treatments-xml/data/03/85/87/038587B47E51651E848797AA3446FCC1.xml
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<mods:title id="4C3848C558158F8835227D1988143949">Cimaria vargasi n. gen, n. sp. (Gastropoda: Pyramidellidae: Odostomiinae) from the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica, Central America</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B9336A27E516519848797AA365DFE6B" blockId="3.[151,293,427,486]" box="[151,293,427,454]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
<heading id="D0DB81CE7E516519848797AA365DFE6B" bold="true" box="[151,293,427,454]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E516519848797AA365DFE6B" bold="true" box="[151,293,427,454]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E516519848797AA3782FE68" ID-CoL="7NZLV" box="[151,250,428,454]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Cimaria" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E516519848797AA3782FE68" bold="true" box="[151,250,428,454]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Cimaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336A27E516519848797C8367CFE48" blockId="3.[151,293,427,486]" box="[151,260,462,486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
(
<figureCitation id="13172A277E516519848F97C8379AFE48" box="[159,226,462,486]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,244,1561,1582]" captionTargetBox="[167,1408,753,1507]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,740,1537]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Light microscopy. A &amp; B - Cimaria vargasi. Two views of largest shell found (ZMBN 87909); 2.7 mm long. Showing the thickened outer lip in fully grown shells. C - Cimaria sp. Shell from Macau, Brazil (ZMBN 87911); 1.4 mm long." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279944/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336A27E5165198487941135D5FDC4" blockId="3.[151,1436,534,710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
In addition to the material from
<collectingCountry id="F33B76327E51651985FD94113519FD82" box="[493,609,534,556]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, a single worn shell was found in a sample from a mangrove creek in
<collectingCountry id="F33B76327E5165198141941132E0FD82" box="[1361,1432,535,556]" name="Macao" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Macau</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE1850657E5165198487943337A3FDE5" box="[151,219,565,587]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" precision="925" value="-5.0833335">5°05'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE1850657E51651984F894333639FDE5" box="[232,321,565,587]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" precision="925" value="-36.5">36°30'W</geoCoordinate>
, Rio Grande do Norte,
<collectingCountry id="F33B76327E51651986259433350BFDE5" box="[565,627,565,587]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(ZMBN 87911). This shell may or may not belong to the same species as the ones from
<collectingCountry id="F33B76327E51651985139452360CFDC7" box="[259,372,595,617]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, and is here called
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E5165198625945235F1FDC7" box="[565,649,596,617]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Cimaria" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E5165198625945235F1FDC7" box="[565,649,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Cimaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336A27E51651984D7947536C7FD68" blockId="3.[151,1436,534,710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E51651984D79475360AFD26" box="[199,370,627,648]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Cimaria" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vargasi">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E51651984D79475360AFD26" box="[199,370,627,648]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Cimaria vargasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by an unusually thick shell with a pitted surface, unknown among pyramidellids described to date. Representatives of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E516519866A949734D2FD09" authority="Cossmann, 1895" authorityName="Cossmann" authorityYear="1895" box="[634,938,657,679]" class="Gastropoda" family="Amathinidae" genus="Adelactaeon" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E516519866A94973581FD09" box="[634,761,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Adelactaeon</emphasis>
Cossmann, 1895
</taxonomicName>
, have spiral grooves with pits along their bottom (see van
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B537E51651984E194B636CBFD68" author="Aartsen" box="[241,435,688,710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Aartsen, J. J. van, Gittenberger, E. &amp; Goud, J. (1998) Pyramidellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) collected during the Dutch CANCAP and MAURITANIA expeditions in the south-eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean (part 1). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 321, 3 - 57." type="journal article" year="1998">Aartsen et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF53662A7E5165198487901F33A2F9E2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279944/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[167,1408,753,1507]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B9336A27E5165198487901F33A2F9E2" blockId="3.[151,1435,1561,1612]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E5165198487901F3674F980" bold="true" box="[151,268,1561,1582]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Light microscopy. A &amp; B -
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E5165198607901C35CCF981" box="[535,692,1562,1583]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Cimaria" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vargasi">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E5165198607901C35CCF981" box="[535,692,1562,1583]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Cimaria vargasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Two views of largest shell found (ZMBN 87909); 2.7 mm long. Showing the thickened outer lip in fully grown shells. C -
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E5165198656903135EEF9E2" box="[582,662,1591,1612]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Cimaria" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E5165198656903135EEF9E2" box="[582,662,1591,1612]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Cimaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. Shell from Macau, Brazil (ZMBN 87911); 1.4 mm long.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9336A27E51651984D7907C379DF959" blockId="3.[151,1437,1658,2032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
Of the known pyramidellids from the tropical eastern Pacific,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E5165198751907C33DDF93E" authority="Dall &amp; Bartsch, 1909" authorityName="Dall &amp; Bartsch" authorityYear="1909" box="[833,1189,1658,1680]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Egila" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="poppei">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E5165198751907C34BBF93E" box="[833,963,1658,1680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Egila poppei</emphasis>
Dall &amp; Bartsch, 1909
</taxonomicName>
is perhaps the one most similar to the new species. An unnamed species from the west coast of southern
<collectingCountry id="F33B76327E51651987D6909A336CF91C" box="[966,1044,1692,1714]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Mexico</collectingCountry>
have axial sculpture above the periphery and pits below, and is thus intermediate in sculpture between
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E516519872D90B834B9F97A" box="[829,961,1726,1748]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Egila" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="poppei">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E516519872D90B834B9F97A" box="[829,961,1726,1748]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Egila poppei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E51651987E590B933E4F97A" box="[1013,1180,1727,1748]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Cimaria" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vargasi">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E51651987E590B933E4F97A" box="[1013,1180,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Cimaria vargasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Patrick LaFolette, pers. comm.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336A27E51651984D79102378FF81C" blockId="3.[151,1437,1658,2032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
Seven specimens were collected alive, but could unfortunately not be observed alive, or properly preserved for description of the soft parts. The eyes are exceptionally close-set, however, even for a pyramidellid, and are thus reminiscent of
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E516519813D9124361FF8F8" authority="Jeffreys, 1848" authorityName="Jeffreys" authorityYear="1848" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Odostomia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cephalaspidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lukisi">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E516519813D912437B6F8F8" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Odostomia lukisi</emphasis>
Jeffreys, 1848
</taxonomicName>
, from the north-east Atlantic. There are not many further clues available as to its closest relatives among pyramidellids. The shell characters, however, seems to rule out any close relationship to any so far described tropical, west American species. The thick shell and the very prominent columellar tooth indicates a placement within the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E516519814E9178378BF81C" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odostomiinae">Odostomiinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336A27E51651E84D791BD3418FE4E" blockId="3.[151,1437,1658,2032]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,879]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
The microhabitat of the new species is unknown. The different frequency of the new species in the five samples from Punta Morales, does not eliminate any of several possibilities. The most parsimonious conclusion is that the species lives in a narrow zone close to the beach, maybe on the borderline between the beach dominated by coarse shell debris and the mud flat proper. Much coarse shell debris was present in the sample with 16 shells (
<tableCitation id="C6AE03197E56651E879896B034ABFF63" box="[904,979,182,205]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,231,953,974]" captionTargetBox="[174,1412,1166,1612]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Samples from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and from northeastern Brazil, containing shells of Cimaria spp. Localities: A - Punta Morales, Golfo de Nicoya, high water, 10 ° 04 ' N, 84 ° 58 ' W; B - Cocorocas, river inlet, Golfo de Nicoya, low water, 10 ° 04 ' N, 84 ° 57 ' W; C - Puerto Jiménez, Golfo Dulce, 8 ° 32 ' N, 83 ° 18 ' W; D - Across opening of mangrove creek. Max. depth 1.5 m Salinas Cristao, Macau, Brazil, 5 ° 05 ' S, 36 ° 30 ' W." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF53662A7E53651B848795BF3680FB88" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" tableUuid="DF53662A7E53651B848795BF3680FB88">Table 1</tableCitation>
), indicating a thin layer of sandy mud on top of coarser sediment. Four living specimens, all juveniles, together with three empty shells, were found in a sample where all bottom material went through the 500 µm mesh sieve. This sample was incredibly rich in living gastropods (dominating species seemed to belong to
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E56651E8578971435E8FE86" box="[360,656,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E56651E8578971436A8FE86" box="[360,464,274,296]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Crepidula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Crepidula</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E56651E85CB97153559FE86" box="[475,545,275,296]" class="Gastropoda" family="Naticidae" genus="Natica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Natica</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E56651E863B971535E8FE86" box="[555,656,275,296]" class="Gastropoda" family="Nassariidae" genus="Nassarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Nassarius</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E56651E868D9714341DFE86" authority="Epitonium" authorityName="Epitonium" box="[669,869,274,296]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E56651E868D9714341DFE86" box="[669,869,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Anachis, Epitonium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and several small pyramidellids), and the limited number of specimens might indicate that
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E56651E860D973435F0FEE9" box="[541,648,306,327]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Cimaria" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vargasi">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E56651E860D973435F0FEE9" box="[541,648,306,327]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">C. vargasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not live uniformly throughout the transect covered by this sample. In another rich sample, which was taken about
<quantity id="4CD49B477E56651E8647975635EFFEC8" box="[599,663,336,358]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
from the beach, no living specimens were found and it is unlikely that many were overlooked. This contrasts starkly with the richness of other species. The solid, thick shell is rather untypical for pyramidellids living in muddy sediment. Thus patches of hard substrate on the mud flat, or a narrow zone close to the beach, may be the preferred habitat of this species. A plausible hypothesis is that the pyramidellid may be loosely associated with one or more of the
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E56651E84C797CC3645FE4E" box="[215,317,458,480]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Crepidula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E56651E84C797CC3645FE4E" box="[215,317,458,480]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Crepidula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E56651E854F97CC36A9FE4E" box="[351,465,458,480]" class="Gastropoda" family="Calyptraeidae" genus="Calyptraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E56651E854F97CC36A9FE4E" box="[351,465,458,480]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Calyptraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species found scattered in the samples.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336A27E56651E84D797EF3342FDF5" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">The thick shell may be an adaptation to heavy predation pressure. A majority (i.e., 10 of 16 from station CoRi 34) of the empty shells were found with the outer lip broken in a characteristic way, as by the claw of a crab. Many of these scars were almost identical in shape and position on the lower part of the outer lip, and several had old, repaired scars of the same shape. Only three shells had naticid bore-holes, although many naticids were found in the samples.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336A27E56651E84D7946534F9FD19" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
The shell from
<collectingCountry id="F33B76327E56651E8573946536D9FDD7" box="[355,417,611,633]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Brazil</collectingCountry>
presents a particular challenge. Although the possibility of the shell being conspecific with the population from
<collectingCountry id="F33B76327E56651E850E948536F5FD36" box="[286,397,642,664]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
cannot be completely excluded, I agree with e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD4B537E56651E878194843311FD37" box="[913,1129,642,665]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Pimenta, A. D., Absalao, R. S. &amp; Miyaji, C. (2009) A taxonomic review of the genera Boonea, Chrysallida, Parthenina, Ivara, Faroa, Mumiola, Odostomella and Trabecula (Gastropoda, Pyramidellidae, Odostomiinae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 2049, 39 - 66." type="journal article">Pimenta et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
that this is very unlikely, and since only a single, worn shell is found, I provisionally call it
<taxonomicName id="4C2C4D217E56651E871894A43424FD19" box="[776,860,674,695]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pyramidellidae" genus="Cimaria" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B958EAB07E56651E871894A43424FD19" box="[776,860,674,695]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Cimaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9336A27E56651E84D794C63446FCC1" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
Logistic help was provided by the director, Dr. José Vargas, and the staff of CIMAR. Also my most sincere thanks to Franklin Guillén for invaluable assistance in the field, and to Rita Vargas at the Museo de Zoologia at the University of
<collectingCountry id="F33B76327E56651E817294D937B0FCBD" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
, for pleasant company and help during the sorting and working up of the material. The SEM photographs were taken at the Laboratory for Electron Microscopy at the University of Bergen, by Chief Engineer Egil Sev. Erichsen, whose help has been most appreciated. I also thank Patrick I. LaFolette for constructive comments on the manuscript. Elin Holm has drawn the maps and helped with the editorial arrangement of the other illustrations.
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