192 lines
23 KiB
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192 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b2a81dd-d9c7-4fb8-b370-de5ccd8e868d" ID-PMC="PMC4714327" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-543-1" ID-PubMed="26798286" ID-ZBK="4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-543-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 543" ModsDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" checkinTime="1451243644414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sarnat, Eli M., Fischer, Georg, Guenard, Benoit & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2015" docId="8EBEF84D7CB258DFD1ADE89D91D60B8E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 543: 1-109" docOrigin="ZooKeys 543" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" docTitle="Pheidole obscurithorax Naves" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="FFA8D443FFA05A6960070473FFDEFF83" masterDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" masterLastPageNumber="109" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1668162291239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fischer, Georg</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>543</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-543-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872347" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8EBEF84D7CB258DFD1ADE89D91D60B8E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8EBEF84D7CB258DFD1ADE89D91D60B8E" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName authority="Naves" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">Pheidole obscurithorax Naves</taxonomicName>
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Figs 82, 88j
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="obscurithorax" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fallax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="fallax" subspecies="obscurithorax">Pheidole fallax subsp. obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves 1985</bibRefCitation>
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: 61 (s.w.) ARGENTINA, Alta Gracia,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
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(Bruch). [First available use of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fallax var. obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="fallax" stage="arenicola" variety="obscurithorax">Pheidole fallax st. arenicola var. obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Santschi, F" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="45 - 69" title="Pheidole et quelques autres fourmis neotropiques." volume="63" year="1923">Santschi 1923</bibRefCitation>
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: 58; unavailable name.] Raised to species; lectotype (s.) (CASENT0913311, NHMB) designated:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 331.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="diagnosis among introduced">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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Diagnosis among introduced
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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Medium reddish brown to dark brown. MajorHW 1.47-1.70, HL 1.49-1.84, SL 0.98-103, CI 92-99, SI 58-70 (n=3). Head subquadrate (Fig. 7); almost entirely covered by a network of intersecting rugae (Fig. 12a), lacking long, well-organized and parallel longitudinal rugae on the frons (Fig. 12b). Frontal carinae indistinct, quickly becoming integrated into dense rugoreticulum that covers the entire face. Antennal scrobes entirely lacking. Antennal insertions surrounded by deeply excavated pits (Fig. 12c). Head often a lighter reddish brown than the mesosoma. Promesonotum in profile with two convexities (Fig. 5), the large anterior dome in addition to a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). MinorHW 0.60-0.67, HL 0.78-0.85, SL 0.94-1.08, CI 76-82, SI 152-173 (n=5). Head predominantly glossy (Fig. 36), lacking punctation and or rugae above eye level. Posterior margin strongly convex in full-face view such that the head outline forms a single unbroken curve from eye to eye (Fig. 44). Antennal scapes extremely long, surpassing posterior head margin by more than 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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eye length (Fig. 39). Promesonotum in profile with two convexities, the large anterior dome (Fig. 43a) in addition to a distinct prominence on the posterior slope (Fig. 43b). Mesopleuron mostly sculptured. Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). Petiole and postpetiole strongly sculptured laterally (Fig. 47).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">Pheidole obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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is a member of the New World (and polyphyletic, see
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<bibRefCitation author="Moreau, CS" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="224 - 239" title="Unraveling the evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.020" volume="48" year="2008">Moreau 2008</bibRefCitation>
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)
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fallax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fallax">Pheidole fallax</taxonomicName>
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species group defined by
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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. It is a large dark species over 6 mm in body length. The species is easily distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
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by the much larger body size and relatively reduced postpetiole, in addition to the strongly sculptured head of the major worker (Fig. 12), and the much longer antennal scapes of the minor. It is separated from other New World species treated here, including those of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">Pheidole punctatissima</taxonomicName>
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clade and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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complex, by the much larger size, prominence on the posterior slope of the promesonotum (Fig. 5, major; Fig. 50, minor), densely rugoreticulate face of the major (Fig. 12), and smooth head and long antennal scapes of the minor. The Old World species
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole noda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="noda">Pheidole noda</taxonomicName>
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all have majors with strongly sculptured head and minors with smooth heads, and the reader is referred to the key for characters used to separate these from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">Pheidole obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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In its introduced range of the southeastern United States,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">Pheidole obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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is characterized by its large size, large nest mounds, very active foraging and fast recruitment to bait such as cookie crumbs (
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<bibRefCitation author="King, JR" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="435 - 439" title="Range expansion and local population increase of the exotic ant, Pheidoleobscurithorax, in the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[435:REALPI]2.0.CO;2" volume="90" year="2007">King and Tschinkel 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). It nests in soil in open areas, where it produces conspicuous nests, each generally with a single large opening often covered by a leaf or other collected material (
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<bibRefCitation author="Storz, SR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Science" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" title="Distribution, spread, and ecological associations of the introduced ant Pheidoleobscurithorax in the Souteastern United States." volume="4" year="2004">Storz and Tschinkel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). The species is an omnivorous scavenger of dead arthropods (possibly including dead fire ants), and less frequently of plant material such as flower petals (
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<bibRefCitation author="Storz, SR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Science" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" title="Distribution, spread, and ecological associations of the introduced ant Pheidoleobscurithorax in the Souteastern United States." volume="4" year="2004">Storz and Tschinkel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). Studies in its introduced range found evidence that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">Pheidole obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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is monogynous and is spreading by natural dispersal of winged females in addition to human-mediated long-distance dispersal (
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<bibRefCitation author="King, JR" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="435 - 439" title="Range expansion and local population increase of the exotic ant, Pheidoleobscurithorax, in the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[435:REALPI]2.0.CO;2" volume="90" year="2007">King and Tschinkel 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). The species was most often found associated with disturbed habitats such as lawns and roadsides, but there are also records of it occurring in natural areas such as hardwood forests (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). However, its steady expansion across the southeastern United States and co-occurrence with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenopsis invicta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invicta">Solenopsis invicta</taxonomicName>
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suggest it is an important species to monitor.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">Pheidole obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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is presumed native to the South American region of Argentina, Paraguay and southern Brazil that includes the Paraguay, La Plata and Parana Rivers. This flood-prone area is the cradle of many other well-known invasive ants including fire ants (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenopsis invicta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="invicta">Solenopsis invicta</taxonomicName>
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Buren and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solenopsis richteri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richteri">Solenopsis richteri</taxonomicName>
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Forel), the Argentine ant (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Linepithema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Linepithema humile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humile">Linepithema humile</taxonomicName>
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), and many lesser-known species that were anthropogenically introduced (
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<bibRefCitation author="King, JR" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="435 - 439" title="Range expansion and local population increase of the exotic ant, Pheidoleobscurithorax, in the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[435:REALPI]2.0.CO;2" volume="90" year="2007">King and Tschinkel 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Storz, SR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Science" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" title="Distribution, spread, and ecological associations of the introduced ant Pheidoleobscurithorax in the Souteastern United States." volume="4" year="2004">Storz and Tschinkel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Suarez, AV" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="351 - 360" title="The evolutionary consequences of biological invasions." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03456.x" volume="17" year="2008">Suarez and Tsutsui 2008</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). Most of these species, including
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">Pheidole obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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, were first introduced to North America via the Mobile, Alabama shipping port pathway.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">Pheidole obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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was introduced to Mobile, Alabama around 1950 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Naves, MA" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="53 - 90" title="A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="1" year="1985">Naves 1985</bibRefCitation>
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) and subsequently expanded its range to include Florida, Georgia, Mississippi and Texas (
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<bibRefCitation author="Storz, SR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Science" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" title="Distribution, spread, and ecological associations of the introduced ant Pheidoleobscurithorax in the Souteastern United States." volume="4" year="2004">Storz and Tschinkel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, EO" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" title="Pheidole of the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus." year="2003">Wilson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). Additional occurence records, including the first record for Bolivia, were published (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wetterer, JK" journalOrPublisher="Transactions American Entomological Society" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" pagination="222 - 231" title="Geographic spread of Pheidoleobscurithorax (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="http://authors.entomology-aes.org/article/public/30.pdf" volume="141" year="2015">Wetterer et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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) just as this manuscript was going to press, and were not included in the present study.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="risk statement">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Risk statement.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">Pheidole obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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is not currently considered a pest in its introduced range, as it does not sting and is not known to infest dwellings or structures (
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<bibRefCitation author="King, JR" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="435 - 439" title="Range expansion and local population increase of the exotic ant, Pheidoleobscurithorax, in the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[435:REALPI]2.0.CO;2" volume="90" year="2007">King and Tschinkel 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). However, the species is an aggressive predator (
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<bibRefCitation author="Deyrup, M" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia)" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="293 - 326" title="Exotic ants in Florida." volume="126" year="2000">Deyrup et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
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) and may have the potential to become a pest or to negatively impact native species if its populations continue to grow and spread.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">Pheidole obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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is thought to spread across the southeastern United States by mated queens (not colony fragments) that are being transported in substrates such as potted plants. It is possible that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole obscurithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurithorax">Pheidole obscurithorax</taxonomicName>
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could become more widespread regionally and globally in the future.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |