marine plankton diatoms of the west coast of north America. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Technical series 5: 1 - 237." type="book chapter" year="1943">Cupp (1943)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195149FFE96856FC5DDE5BFC47" author="Evensen, D. L. &amp; Hasle, G. R." box="[571,811,918,939]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="153 - 184" refId="ref26447" refString="Evensen, D. L. &amp; Hasle, G. R. (1975) The morphology of some Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae) species as seen in electron microscope. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 53: 153 - 184." type="journal article" year="1975">Evensen &amp; Hasle (1975)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195149FFE9695BFC5DD947FC47" author="Rines, J. E. B. &amp; Hargraves, P. E." box="[822,1079,918,939]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref29358" refString="Rines, J. E. B. &amp; Hargraves, P. E. (1988) The Chaetoceros Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyceae) Flora of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, U. S. A. Bibliotheca Phycologica, Band 79, J. Cramer, Berlin, 196 pp." type="book" year="1988">Rines &amp; Hargraves (1988)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195149FFE96E2FFC5DD838FC47" author="Hernandez-Becerril, D. U." box="[1090,1352,918,939]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref27227" refString="Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. (1996) A morphological study of Chaetoceros species (Bacillariophyta) from the plankton of the Pacific Ocean of Mexico. Bullettin of the Natural History Museum of London 26: 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1996">Hernández-Becerril (1996)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195149FFE96F3FFC5DDC11FC23" author="Jensen, K. G. &amp; Moestrup, O." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref27749" refString="Jensen, K. G. &amp; Moestrup, O. (1998) The genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae) in innner Danish coastal waters. Opera Botanica 133: 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1998">Jensen &amp; Moestrup (1998)</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195149FFE96B06FC71DFE2FC23" author="Berard-Therriault, L. &amp; Poulin, M. &amp; Bosse, L." box="[363,658,954,975]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref25548" refString="Berard-Therriault, L., Poulin, M. &amp; Bosse, L. (1999) Guide d'identification du phytoplancton marin de l'estuarie et du golfe du Saint- Laurent incluant egalement certains protozoaires (Guide to the identifying marine phytoplankton of the estuary and gulf of St. Lawrence including certain protozoans). Publication speciale canadienne des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques, Ottawa, 387 pp." type="book" year="1999">
Berard-Therriault
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96877FC71DF35FC23" box="[538,581,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
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Shevchenko
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE9697AFC71DE32FC23" box="[791,834,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
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Sunesen
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96982FC71D969FC23" box="[1007,1049,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195149FFE96E1CFC71D831FC23" author="Kooistra, W. H. C. F. &amp; Sarno, D. &amp; Hernandez-Becerril, D. U. &amp; Assmy, P. &amp; Di Prisco, C. &amp; Montresor, M." box="[1137,1345,954,975]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="471 - 500" refId="ref27928" refString="Kooistra, W. H. C. F., Sarno, D., Hernandez-Becerril, D. U., Assmy, P., Di Prisco, C. &amp; Montresor, M. (2010) Comparative molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses of taxa in the Chaetocerotaceae (Bacillariophyta). Phycologia 5: 471 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.2216 / 09 - 59.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
Kooistra
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96EA4FC71D983FC23" box="[1225,1267,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. (2010)
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,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195149FFE96F26FC71DD8FFC1F" author="Ishii, K. - I. &amp; Iwataki, M. &amp; Matsuoka, K. &amp; Imai, I." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="351 - 362" refId="ref27686" refString="Ishii, K. - I., Iwataki, M., Matsuoka, K. &amp; Imai, I. (2011) Proposal of identification criteria for resting spores of Chaetoceros species (Bacillariophyceae) from a temperate coastal sea. Phycologia 50: 351 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.2216 / 10 - 36.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
Ishii
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96F16FC71D8D6FC23" box="[1403,1446,954,975]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B195149FFE96B64FC15DCC6FC1F" author="Lee, S. D. &amp; Joo, H. M. &amp; Lee, J. H." box="[265,438,990,1011]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="614 - 638" refId="ref28128" refString="Lee, S. D., Joo, H. M. &amp; Lee, J. H. (2014 a) Critical criteria for identification of the genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyta) based on setae ultrastructure. II. Subgenus Hyalochaete. Phycologia 53: 614 - 638. https: // doi. org / 10.2216 / 14 - 51 R 2.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Lee
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96B5FFC15DC2DFC1F" box="[306,349,990,1011]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. (2014a)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85149FFE96AE5FBC9DCFDFB6F" blockId="13.[136,1452,918,1155]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96AE5FBC9DD89FBFB" bold="true" box="[136,249,1026,1047]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Synonyms:</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE96B7CFBC9DF47FBFB" authority="Cleve" authorityName="Cleve" authorityYear="1873" box="[273,567,1026,1047]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="javanicus">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96B7CFBC9DC82FBFB" box="[273,498,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros javanicus</emphasis>
Cleve
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE9682AFBC9DE3AFBFB" authority="Cleve" authorityName="Cleve" authorityYear="1873" box="[583,842,1026,1047]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="ralfsii">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE9682AFBC9DE74FBFB" box="[583,772,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros ralfsii</emphasis>
Cleve
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE96937FBC9D91AFBFB" authority="Cleve" authorityName="Cleve" box="[858,1130,1026,1047]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="schuttii">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96937FBC9D955FBFB" box="[858,1061,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros schüttii</emphasis>
Cleve
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE96E17FBC9D8D8FBFB" authority="Schutt" authorityName="Schutt" box="[1146,1448,1026,1047]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="angulatus">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96E17FBC9D82DFBFB" box="[1146,1373,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros angulatus</emphasis>
Schütt
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE96AD0FBEDDC93FBD7" authority="Schutt" authorityName="Schutt" box="[189,483,1062,1083]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="distichus">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96AD0FBEDDCE7FBD7" box="[189,407,1062,1083]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros distichus</emphasis>
Schütt
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE96B9EFBEDDE68FBD7" authority="Schutt" authorityName="Schutt" box="[499,792,1062,1083]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="procerus">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96B9EFBEDDFBBFBD7" box="[499,715,1062,1083]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros procerus</emphasis>
Schütt
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE9694AFBEDD9AFFBD7" authority="Schutt" authorityName="Schutt" box="[807,1247,1062,1083]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="paradoxus" variety="schuttii">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE9694AFBEDD961FBD7" box="[807,1041,1062,1083]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros paradoxus</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96E20FBEDD9E4FBD7" box="[1101,1172,1062,1083]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">schüttii</emphasis>
Schütt
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE96E82FBEDDC6AFBB3" authority="Peragallo" authorityName="Peragallo" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="clevei">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96E82FBEDD8DBFBD7" box="[1263,1451,1062,1083]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros clevei</emphasis>
Peragallo
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE96B49FB81DF5DFBB3" authority="Karsten" authorityName="Karsten" box="[292,557,1098,1119]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="raflsii">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96B49FB81DCAAFBB3" box="[292,474,1098,1119]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros raflsii</emphasis>
Karsten
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE9685BFB81DEBFFBB3" authority="Meunier" authorityName="Meunier" authorityYear="1913" box="[566,975,1098,1119]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="variety" species="schuttii" variety="genuina">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE9685BFB81DF8BFBB3" box="[566,763,1098,1119]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros schüttii</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96944FB81DE06FBB3" box="[809,886,1098,1119]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">genuina</emphasis>
Meunier
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE969B5FB81D85AFBB3" authority="Schussnig" authorityName="Schussnig" box="[984,1322,1098,1119]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="najadianus">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE969B5FB81D9B1FBB3" box="[984,1217,1098,1119]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros najadianus</emphasis>
Schussnig
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D6B5149FFE96F5EFB81DCFDFB6F" authority="Schussnig." authorityName="Schussnig." class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Chaetocerotaceae" genus="Chaetoceros" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chaetocerotales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="adriaticus">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96F5EFB81DC6EFB6F" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chaetoceros adriaticus</emphasis>
Schussnig.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85149FFE96AE5FB7FDFD4FB21" blockId="13.[136,1453,1204,2093]" box="[136,676,1204,1229]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96AE5FB7FDC4BFB21" bold="true" box="[136,315,1204,1229]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Morphometry:</emphasis>
—a.a.: 9–42 μm; p.a.: 8–16 μm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85149FFE96AD0FB13DEB4F9FD" blockId="13.[136,1453,1204,2093]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96AD0FB13DD84FB1D" bold="true" box="[189,244,1240,1265]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">LM:</emphasis>
—The cells are united in straight chains (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE968A0FB13DE53FB1D" box="[717,803,1240,1265]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
). Each cell contains a single large chloroplast. The valve surface is concave and the valve corners are sharp and slightly drawn up. Intercalary setae are thin, originating from the valve apices and immediately cross each other at the chain margin. Apertures are rather narrow but usually distinct in LM, slit-shaped to elliptical. Setae are very straight and positioned in the apical plane. Terminal setae can be similar or can differ very strongly from the intercalary ones, in both orientation and morphology. When different, they are much thicker and taper towards the end, strongly diverging in a broad V- (not shown) or U-shaped (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE96EC7FA47D98DFA49" box="[1194,1277,1420,1445]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
) curve towards the end of the chain, lying in the apical plane. The resting spores have unevenly vaulted valves with a broad distinct mantle. Primary valve is dome-shaped, ornamented with numerous long spines whereas the secondary valve has a central inflated part and it is ornamented with few longer spines (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE9690EFA33DEC7F9FD" box="[867,951,1528,1553]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85149FFE96AD0F9D7D80AF82D" blockId="13.[136,1453,1204,2093]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96AD0F9D7DD84F9D9" bold="true" box="[189,244,1564,1589]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">EM:</emphasis>
—Valve mantle is high and often with a visible constriction near the margin (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE96E32F9D7D9C4F9D9" box="[1119,1204,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
). The aperture is very often completely occluded by a thin silica wall with no distinct pattern, except for the single row of pores on its edge where it fuses with the marginal ridge (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE96828F9AFDFEAF991" box="[581,666,1636,1661]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
). The smooth silica membrane is very fragile and appears ruptured in some of the observed specimens. The valves have a pattern of dichotomously branching costae radiating from a round central annulus and are perforated with numerous irregularly shaped very small poroids (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE96E03F967D9B3F929" box="[1134,1219,1708,1733]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
). The marginal ridge is ornamented with a hyaline rim (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE96879F91BDF1AF905" box="[532,618,1744,1769]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
). Terminal valves possess a central slit-shaped rimoportula that forms an external process shaped as a wide, short, flattened tube (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE9696CF93FDE26F8E1" box="[769,854,1780,1805]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
). Terminal valves are generally ornamented with few short capilli covering the valve face in the central part (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE96880F8D3DE31F8DD" box="[749,833,1816,1841]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
). Intercalary setae are circular in cross-section (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE96F3EF8D3D8D3F8DD" box="[1363,1443,1816,1841]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
) and ornamented with small poroids and shark fin-shaped spines arranged in a spiral pattern (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE96E13F8F7D9A0F8B9" box="[1150,1232,1852,1877]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
). Terminal setae are heavily silicified with stronger spines and few larger elongated pores irregularly distributed along the seta length (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE96F13F8ABDDD8F871" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
). The surface of the resting spores is covered with knobs and spines, which can be simple or have dichotomously branching tips (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE96B5BF863DCC9F82D" box="[310,441,1960,1985]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 51, 52</figureCitation>
). The mantle of the secondary valve possesses one single row of puncta (
<figureCitation id="13172A6D5149FFE96E86F863D81DF82D" box="[1259,1389,1960,1985]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–53" captionStartId="14.[136,243,1726,1747]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[177,1411,175,1704]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 42–53. Chaetoceros affinis. Figs 42–43, 50–53: field material. Figs 44–53: culture material. Figs 44, 47–48: strain PMFE1. Figs 45–46, 49–53: strain PMFC2. Figs 42, 50: LM. Figs 43, 45–49, 51–53: SEM. Fig 44: TEM. 42) A chain. 43) Sibling valves with silica membrane covering the aperture. Note the row of pores on the point of fusion with the marginal ridge (arrow). 44) Sibling valves showing the silica membrane ruptured on one side. The arrow indicates central annulus. 45) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and marginal rim (arrow). 46) Detail of the terminal valve with short capilli and beak-like process (arrow). 47) Circular cross-section of the intercalary seta. 48) Detail of intercalary seta. 49) Detail of thick terminal seta. 50) Resting spores within parental cells. 51) Secondary valve of the resting spore with both dichotomously branching and simple long spines. Arrow shows the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin. 52) Valve view on the resting spore (not certain if primary or secondary valve) showing surface covered with knobs and dichotomously branching spines. 53) Secondary valves of the resting spores in formation inside two sibling valves joined by the siliceous membrane. Note the single ring of puncta on the advalvar margin of the mantle (arrow). Scale bars: 42=20 μm; 50=10 μm; 43, 53=5 μm; 44, 51–52=2 μm; 45–46, 48–49=1 μm. 47=0.5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13700782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13700782/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 51, 53</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336E85149FFE96AD0F807DDA6F7C1" blockId="13.[136,1453,1204,2093]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B958EAFA5149FFE96AD0F807DCDAF809" bold="true" box="[189,426,1996,2021]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distinctive features:</emphasis>
—Narrow apertures, completely occluded by a silica membrane observable in EM.Intercalary setae straight, all setae lying in the apical plane. Terminal setae often thicker. Resting spores with numerous long spines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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