201 lines
18 KiB
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201 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c78f07a8-c6ec-4490-a8a4-d17697b29e6b" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-148-293" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-148-293" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 148" ModsDocTitle="Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa" checkinTime="1451249597577" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Grimaldi, David A., Arillo, Antonio, Cumming, Jeffrey M. & Hauser, Martin" docDate="2011" docId="670C0128C081D365836B976349F23A62" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 148: 293-332" docOrigin="ZooKeys 148" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809" docTitle="Lysistrata Grimaldi & Arillo, gen. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="295" masterDocId="FF87FFED073F016AFFA1FF97FFD3590E" masterDocTitle="Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="293" pageNumber="294" updateTime="1643720183467" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Arillo, Antonio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cumming, Jeffrey M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hauser, Martin</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>148</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>293</mods:start>
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<mods:end>332</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-148-293</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032200" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C038F6C9-1BFF-49D2-A756-A6235259B6A9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/670C0128C081D365836B976349F23A62" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="295" pageId="1" pageNumber="294">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="294" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="294">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C038F6C9-1BFF-49D2-A756-A6235259B6A9" authority="Grimaldi & Arillo" class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Lysistrata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lysistrata" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lysistrata Grimaldi & Arillo</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="294">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="294" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="294">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="294">
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Antennal flagellum submoniliform, with approximately 7 short flagellomeres tapered in width apicad; articulation between basal 3 flagellomeres faint. Protibia lacking spurs; mesotibia with two short apical spurs (c. 50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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length). Metatibia probably with one pair of short apical spurs. Vein Rs branches from R1 in the distal third of vein R. Stem of R4+5 straight, R4 curved basally, long and subparallel to R5. Cell d long and narrow, length approximately 3.5x the width; cell m3 absent.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="294" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="294">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="294">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Lysistrata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lysistrata emerita" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species">Lysistrata emerita</taxonomicName>
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, sp. n., by present designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="294" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="294">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="294">
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From the Greek,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Λυσιστράτη">Λυσιστράτη</normalizedToken>
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, meaning "army disbander", after the comedy by Aristophanes and in reference to the common name for
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<taxonomicName family="Stratiomyidae" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" rank="family">Stratiomyidae</taxonomicName>
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, or "soldier flies". Feminine.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="295" start="start">Discussion</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Lysistrata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lysistrata" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lysistrata</taxonomicName>
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is clearly within the
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Stratiomyomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Stratiomyomorpha" order="Saxifragales" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Stratiomyomorpha</taxonomicName>
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, and appears closely allied with
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<taxonomicName family="Stratiomyidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="family">Stratiomyidae</taxonomicName>
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on the basis of the radial branching. The presence of two minute spurs on the mesotibia, and probably a short pair on the metatibia is indicative of either
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<taxonomicName family="Stratiomyidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="family">Stratiomyidae</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName family="Xylomyidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="family">Xylomyidae</taxonomicName>
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. A few Recent stratiomyids have a minute apical spur on the mesotibia, whereas xylomyids have either a 0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2–">-2-</normalizedToken>
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2 or 0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2–">-2-</normalizedToken>
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1 tibial spur formula. Pantophthalmids have one or two spurs on the mesotibia only, but are distinct from the other two families by the longer branches of R1 and Rs.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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The Recent and primitive genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Parhadrestia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parhadrestia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parhadrestia</taxonomicName>
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James (consisting of two species from Chile) shares some similarities with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Lysistrata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lysistrata" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lysistrata</taxonomicName>
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, both of them possessing a long R4 vein curved only at the base and with the main branch only slightly divergent from R5. The genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Montsecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montsecia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Montsecia</taxonomicName>
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Mostovski, 1999, preserved as a compression in Early Cretaceous (Barremian) limestone of Montsec,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lérida">Lerida</normalizedToken>
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Province, Spain (originally and incorrectly placed in the subfamily
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Beridinae">Beridinae</taxonomicName>
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) also has the fork of R4+R5 quite long. This long fork may be a plesiomorphic feature, seen for example in
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<taxonomicName family="Rhagionidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="family">Rhagionidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName family="Spaniidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="family">Spaniidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Lysistrata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lysistrata" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lysistrata</taxonomicName>
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differs plesiomorphically from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Parhadrestia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parhadrestia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parhadrestia</taxonomicName>
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by the following: antenna multiarticulate; wing longer, narrower; R2+3 slightly longer and gradually sloped to C; apex of R2+3 not close to the apex of R1; R5 and M1 slightly divergent instead of parallel; M1, M2, and CuA1 not as divergent (a condition shared with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Montsecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montsecia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Montsecia</taxonomicName>
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); cell d much longer, its length approximately 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the width (vs. 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the width in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Montsecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montsecia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Montsecia</taxonomicName>
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and 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the width in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Parhadrestia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parhadrestia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parhadrestia</taxonomicName>
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; in most Recent stratiomyids cell d is quite small); CuA2 more sloped toward CuP (e.g., apex of cell cup acute, instead of truncate [similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Montsecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montsecia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Montsecia</taxonomicName>
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], although an acute cell cup is considered apomorphic by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Woodley [2001]</bibRefCitation>
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). In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Montsecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montsecia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Montsecia</taxonomicName>
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the base of M is weak, whereas it is well developed in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Lysistrata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lysistrata" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lysistrata</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Lysistrata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lysistrata" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lysistrata</taxonomicName>
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has two apomorphic features: small female abdominal segments 6 and 7, which telescope within the proximal ones (in the basal Recent subfamilies
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Parhadrestiinae">Parhadrestiinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chiromyzinae">Chiromyzinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Beridinae">Beridinae</taxonomicName>
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segments 6 and 7 are large [
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<bibRefCitation pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Woodley 2001</bibRefCitation>
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]); also, vein M3 is lost. Loss of this vein occurs in all
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Parhadrestiinae">Parhadrestiinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pachygastrinae">Pachygastrinae</taxonomicName>
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, and is frequently absent in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chiromyzinae">Chiromyzinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Beridinae">Beridinae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Woodley 2001</bibRefCitation>
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). Absence of M3 may actually be a ground-plan feature of
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<taxonomicName family="Stratiomyidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="family">Stratiomyidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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The oldest fossil stratiomyiid is
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Montsecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montsecia martinezdelclosi" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species">Montsecia martinezdelclosi</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Mostovski, MB" journalOrPublisher="Paleontological Journal" pageId="33" pageNumber="326" pagination="406 - 408" title="On an interesting find of a brachycerous fly (Diptera, Brachycera) in the Jurassic of Kazakhstan." volume="33" year="1999">Mostovski (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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, from the same outcrop that yielded several larvae believed to be stratiomyiids (
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<bibRefCitation author="Whalley, PES" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Geology)" pageId="33" pageNumber="326" pagination="381 - 412" title="Fossil insects from the lithographic limestone of Montsec (Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous), Lerida Province, Spain." volume="38" year="1985">Whalley and Jarzembowski 1985</bibRefCitation>
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). According to
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<bibRefCitation author="Mostovski, MB" journalOrPublisher="Paleontological Journal" pageId="33" pageNumber="326" pagination="406 - 408" title="On an interesting find of a brachycerous fly (Diptera, Brachycera) in the Jurassic of Kazakhstan." volume="33" year="1999">Mostovski (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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, several undescribed stratiomyiids are known from Jurassic and Cretaceous outcrops of Kazakhstan and Russia, although none has as yet been described.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Gigantoberis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gigantoberis liaoningensis" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species">Gigantoberis liaoningensis</taxonomicName>
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, described as a stratiomyiid by
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<bibRefCitation author="Huang, DY" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="32" pageNumber="325" pagination="317 - 321" title="A new soldier fly (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, northeast China." url="doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.006" volume="28" year="2007">Huang and Lin (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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from the Early Cretaceous of Lianoning, China, was shown by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Zhang (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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not to belong to this family, which Huang acknowledges (pers. comm. to AA, 2010). The only other Cretaceous stratiomyiids are
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Cretaceogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cretaceogaster pygmaeus" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species">Cretaceogaster pygmaeus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Teskey, HJ" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="33" pageNumber="326" pagination="1659 - 1661" title="A new soldier fly from Canadian amber (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)." url="doi: 10.4039/Ent1031659-12" volume="103" year="1971">Teskey 1971</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Grimaldi, DA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="31" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 124" title="Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura." volume="239" year="1999">Grimaldi and Cumming 1999</bibRefCitation>
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; herein vide supra), an incomplete and undescribed species in Turonian-aged amber from New Jersey USA (
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<bibRefCitation author="Grimaldi, DA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="31" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 124" title="Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura." volume="239" year="1999">Grimaldi and Cumming 1999</bibRefCitation>
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), and the very well-preserved
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Stratiomyidae" genus="Lysistrata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lysistrata emerita" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species">Lysistrata emerita</taxonomicName>
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, described below and which is very basal in the family. Diverse stratiomyiids belonging to modern subfamilies and genera, including undescribed species, occur in shales and amber from the Tertiary and were summarized in
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<bibRefCitation pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Evenhuis (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |