treatments-xml/data/9C/AE/64/9CAE64DE19B655038B96BC1CB22D7F3D.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743" ID-PMC="PMC4956925" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-63-19" ID-Pensoft-UUID="4D266D65FFB3FFD4983DFFD5FFA60100" ID-PubMed="27489475" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576356" ModsDocID="1314-2003-63-19" checkinTime="1462327747149" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Martine, Christopher T., Cantley, Jason T., Frawley, Emma S., Butler, Alice R. &amp; Jordon-Thaden, Ingrid E." docDate="2016" docId="9CAE64DE19B655038B96BC1CB22D7F3D" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 63: 19-29" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 63" docPubDate="2016-05-03" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743" docTitle="Solanum ossicruentum Martine &amp; J. Cantley 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="4D266D65FFB3FFD4983DFFD5FFA60100" lastPageNumber="26" masterDocId="4D266D65FFB3FFD4983DFFD5FFA60100" masterDocTitle="New functionally dioecious bush tomato from northwestern Australia, Solanum ossicruentum, may utilize &quot; trample burr &quot; dispersal" masterLastPageNumber="29" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1668141691295" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>New functionally dioecious bush tomato from northwestern Australia, Solanum ossicruentum, may utilize &quot; trample burr &quot; dispersal</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Martine, Christopher T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">chris.martine@bucknell.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cantley, Jason T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Frawley, Emma S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Butler, Alice R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jordon-Thaden, Ingrid E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, USA &amp; University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2016-05-03</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>63</mods:number>
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<mods:start>19</mods:start>
<mods:end>29</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-63-19</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182227157" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9CAE64DE19B655038B96BC1CB22D7F3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9CAE64DE19B655038B96BC1CB22D7F3D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName LSID="9CAE64DE-19B6-5503-8B96-BC1CB22D7F3D" authority="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="1" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum" status="sp. nov.">Solanum ossicruentum Martine &amp; J.Cantley</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="20">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Solanum ossicruentum sp. nov. A Typical habitat, Mirima National Park, WA B Leaf morphology C Female individual, Mirima NP D Close-up of functionally female (morphologically hermaphrodite) flower E Abaxial side of functionally female flower showing elongated calyx lobes F Male individual, Mirima NP G Male flower, abaxial view H Developing fruit within calyx I Immature fruits showing blood-red staining at 2 minutes (lower) and 5 minutes (above) after cutting J Mature bony fruits removed from calyces and (lower right) as collected from ground beneath plant. Yellow scale bars as follows: 3 cm (B, C, F); 1 cm (D); 2 cm (E, G, H, J); 0.75 cm (I). Photos A, C, F, and J by C. T. Martine; all others by J. T. Cantley." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/87304" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. SEM images of Solanum ossicruentum sp. nov. pollen grains. A Functional pollen produced by male flowers, and B Inaperturate pollen produced by morphologically hermaphrodite, yet functionally female, flowers. Images by A. Butler." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/87305" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">, 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="20">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="20">This species is distinguished from other dioecious solanums in northwestern Australia by its short silvery indumentum, long calyx lobes, larger and compact stature, and a bony hard mature fruit that remains enclosed in a heavily armed calyx.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="20" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="20">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="20">
AUSTRALIA. Western Australia: Mirima (Hidden Valley) National Park, below upper lookout on Derdbe-Gerring Banan Lookout Trail, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="45.827" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-15.763783">15°45.827'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="128" direction="east" minutes="45.105" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="128.75175">128°45.105'E</geoCoordinate>
, 18 May 2014 (staminate and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“female”">&quot;female&quot;</normalizedToken>
flowers; fruit), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">Christopher T. Martine and Rachel F. Martine 4011</emphasis>
(holotype: DNA; isotypes: PERTH, BUPL, CONN)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="1" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="20">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="20">
Clonal, upright woody shrub to 1-2 m tall and 1-2.5 m wide. Single woody stems ca. 2.5 cm diameter from woody rootstock, splitting at about 1/3 of total height to form a Y-shaped or inverted tripod-like growth form, ultimately branching 4-10 times. Overall plant aspect silvery to bluish-green to gray-green, the young growth tomentose-lanate, with older stems woody and gray. Internodes 4.5-8 cm. Stems with short, dense indumentum of stellate trichomes. Prickles straight, long, thin, somewhat sharp, 6-8 mm long, slightly widened at base, abundant and dense (7-15 per cm of internode) on all stems including older woody growth. Leaves 13-23 cm 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4-5 cm, alternate, lanceolate, unarmed; margins entire to undulate; base truncate to rounded, asymmetrical; petiole 10-19 mm long, with scattered prickles; blade soft silvery-blue/gray-green to sage green, concolorous, both sides densely silvery-tomentose (380-560 trichomes per 0.25 cm radius leaf disk); trichomes mostly short stalked, porrect-stellate with short central ray (midpoint). Inflorescences borne on new growth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">Male</emphasis>
inflorescence a cyme about ca. 4-5 cm long with 2-12 flowers, unbranched, typically with only 2-3 flowers open at a time; peduncle ca. 2-2.5 cm long; rachis 2-2.5 cm long; pedicels ca. 2 mm, unarmed; calyx 5-lobed with or without a few prickles towards the base, the lobes 1.2-1.5 cm long with linear acumens; corolla 3.5-3.8 cm diameter, dark violet, rotate-stellate to rotate, glabrous adaxially and abaxially except for pubescence of minute simple hairs along folds; acumens 0.75-1.25 mm; stamens 5, ca. 9 mm long, equal; anthers ca. 5 mm long, oblong-lanceolate to somewhat tapered, connivent, yellow, poricidal; filaments ca. 4 mm, connate at base; ovary, style, and stigma vestigial, non-functional, and not exserted beyond the stamens.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="977835" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/87304" pageId="1" pageNumber="20" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="1" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">A</emphasis>
Typical habitat, Mirima National Park, WA 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">B</emphasis>
Leaf morphology 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
Female individual, Mirima NP 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">D</emphasis>
Close-up of functionally female (morphologically hermaphrodite) flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">E</emphasis>
Abaxial side of functionally female flower showing elongated calyx lobes 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">F</emphasis>
Male individual, Mirima NP 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">G</emphasis>
Male flower, abaxial view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">H</emphasis>
Developing fruit within calyx 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">I</emphasis>
Immature fruits showing blood-red staining at 2 minutes (lower) and 5 minutes (above) after cutting 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">J</emphasis>
Mature bony fruits removed from calyces and (lower right) as collected from ground beneath plant. Yellow scale bars as follows: 3 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">B, C, F</emphasis>
); 1 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">D</emphasis>
); 2 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">E, G, H, J</emphasis>
); 0.75 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">I</emphasis>
). Photos 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">A</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">F</emphasis>
, and 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">J</emphasis>
by C.T. Martine; all others by J.T. Cantley.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="977837" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/87305" pageId="1" pageNumber="20" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">Figure 2.</emphasis>
SEM images of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="1" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. pollen grains. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">A</emphasis>
Functional pollen produced by male flowers, and 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">B</emphasis>
Inaperturate pollen produced by morphologically hermaphrodite, yet functionally female, flowers. Images by A. Butler.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">
Morphologically 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">hermaphrodite</emphasis>
flowers solitary, functionally 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">female</emphasis>
, with anthers producing inaperturate pollen (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. SEM images of Solanum ossicruentum sp. nov. pollen grains. A Functional pollen produced by male flowers, and B Inaperturate pollen produced by morphologically hermaphrodite, yet functionally female, flowers. Images by A. Butler." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/87305" pageId="1" pageNumber="20">2</figureCitation>
). Female flower on pedicel 0.25-1.0 cm long, armed with small prickles to 2 mm long; calyx densely armed along ribs of tube with long (9-10 mm), straight prickles and stellate trichomes; lobes 1.5-6 cm, narrowly linear, prickly; corolla ca. 3-7 cm diameter, rotate-stellate to stellate-campanulate/funnelform, vibrantly violet, glabrous adaxially and abaxially except for pubescence of minute simple hairs along folds; acumens ca. 1.5-2.0 mm; stamens of same propor 
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="21" start="start">tions</pageBreakToken>
as in male flowers; ovary ca. 4 mm diameter at anthesis, with scattered short, green trichomes; style erect, ca. 14 mm long (including stigmatic surfaces); stigma green, ca. 4 mm long, with slight bifurcation along final 0.5-1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
Fruit a berry 1.5-2.5 cm diameter, globose; immature fruit light green, fleshy, with slightly sticky flesh oxidizing from whitish-green to deep blood-red when cut; mature fruit drying to dark green, then chestnut brown, becoming leathery-reticulate in texture and bony hard, weakly six-angled, and loosely retained and partly-enclosed 
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="22" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
75%-enclosed) in calyx, with a 6-8 mm diameter light-colored disk-shaped abscission scar. Fruiting calyx lobes 4.5-7.25 cm long and long-acuminate (acumens breaking off with age), densely armed with sharp prickles 7-8 mm long, tapering to long fine tip, 4-5 prickles per jagged line along ribs and spreading, short stellate-pubescent, more so on calyx ribs and around bases of prickles. Calyx slightly sticky-adherent to fruit when immature, readily separating from fruit as the berry matures, hardens, and shrinks from drying. Fruit and intact calyx ultimately detaching from plant as one light brown, sharply spiny, 3.5-4.5 cm diameter dispersal unit. Seeds ca. 1.5 mm diameter, tan to brown, conspicuously and minutely reticulate, up to 500-650 per fruit.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" type="distribution and ecology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is presently known from a wide range of localities in the sub-arid tropical zone of the Northern Territory and eastern Kimberley in Western Australia, including the northern edge of the Tanami Desert (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Map showing distribution of Solanum ossicruentum sp. nov. accessions held at the Northern Territory Herbarium, Palmerston (DNA) and examined for this description. Map base layer generated from ArcGIS." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/87306" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">3</figureCitation>
), mostly within the Victoria Bonaparte Terrestrial Bioregion (
<bibRefCitation author="Australian Government" journalOrPublisher="Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities, Canberra" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" publicationUrl="https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/5b3d2d31-2355-4b60-820c-e370572b2520/files/bioregions-new.pdf" refId="B5" refString="Australian Government, 2012. Interim Biogeographic Regionalization for Australia, Version 7. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities, Canberra, https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/5b3d2d31-2355-4b60-820c-e370572b2520/files/bioregions-new.pdf" title="Interim Biogeographic Regionalization for Australia, Version 7" url="https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/5b3d2d31-2355-4b60-820c-e370572b2520/files/bioregions-new.pdf" year="2012">Australian Government 2012</bibRefCitation>
). The species associates closely with red sandstone, quartzite sandstone, and conglomerates (as per 
<bibRefCitation author="Tyler, I" journalOrPublisher="Department of Environmental Conservation, Kensington, WA" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" refId="B23" refString="Tyler, I, 1996. Geology and Landforms of the Kimberley. Department of Environmental Conservation, Kensington, WA" title="Geology and Landforms of the Kimberley" year="1996">Tyler 1996</bibRefCitation>
), where it is found on hills, ridges, outcrops, and plateaus, growing in gravel or from fissures in pavement and dissected rock. It has also been collected frequently in steep gorges and washes, as well as at the base of rock formations in sandy levees and alluvial deposits. Among the associated taxa noted on herbarium labels are species of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Triodia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triodia" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Triodia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae)" order="Myrtiflorae" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Myrtaceae">Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae)</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Proteaceae" genus="Grevillea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Grevillea" order="Proteales" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Grevillea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Proteaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Proteales" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Proteaceae</taxonomicName>
). Although little is known about its relation with fire (one fruiting collection by Latz is from a recently burned habitat), the species is likely fire tolerant to some degree. Pollination biology of the species is unknown, but, like other Australian congeners, the flowers are likely buzz pollinated by bees in the genera 
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylocopa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Xylocopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Amegilla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Amegilla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Amegilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation author="Anderson, GJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" pagination="842 - 852" publicationUrl="10.2307/2399372" refId="B3" refString="Anderson, GJ, Symon, DE, 1988. Insect foragers on Solanum flowers in Australia. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 842 - 852, DOI: 10.2307/2399372" title="Insect foragers on Solanum flowers in Australia." url="10.2307/2399372" volume="75" year="1988">Anderson and Symon 1988</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Switzer, CM" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" publicationUrl="10.1007/s11829-015-9407-7" refId="B20" refString="Switzer, CM, Hogendoorn, K, Ravi, S, Combes, SA, 2015. Shakers and head bangers: differences in sonication behavior between Australian Amegilla murrayensis (blue-banded bees) and North American Bombus impatiens (bumblebees). In: Arthropod-Plant Interactions., DOI: 10.1007/s11829-015-9407-7" title="Shakers and head bangers: differences in sonication behavior between Australian Amegilla murrayensis (blue-banded bees) and North American Bombus impatiens (bumblebees)." url="10.1007/s11829-015-9407-7" volumeTitle="Arthropod-Plant Interactions." year="2015">Switzer et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). A small set (n=8) of ex situ hand pollinations conducted for this study showed that inaperturate pollen produced by functional females does not lead to fruit set when 
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="23" start="start">used</pageBreakToken>
to pollinate other females - suggesting that, like other dioecious solanums, reproduction in this species is dependent on intersexual outcrossing via biotic pollination. SEM images of the pollen (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. SEM images of Solanum ossicruentum sp. nov. pollen grains. A Functional pollen produced by male flowers, and B Inaperturate pollen produced by morphologically hermaphrodite, yet functionally female, flowers. Images by A. Butler." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/87305" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">2</figureCitation>
) confirm that morphologically hermaphrodite flowers produce inaperturate grains incapable of germination.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="977839" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.63.7743.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/87306" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Map showing distribution of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. accessions held at the Northern Territory Herbarium, Palmerston (DNA) and examined for this description. Map base layer generated from ArcGIS.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
Seed dispersal appears to follow the relatively uncommon &quot;trample burr&quot; pattern for 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described by 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" pagination="321 - 331" refId="B21" refString="Symon, DE, 1979. Fruit diversity and dispersal in Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 1: 321 - 331" title="Fruit diversity and dispersal in Solanum in Australia." volume="1" year="1979">Symon (1979)</bibRefCitation>
, whereby lightweight fruits enclosed in spiny calyces are carried in the fur of mammals. The fruits of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
detach enclosed within a long-spiny calyx at maturity, the diaspores gathering in piles on the ground or getting caught in tufts of hummock-forming spinifex grass (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Triodia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Triodia" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Triodia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.) growing below parent plants. In the course of this study, only seeds from mature, bony fruits - the condition they are in when dropped from the plant - proved to be germinable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="23" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<bibRefCitation author="Doonday, B" journalOrPublisher="Department of Land Resource Management, NTG, Broome" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" refId="B9" refString="Doonday, B, Samuels, C, Clancy, E, Milner, J, Chungulla, R, Whisputt, M, Yoomarie, S, Lulu, V, Johns, A, Brown, S, Vernes, T, Richards, E, Wightman, G, 2013. Walmajarri Plants and Animals: Aboriginal Knowledge from the Paruku Indigenous Protected Area, Southern Kimberley. In: Northern Territory Botanical Bulletin. Department of Land Resource Management, NTG, Broome" title="Walmajarri Plants and Animals: Aboriginal Knowledge from the Paruku Indigenous Protected Area, Southern Kimberley." volumeTitle="Northern Territory Botanical Bulletin." year="2013">Doonday et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
describe the use of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dioicum" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum dioicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sensu lato), or &quot;salty bush tomato,&quot; by the Walmajarri people in the area of the Paruku Indigenous Protected Area, which encompasses part of the western range of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although the authors suggest that the fruits (called 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“kara”">&quot;kara&quot;</normalizedToken>
in Walmajarri) are consumed by kangaroos, some Walmajarri people also &quot;eat the outside part 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
but not the inside part&quot; due to the &quot;saltiness or unpleasantness of the fruit.&quot; While the unripened fruits of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are fleshy and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“salty”">&quot;salty&quot;</normalizedToken>
tasting (C. Martine, pers. obs.), the bony nature of mature fruits suggests that the usage described here does not relate to this taxon. Instead, it likely represents one of the other Kimberley forms of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dioicum" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Solanum dioicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sensu lato.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="24" start="start">Phenology</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Most flowering specimens have been collected from February-July, with fruiting specimens collected in March-September. Seeds germinated for this study were from diaspores collected at the base of plants bearing flowers and immature fruits at Mirima National Park on 1 May 2014. These were assumed to have developed in the previous growth season.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="phylogeny">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Phylogeny.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
Previous phylogenetic work including accessions identified as this form (
<bibRefCitation author="Martine, CT" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" pagination="410 - 420" publicationUrl="10.1600/036364406777585801" refId="B13" refString="Martine, CT, Vanderpool, D, Anderson, GJ, Les, DH, 2006. Phylogenetic relationship of andromonoecious and dioecious Australian species of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum section Melongena: Inferences from ITS sequence data. Systematic Botany 31: 410 - 420, DOI: 10.1600/036364406777585801" title="Phylogenetic relationship of andromonoecious and dioecious Australian species of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum section Melongena: Inferences from ITS sequence data." url="10.1600/036364406777585801" volume="31" year="2006">Martine et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Martine, CT" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" pagination="107 - 120" publicationUrl="10.1071/SB07039" refId="B15" refString="Martine, CT, Anderson, GJ, Les, DH, 2009. Gender-bending aubergines: Molecular phylogenetics of cryptically dioecious Solanum in Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 22: 107 - 120, DOI: 10.1071/SB07039" title="Gender-bending aubergines: Molecular phylogenetics of cryptically dioecious Solanum in Australia." url="10.1071/SB07039" volume="22" year="2009">Martine et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
) suggested that 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a member of the &quot;Dioicum Complex,&quot; a set of several dioecious species largely occupying the Kimberley region. Preliminary work using multiple intronic regions (Martine et al. in prep) infers that 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is either sister to the rest of that group or represents an independent dioecious lineage. It does not appear to form a clade with the other Australian dioecious species of the &quot;Dioicum Complex&quot; or with the dioecious 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Specht" authorityYear="1958" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum asymmetriphyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="asymmetriphyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Solanum asymmetriphyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Specht and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brennan, Martine &amp; Symon" authorityYear="2006" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sejunctum" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sejunctum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Solanum sejunctum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Brennan, Martine &amp; Symon from Kakadu National Park (
<bibRefCitation author="Brennan, K" journalOrPublisher="The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 7" publicationUrl="http://www.academia.edu/1542271/Solanum_sejunctum_Solanaceae_a_new_functionally_dioecious_species_from_Kakadu_National_Park_Northern_Territory_Australia" refId="B7" refString="Brennan, K, Martine, CT, Symon, DE, 2006. Solanum sejunctum (Solanaceae), a new functionally dioecious species from Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 22: 1 - 7, http://www.academia.edu/1542271/Solanum_sejunctum_Solanaceae_a_new_functionally_dioecious_species_from_Kakadu_National_Park_Northern_Territory_Australia" title="Solanum sejunctum (Solanaceae), a new functionally dioecious species from Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia." url="http://www.academia.edu/1542271/Solanum_sejunctum_Solanaceae_a_new_functionally_dioecious_species_from_Kakadu_National_Park_Northern_Territory_Australia" volume="22" year="2006">Brennan et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Martine, CT" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" pagination="410 - 420" publicationUrl="10.1600/036364406777585801" refId="B13" refString="Martine, CT, Vanderpool, D, Anderson, GJ, Les, DH, 2006. Phylogenetic relationship of andromonoecious and dioecious Australian species of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum section Melongena: Inferences from ITS sequence data. Systematic Botany 31: 410 - 420, DOI: 10.1600/036364406777585801" title="Phylogenetic relationship of andromonoecious and dioecious Australian species of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum section Melongena: Inferences from ITS sequence data." url="10.1600/036364406777585801" volume="31" year="2006">Martine et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Sarkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" publicationUrl="10.1186/1471-2148-13-214" refId="B19" refString="Sarkinen, T, Bohs, L, Olmstead, RG, Knapp, S, 2013. A phylogenetic framework for evolutionary study of the nightshades (Solanaceae): a dated 1000-tip tree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-214" title="A phylogenetic framework for evolutionary study of the nightshades (Solanaceae): a dated 1000 - tip tree." url="10.1186/1471-2148-13-214" volume="13" year="2013">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
et al. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
The name 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was chosen based on suggestions from middle school students in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA. In the spring of 2015, CTM presented live plants of the taxon to an assembly of 150 seventh-grade life science students at Donald H. Eichhorn Middle School. The students, with the help of Mr. Bradley Catherman, were invited to examine the plants, ask questions, and then submit an essay proposing and justifying a potential Latin name for the putative new species. Numerous students were drawn to and suggested names based on the characteristics of the fruits, which stain blood red when cut open before maturity and then mature to a dry, bony condition. Thus 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">ossi</emphasis>
- is used for 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“bone”">&quot;bone&quot;</normalizedToken>
and - 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">cruentum</emphasis>
for 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“bloody.”">&quot;bloody.&quot;</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Preliminary conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
Based on IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2011), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered Data Deficient (DD). While the species appears to be relatively widespread over a range of approximately 90,000 km2, its range is not comprehensively understood. A relatively small number of collections, coupled with the fact that populations often consist of multiple individuals, suggest that the species is common in some localities but uncommon on the regional and global scales. Further data are required before a certain conservation status can be determined. Like other dioecious species of clonal nature, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“populations”">&quot;populations&quot;</normalizedToken>
of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the potential to represent large multi-stemmed genets connected by an underground network of stolons (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Martine, CT" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" pagination="23 - 31" publicationUrl="10.3897/phytokeys.30.6003" refId="B16" refString="Martine, CT, Symon, DE, Capaldi Evans, E, 2013. A new cryptically dioecious species of bush tomato (Solanum) from the Northern Territory, Australia. PhytoKeys 30: 23 - 31, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.30.6003" title="A new cryptically dioecious species of bush tomato (Solanum) from the Northern Territory, Australia." url="10.3897/phytokeys.30.6003" volume="30" year="2013">Martine et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Given that individual genets in dioecious taxa cannot self-fertilize, clonal individuals have particular potential to be reproductively isolated. Recent observations of a small unisexual population by CTM in the Carr Boyd Ranges (just north of Lake Argyle) found that numerous female flowers had bloomed and senesced, ostensibly for lack of nearby male individuals and/or effective pollinators, and preliminary results from a population genetics study (Cantley et al. in prep) show low levels of genetic diversity for the species in Mirima National Park - a surprising outcome given that dioecious taxa are obligate outcrossers.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" type="specimens examined">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">AUSTRALIA. Northern Territory</emphasis>
: Jellebra Rockhole, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="19" direction="south" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-19.362501">19°21'45&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="129" direction="east" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="35" value="129.00972">129°00'35&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 7 June 1996, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">D.E. Albrecht 7756</emphasis>
(DNA, NT); Cockatoo Creek, Keep River area, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="17" value="-15.92139">15°55'17&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="129" direction="east" minutes="03" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="31" value="129.05861">129°03'31&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 2 September 1974, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Gibbs &amp; Fox 618</emphasis>
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="25" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
DNA, NE); Spirit Hills, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="58" value="-15.416111">15°24'58&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="129" direction="east" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="39" value="129.4775">129°28'39&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 17 April 2007, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">R.A. Kerrigan 1226</emphasis>
(DNA); 11 km east of NE Mt. Frederick, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="19" direction="south" minutes="37" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-19.616667">19°37'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="129" direction="east" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="129.35">129°21'E</geoCoordinate>
,1 March 1981, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">P.K. Latz 8597</emphasis>
(DNA, NT); Pargee Range, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="19" direction="south" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-19.6">19°36'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="129" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="129.26666">129°16'E</geoCoordinate>
, 2 April 1981, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">P.K. Latz 8608</emphasis>
(DNA, ADW); 8 km SSW Victoria River Bridge, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="47" value="-15.679723">15°40'47&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="131" direction="east" minutes="5" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="34" value="131.09277">131°5'34&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 16 April 1996, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">P.K. Latz 14760</emphasis>
(DNA, NT, AREF); Cow Creek, Victoria River, Gregory National Park, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="26.8" value="-15.874111">15°52'26.8&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="131" direction="east" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="58.6" value="131.33295">131°19'58.6&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
,2 May 2001, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">C.P. Mangion &amp; G. Boehme 1060</emphasis>
(DNA); Winnecke Hills, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="37" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="11" value="-18.619722">18°37'11&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="130" direction="east" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="30" value="130.275">130°16'30&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 1 May 2004, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">C.P. Mangion &amp; D.L. Lewis 1607</emphasis>
(DNA); Nigli Gap Walk, Keep River National Park, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="30.4" value="-15.758445">15°45'30.4&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="129" direction="east" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="07.4" value="129.08539">129°05'07.4&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 26 May 2004, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">C.T. Martine &amp; W.R. Barker 772</emphasis>
(DNA, CONN); Gurrundalng Walk, Keep River National Park, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="07.8" value="-15.868834">15°52'07.8&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="129" direction="east" minutes="03" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="11.1" value="129.05309">129°03'11.1&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 27 May 2004, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">C.T. Martine &amp; W.R. Barker 781</emphasis>
(DNA, CONN); 63 km S of Lajamanu, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="18.39" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="-18.39">18.39°S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="130.16" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="130.16">130.16°E</geoCoordinate>
, 10 Feb 1988, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">T.M. Orr 57</emphasis>
(DNA); Mornington Station, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="south" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="02" value="-17.550554">17°33'02&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="132" direction="east" minutes="01" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="15" value="132.02083">132°01'15&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 11 April 2004, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">JA Risler &amp; S. Legge 2673</emphasis>
(DNA); Bradshaw Military Training Area, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="04" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="50" value="-15.080556">15°04'50&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="129" direction="east" minutes="33" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="28" value="129.55779">129°33'28&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 2 April 2007, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">B.M. Stuckey &amp; I.D. Cowie 64</emphasis>
(DNA, NSW); 165.8 km NE of Tanami, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-18.55">18°33'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="130" direction="east" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="130.16667">130°10'E</geoCoordinate>
, 18 May 1971, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">D.E. Symon 6938</emphasis>
(DNA, NT, CANB, PERTH); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Western Australia</emphasis>
: North end of Ragged Range, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="16" direction="south" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="32" value="-16.525555">16°31'32&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="128" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="21" value="128.38916">128°23'21&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 17 July 2001, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">D.J. Edinger 2601</emphasis>
(DNA, PERTH); 1 mile N of Revolver Creek, Carr Boyd Ranges, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="16" direction="south" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-16.233334">16°14'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="128" direction="east" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="128.56667">128°34'E</geoCoordinate>
, 13 March 1978, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">T.G. Hartley 14561</emphasis>
(DNA, CANB); Sturt Creek Station, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="19" direction="south" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-19.3">19°18'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="128" direction="east" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="128.31667">128°19'E</geoCoordinate>
, 20 July 1973, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">P.K. Latz</emphasis>
(DNA, NT, ADW, PERTH); Mirima National Park, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="47" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="14.1" value="-15.7872505">15°47'14.1&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="128" direction="east" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="37.0" value="128.76028">128°45'37.0&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 28 May 2004, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">C.T. Martine &amp; W.R. Barker</emphasis>
787 (DNA, CONN); Carr Boyd Ranges, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="16" direction="south" minutes="05.207" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-16.086782">16°05.207'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="128" direction="east" minutes="45.406" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="128.75676">128°45.406'E</geoCoordinate>
, 3 May 2014, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">C.T. Martine &amp; R.F. Martine 4057</emphasis>
(DNA, BUPL).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="25" type="diagnostic couplet">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Diagnostic couplet.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
A comprehensive key to the &quot;Diocum Complex,&quot; including numerous newly recognized species, is forthcoming (Barrett and Barrett in prep). At present, the most complete diagnostic key for the species of the Kimberley region is the key in 
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett, RL" journalOrPublisher="Nuytsia" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" pagination="5 - 21" publicationUrl="http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/655.pdf" refId="B6" refString="Barrett, RL, 2013. Solanum zoeae (Solanaceae), a new species of bush tomato from the North Kimberley, Western Australia. Nuytsia 23: 5 - 21, http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/655.pdf" title="Solanum zoeae (Solanaceae), a new species of bush tomato from the North Kimberley, Western Australia." url="http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/655.pdf" volume="23" year="2013">Barrett (2013)</bibRefCitation>
, which lumps the primary variations of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum diocium" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diocium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Solanum diocium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sensu lato as a single taxon. The following couplet may be inserted where 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dioicum" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Solanum dioicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs at couplet 60.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<table inLine="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">60a</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Plants less than 1 m tall, many-branched; stems moderately prickly; leaf indumentum silvery or rusty, overall aspect silvery-green, yellowish-green, or reddish-green; stigma deeply bifurcating, lobes 2-5 mm; calyx lobes slightly exceeding corolla and enclosed fruits; fruits green and fleshy at maturity</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dioicum" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Solanum dioicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
W.V. Fitzg.
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">60a</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Plants 1-2 m tall, few-branched and conspicuously Y-shaped in form; stems exceptionally prickly; leaf indumentum silvery, overall aspect silvery-blue; stigma shallowly bifurcating, lobes 0.5-1 mm; calyx lobes far exceeding corolla and enclosed fruits; fruits bony and dry at maturity</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Martine &amp; J. Cantley
</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been noted for nearly 50 years as a widespread morphotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dioicum" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="25">Solanum dioicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Tanami’">'Tanami'</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B22" refString="Symon, DE, 1981. A revision of genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 4: 1 - 367" title="A revision of genus Solanum in Australia." volume="4" year="1981">Symon 1981</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Purdie, RW" journalOrPublisher="Flora of Australia. Solanaceae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" refId="B17" refString="Purdie, RW, Symon, DE, Haegi, L, 1982. . Flora of Australia. Solanaceae Vol. 29" volume="Vol. 29" year="1982">Purdie et al. 1982</bibRefCitation>
). The outstanding characters noted here, particularly its silvery tomentum, conspicuously long calyx lobes, upright and Y-shaped to inverted tripod-shaped stature, 
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="26" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
dioecious breeding system, make it easily recognizable in the field, and its putative trample-burr dispersal syndrome is unusual among allied species. 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" pagination="321 - 331" refId="B21" refString="Symon, DE, 1979. Fruit diversity and dispersal in Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 1: 321 - 331" title="Fruit diversity and dispersal in Solanum in Australia." volume="1" year="1979">Symon (1979)</bibRefCitation>
described the fruits of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dioicum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum dioicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sensu lato as belonging to a large group of species with firm, yellowish berries - but he identified a set of six solanums in northern Australia as bearing &quot;trample burr&quot; fruits that are shed when ripe. Notably, Symon included 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Symon" authorityYear="1971" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum leopoldensis" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leopoldensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum leopoldensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Symon, another member of the &quot;Dioicum Complex,&quot; in this group. The fruits of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Symon" authorityYear="1971" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum leopoldensis" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leopoldensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum leopoldensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, like those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine &amp; J. Cantley" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ossicruentum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ossicruentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum ossicruentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mature to a bony condition and remain enclosed in a spiny calyx. The recently described 
<taxonomicName authorityName="R. L. Barrett" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum zoeae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zoeae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum zoeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R.L. Barrett is closely allied with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Symon" authorityYear="1971" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum leopoldensis" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leopoldensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum leopoldensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and shares similar fruiting characteristics (
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett, RL" journalOrPublisher="Nuytsia" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" pagination="5 - 21" publicationUrl="http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/655.pdf" refId="B6" refString="Barrett, RL, 2013. Solanum zoeae (Solanaceae), a new species of bush tomato from the North Kimberley, Western Australia. Nuytsia 23: 5 - 21, http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/655.pdf" title="Solanum zoeae (Solanaceae), a new species of bush tomato from the North Kimberley, Western Australia." url="http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/655.pdf" volume="23" year="2013">Barrett 2013</bibRefCitation>
); and the forthcoming recognition of a number of new dioecious 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the Kimberley (Barrett and Barrett in prep) may provide evidence that &quot;trample burr&quot; morphology is more widespread than currently thought.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
In overall aspect, the new species most closely resembles 
<taxonomicName authorityName="D. E. Symon" authorityYear="1981" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum beaugleholei" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="beaugleholei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum beaugleholei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Symon and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Cunn. ex Benth" authorityYear="1868" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum phlomoides" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phlomoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum phlomoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
A. Cunn. ex Benth. (both endemic to NW Australia) based on leaf morphology, tomentum, and coloration, but both of these species are less rigidly upright, have much larger (only partially enclosed) fleshy fruits, and exhibit an andromonoecious breeding system.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="26">
Recent surveys in remote regions of the Kimberley suggest that the total number of dioecious taxa in that region may be around 20 (
<bibRefCitation author="Barrett, RL" journalOrPublisher="Nuytsia" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" pagination="5 - 21" publicationUrl="http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/655.pdf" refId="B6" refString="Barrett, RL, 2013. Solanum zoeae (Solanaceae), a new species of bush tomato from the North Kimberley, Western Australia. Nuytsia 23: 5 - 21, http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/655.pdf" title="Solanum zoeae (Solanaceae), a new species of bush tomato from the North Kimberley, Western Australia." url="http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/science/nuytsia/655.pdf" volume="23" year="2013">Barrett 2013</bibRefCitation>
, M. Barrett pers. comm.), with three other named dioecious species endemic to the Northern Territory: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Specht" authorityYear="1958" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum asymmetriphyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="asymmetriphyllum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum asymmetriphyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martine" authorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cowiei" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cowiei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum cowiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Martine (Martine et al. 2014), and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brennan, Martine &amp; Symon" authorityYear="2006" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sejunctum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sejunctum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum sejunctum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Brennan, K" journalOrPublisher="The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory" pageId="8" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 7" publicationUrl="http://www.academia.edu/1542271/Solanum_sejunctum_Solanaceae_a_new_functionally_dioecious_species_from_Kakadu_National_Park_Northern_Territory_Australia" refId="B7" refString="Brennan, K, Martine, CT, Symon, DE, 2006. Solanum sejunctum (Solanaceae), a new functionally dioecious species from Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 22: 1 - 7, http://www.academia.edu/1542271/Solanum_sejunctum_Solanaceae_a_new_functionally_dioecious_species_from_Kakadu_National_Park_Northern_Territory_Australia" title="Solanum sejunctum (Solanaceae), a new functionally dioecious species from Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia." url="http://www.academia.edu/1542271/Solanum_sejunctum_Solanaceae_a_new_functionally_dioecious_species_from_Kakadu_National_Park_Northern_Territory_Australia" volume="22" year="2006">Brennan et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
). The prevalence of functional dioecy among the solanums of Australia, relative to the few other incidences recorded elsewhere (Knapp 1998, 
<bibRefCitation author="Martine, CT" journalOrPublisher="Acta Horticulturae" pageId="9" pageNumber="28" pagination="269 - 285" publicationUrl="10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.12" refId="B14" refString="Martine, CT, Anderson, GJ, 2007. Dioecy, pollination and seed dispersal in Australian spiny Solanum. Acta Horticulturae 745: 269 - 285, DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.12" title="Dioecy, pollination and seed dispersal in Australian spiny Solanum." url="10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.12" volume="745" year="2007">Martine and Anderson 2007</bibRefCitation>
), continues to be of great interest and will be further informed by ongoing work in reproductive ecology (e.g., Martine and Anderson 2008; Jordon-Thaden et al. in prep), population genetics (Cantley et al. in prep.), and phylogenomics (Martine et al. in prep). It is hoped that these and other studies (e.g., Barrett and Barrett in prep) will help resolve the problematic taxonomy of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dioicum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum dioicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sensu lato, a nomenclatural issue that currently impedes efforts to recognize and protect the true biodiversity of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="26">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in northwestern Australia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>